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Spinal Anatomy Exam 2 > Spinal Anatomy Exam 2 > Flashcards

Spinal Anatomy Exam 2 Flashcards

0
Q

What nerve indents the articular pillar of typical cervical vertebrae?

A

the medial branch of the dorsal ramus of cervical spinal nerve

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1
Q

What is the classic angulation of a typical cervical articular facets?

A

40 to 50 degrees from the coronal plane

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2
Q

Recent work suggests what angulation for typical cervical articular facets?

A

55 to 60 degrees

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3
Q

what is the orientation of the typical cervical superior articular facet?

A

backward, upward, medial (BUM)

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4
Q

what is the orientation of the typical cervical inferior articular facet?

A

forward, lateral, downward (FoLD)

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5
Q

what muscles will attach to typical cervical articular processes?

A

the longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidis rotators

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6
Q

what muscles blend with the capsular ligament of cervical zygapophyses?

A

the semispinalis capitis, multifidis and rotator longus

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7
Q

what is the joint classification for the typical cervical zygapophysis?

A

synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint

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8
Q

what will influence spinal kinematics?

A

geometry of articular facets, mechanical properties of connective tissue, mechanical properties of muscle

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9
Q

the greatest range of flexion- extension among the typical cervical vertebrae occurs at which vertebral couple?

A

typically C5/C6

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10
Q

What motions are coupled in the cervical spine?

A

lateral bending and axial rotation

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11
Q

ranges of coupled motion among the typical cervical vertebrae will begin to decrease at what cervical vertebral couple?

A

the C5/C6 vertebral couple

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12
Q

what is the usual condition for the Caucasian typical cervical spinous process?

A

they are bifid

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13
Q

what is the usual condition for the African-American typical cervical spinous process?

A

they are non-bifid

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14
Q

what muscles may attach to the typical cervical spinous process?

A

the spinalis cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis

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15
Q

what is the name of the first cervical vertebra?

A

atlas

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16
Q

what features are lacking at C1?

A

vertebral body, pedicles, a spinous process and the intervertebral disc

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17
Q

what is thought to represent the pedicle at C1?

A

the anterior arch

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18
Q

what muscle attaches to the anterior arch of C1?

A

longus colli

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19
Q

what ligaments will attach to the anterior arch of C1?

A

the anterior longitudinal, anterior atlanto-occipital and anterior atlanto-axial ligaments

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20
Q

what is observed on the back of the anterior arch of C1?

A

the fovea dentis

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21
Q

what is the morphology of the superior articular facet of C1?

A

they are elliptical, closer together in front and often demonstrate an elevation subdividing the facet surface into two separate surfaces

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22
Q

what is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C1?

A

backward, upward, medial (BUM)

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23
Q

what are the morphological characteristics of the inferior articular facet of C1?

A

asymmetrical, slightly concave or flattened

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24
Q

what is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C1?

A

backward, medial, downward (BMD)

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25
Q

what is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of C1?

A

tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament

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26
Q

what muscles attach to the lateral mass of C1?

A

levator scapula, splenius cervicis and rectus capitis anterior

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27
Q

what is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender?

A

males: about fifty millimeters; females: about thirty-seven millimeteres

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28
Q

what attaches to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?

A

rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and ligamentum nuchae

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29
Q

what attaches to the arcuate rim of C1?

A

the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament

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30
Q

ossification of the free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament results in which atypical bone classification?

A

accessory bone

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31
Q

what is the earliest age of development where ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament observed?

A

about age 7 years old

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32
Q

what may be formed by ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament?

A

a partial ponticulus posticus or complete ponticulus posticus

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33
Q

what other name may be used to identify a ponticulus posticus?

A

Kimmerle’s anomaly

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34
Q

what names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?

A

arcuate foramen or retroarticular canal

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35
Q

ponticulus posticus has observed in what ethnic populations?

A

all ethnic populations studied thus far

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36
Q

what is the general range of incedence of ponticulus posticus in the populations studied?

A

1%-41%

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37
Q

what is the gender bias now associated with ponticulus posticus?

A

female

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38
Q

what is the location of the “zygapophysis” relative to the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial intervertebral foramina?

A

it forms part of the anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen in both cases

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39
Q

what are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C1?

A

costal element, posterior tubercle, true transverse process

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40
Q

what osseous parts of the transverse process are absent at C1?

A

anterior tubercle and costotransverse bar

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41
Q

what muscles attach to the transverse process of C1?

A

rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, middle scalene, levator scapula, splenius cervicis, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior and intertransversarii muscles

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42
Q

what suboccipital muscles are known to have fascial projections attaching to the spinal dura?

A

rectus capitis posterior minor, rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior

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43
Q

what are the connections between suboccipital muscles and the spinal dura called?

A

myodural bridges

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44
Q

what are the lateral bridges of atlas connected to?

A

the lateral mass and the transverse process of atlas

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45
Q

what opening is identified when a complete lateral bridge is formed?

A

the retrotransverse foramen

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46
Q

what are the possible contents of the retrotransverse foramen?

A

the vertebral artery, a branch from the suboccipital nerve and veins communicating with the venous sinuses of the neck

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47
Q

which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is only observed in humans?

A

lateral bridges

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48
Q

what is observed in the transverse foramen of C1?

A

vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers

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49
Q

what is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1?

A

males: 78 millimeters and females: 72 millimeters

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50
Q

what is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender?

A

a little over 30 millimeters for both males and females

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51
Q

what joint classification are observed at C1?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint, synovial (diarthrosis ellipsoidal joint, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthroida) joint

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52
Q

how many synovial joint surfaces are observed in C1?

A

five

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53
Q

what synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?

A

two superior articular facets, two inferior articular facets and the fovea dentis

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54
Q

what names are given to C2?

A

axis or epistropheus

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55
Q

what unique vertebral body modification is characteristic of C2?

A

the dens or odontoid process

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56
Q

how many joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?

A

five

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57
Q

what joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?

A

facet for fovea dentis, groove for transverse atlantal ligament, attachment for the alar ligaments, attachment site for the apical-dental ligament

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58
Q

which joint classifications are represented at the odontoid process of C2?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint and synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint

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59
Q

what is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies above the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed posterior?

A

lordotic dens

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60
Q

what is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies below the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed anterior?

A

kyphotic dens

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61
Q

what joint surfaces are present at the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?

A

anterior lip, posterior lip, right and left lateral grooves and cancellous bone

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62
Q

how many joints are formed by the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?

A

five

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63
Q

what joint classifications are present at the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) and cartilaginous (amphiarthorisis) symphysis

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64
Q

how many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C2?

A

ten

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65
Q

what joint classifications are present at the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis

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66
Q

what ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal above C2?

A

membrana tectoria

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67
Q

what ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal below C2?

A

posterior longitudinal ligament

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68
Q

what lies on the upper surface of the pedicle of C2?

A

the superior articular process

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69
Q

what is the location of the superior vertebral notch of C2?

A

on the lamina-pedicle junction

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70
Q

what attaches to the lamina of C2?

A

obliquus capitis inferior muscle, posterior atlanto-axial ligament, ligamentum flavum

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71
Q

what is the appearance of the superior articular facets of C2?

A

they are asymmetrical and slightly convex

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72
Q

what is the facet orientation of the superior articular facet of C2?

A

backward, upward and lateral (BUL)

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73
Q

what is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of C2?

A

forward, lateral, and down (FoLD)

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74
Q

what is the classification of the zygapophyseal joints of C2?

A

synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint

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75
Q

what osseous parts of the typical cervical transverse process are present at C2?

A

costal element, posterior tubercle and true transverse process

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76
Q

what is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of C2?

A

males: fifty-seven millimeters and females: about fifty millimeters

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77
Q

what muscles attach to the transverse process at C2?

A

levator scapulae, middle scalene, splenius cervicis, logissimus cervicis and intertransversarii

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78
Q

what muscles attach to the spinous process of C2?

A

rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis muscles

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79
Q

what names may be given to C7?

A

vertebra prominens and vertebral prominence

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80
Q

what is the name given to the topographical elevation observed at the base of the neck?

A

vertebral prominence

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81
Q

what name is given only to C7?

A

vertebra prominens

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82
Q

in what percent of men and of women does C7 become the vertebral prominence?

A

men: eighty-six percent and women: seventy-nine percent

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83
Q

what is the segment and gender bias for vertebrae other than C7 becoming the vertebral prominence?

A

C6 is more common in females and T1 is more common in males

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84
Q

how many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C7?

A

eight

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85
Q

what muscle(s) attaches to the vertebral body of C7?

A

longus colli muscle

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86
Q

what are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C7?

A

costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, true transverse process

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87
Q

what muscles attach to the transverse process of C7?

A

middle scalene, iliocostalis thoracis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, rotators, intertransversarii and levator costarum brevis

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88
Q

what is the orientation of the superior facet of C7?

A

backward, upward, medial (BUM)

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89
Q

what is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C7?

A

forward, medial, downward (ForMeD)

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90
Q

what muscles will attach to the articular process of C7?

A

longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis cervicis and multifidis

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91
Q

what muscles attach to the spinous process of C7?

A

trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis capitis, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis

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92
Q

what ligaments attach to the spinous process of C7?

A

ligamentum nuchae and interspinous ligaments

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93
Q

the vertebral artery on which side is typically larger?

A

left vertebral artery

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94
Q

what is the gender bias regarding size of the vertebral artery?

A

men haver larger vertebral arteries than women

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95
Q

what was the name of the physical exam used to determine vertebral artery patency?

A

the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency test

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96
Q

which side artery was tested during the course of the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam?

A

the ipsilateral artery on the side of rotation

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97
Q

what are the symptoms of failure of the vertebral artery to compensate during the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam

A

dizziness, vertigo, nausea are common complaints

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98
Q

the vertebral artery is typically a branch of what artery?

A

subclavian artery

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99
Q

at what location will the vertebral artery form its first compensatory loop?

A

the atlanto-axial interspace

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100
Q

at what location will the vertebral artery form its second compensatory loop?

A

the atlanto-occipital interspace

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101
Q

at what segments will the vertebral artery be firmly attached to the transverse foramen?

A

both C1 and C2

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102
Q

what is the purpose of the vertebral artery loops between C2, C1 and occiput?

A

the increased length will accommodate the greater rotation at these locations

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103
Q

what artery is formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries?

A

the basilar artery

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104
Q

what forms the anterior boundary for the C2 nerve exit from the spinal canal?

A

inferior articular process of C1, superior articular process of C2, capsular ligament

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105
Q

what forms the posterior boundary for the C2 nerve exit from the spinal canal?

A

the posterior arch of C1, lamina of C2 and posterior atlanto-axial ligament

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106
Q

what forms the anterior boundary for the C3-C7 nerve exit from the spinal canal?

A

the vertebral bodies, intervertebral disc, posterior longitudinal ligament, uncinate process, lateral groove

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107
Q

what are the superior articular facet orientations for the cervical vertebrae?

A

C1 is backward, upward, medial (BUM), C2 is backward, upward, lateral (BUL) C3-C7 is backward, upward, medial ( BUM)

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108
Q

what are the inferior articular facet orientations for the cervical vertebrae?

A

C1 is backward, downward, medial (BMD), C2-C6 is forward, downward, lateral (FoLD), C7 is forward, downward, medial (ForMeD)

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109
Q

how many synovial joints are identified for each cervical vertebra?

A

C1= five, C2= eight, C3-6=eight, C7=six

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110
Q

how many joints are identified at the vertebral body of each cervical vertebra?

A

C1=none, C2= ten, C3-6= ten, C7= eight

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111
Q

what features will allow discrimination between T2-T4 and T5-T8 segmental groups?

A

the vertebral body, transverse process, articular process and spinous process

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112
Q

what is the outline of the vertebral body of a typical thoracic from superior view?

A

triangular

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113
Q

on cranial view, what is the outline of the vertebral body for the T5-T8 group?

A

the left side of the vertebral body will be flattened, the right side convex

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114
Q

what is the name given to the left side appearance of the vertebral body of T5-T8?

A

the aortic impression

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115
Q

what part of the vertebral body is most influenced by the aorta at T5-T8?

A

the left side superior and inferior epiphyseal rims

116
Q

what is the height pattern of the typical thoracic vertebral body?

A

the posterior height is greater than the anterior height by one to two millimeters

117
Q

what is the height pattern of intervertebral discs in the typical thoracic region?

A

the intervertebral discs are rather planar or flat with no apparent height difference between anterior and posterior heights

118
Q

what is the principal cause of the posterior curve of the thoracic spine?

A

the vertebral body height difference

119
Q

what is another way of naming a posterior curve pattern?

A

a kyphotic curve

120
Q

what joint classifications are identified at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

fribrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)

121
Q

how many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

four

122
Q

how many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

two

123
Q

how many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

typically four are identified (as many as eight if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)

124
Q

how many joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

typically ten (fourteen if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)

125
Q

what is the name given to the joint formed between the vertebral body and rib?

A

costocentral joint

126
Q

how many costocentral joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

four

127
Q

which of the demi-facets on the vertebral body of a typical thoracic is larger?

A

the superior costal demi-facet

128
Q

what feature will provide assistance in maintaining the stability of the intervertebral foramen in the typical thoracis?

A

the costocentral joint or ribs

129
Q

what ligaments support the costocentral joint?

A

the costocentral stellate/radiate ligament and the costocentral interarticular or intra-articular ligament

130
Q

what does the costocentral intra-articular or interarticular ligament connect to?

A

the interarticular or intra-articular crest of the head of the rib and the intervertebral disc

131
Q

what is the size relationship between the articulating surface of the head of the rib and the costal demi-facet surface?

A

the rib surface is greater than the costal demi-facet surface

132
Q

which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T2 or T3?

A

the longus colli

133
Q

what is the position and direction of the pedicle from the typical thoracic vertebral body?

A

the pedicle arises from the upper third of the vertebral body and projects posterior and slightly laterally

134
Q

what is the angulation of the pedicle in the typical thoracic region?

A

ten to fifteen degrees posterolateral from the sagittal plane

135
Q

which x-ray view is used to see into the intervertebral foramen of a typical thoracic?

A

the lateral view

136
Q

what is overlap of the lamina called in the typical thoracic region?

A

shingling

137
Q

what is the outline of the vertebral foramen in the typical thoracic region?

A

oval to circular

138
Q

in which plane will the size of the vertebral foramen of a typical thoracic be greatest?

A

the transverse plane, the vertebral transverse diameter

139
Q

what are the osseous parts of the costotransverse joint?

A

the transverse costal facet and the articular surface of the tubercle of a rib

140
Q

what ligaments support the costotransverse joint of a typical thoracic?

A

the superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse ligaments

141
Q

which muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical thoracic?

A

the longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis thoracis, semispinalsi cervicis, semispinalis capitis, multifidus, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis

142
Q

how can you distinguish between a T2-T4 from T5-T8 segment using the articular process?

A

at T2-T4 the width between the superior articular process is greater than the width between the inferior articular processes of that vertebra
at T5-T8 the width between the superior articular processes is equal to or the same as the width between the inferior articular processes of that vertebra

143
Q

what is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of a typical thoracic?

A

they face forward, downward, and medial (ForMeD)

145
Q

how many synovial joints are present at a typical thoracic?

A

ten

146
Q

how many synovial joint surfaces for ribs are present on a typical thoracic?

A

six

147
Q

identify the synovial joint surfaces for ribs that are present on a typical thoracic?

A

two superior costal demi-facets, two inferior costal demi-facets, two transverse costal facets

148
Q

what is the name given to the overlap of spinous processes in the thoracic region?

A

imbrication

149
Q

imbrication will be more pronounced for what region of the thoracics?

A

t5-t8

150
Q

what thoracic has the longest spinous process?

A

T8

151
Q

what is the angulation of the spinous process in the typical thoracic region?

A

the undersurface of T2-T4 spinous processes will angle up to forty degrees from the horizontal plane
-the undersurface of T5-T8 spinous processes will angle up to sixty degrees from the horizontal plane

152
Q

which muscles may attach do the spinous process of a typical thoracic?

A

the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major, serratus posterior superior, splenius cervicis, splenius capitis, spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis

153
Q

how many joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?

A

typically ten (fourteen if the rib ligaments are included)

154
Q

the costocentral stellate/radiate ligament will attach to which segments at the C8 spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

A

the vertebral body of C7 and the vertebral body of T1

155
Q

the costocentral stellate/radiate ligament will attach to which segments at the T1 spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

A

the vertebral body of T1 and the vertebral body of T2

156
Q

what are the osseous parts of the costotransverse joint/

A

the transverse costal facet and the articular surface of the tubercle of a rib

157
Q

what ligaments support the costotransverse joint of T1?

A

the inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligaments

158
Q

what ligament is absent at the costotransverse joint of T1?

A

The superior costotransverse ligament

159
Q

the superior costotransverse ligament of the transverse process of T1 will attach to which rib?

A

the second rib

160
Q

what muscles attach to the transverse process of T1?

A

longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis cervics, semipsinalis capitis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum brevis

161
Q

how many synovial joints are present at T1?

A

ten

162
Q

what muscles attach to the spinous process of T1?

A

the trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervics, spinalis capitis
semipsinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, interspinalis

163
Q

which muscles attach to the transverse process of T9?

A

the longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis

164
Q

how many synovial joints are typically present at T9?

A

ten

165
Q

how many synovial joint surfaces for ribs are typically present on T9?

A

six

166
Q

what muscles attach to the spinous process of T9?

A

the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis

167
Q

how many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T10?

A

two

168
Q

how many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T10?

A

two

169
Q

how many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of T10?

A

typically four are identified (as many as eight if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)

170
Q

how many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T10?

A

typically eight (twelve if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)

171
Q

which synovial joint surface is absent from the vertebral body of T10?

A

inferior costal demi-facets

172
Q

para-articular processes are more commonly observed on which segment of the spine?

A

T10

173
Q

the superior costotransverse ligament of the T10 transverse process will attach to which rib?

A

the eleventh rib

174
Q

what muscles attach to the transverse process of T10

A

longissimus thoracis
semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus and rotator brevis
intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis

175
Q

how many synovial joints are typically present at T10?

A

eight

176
Q

how many synovial joint surfaces for ribs are typically present on T10?

A

four

177
Q

a dimpling or depression of the skin in the thoracic region is often characteristic of the location of which segment?

A

T10

178
Q

what muscles attach to the spinous process of T10?

A

the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis

179
Q

what joint classifications are present at T10?

A

fribrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)

180
Q

how many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T11?

A

two

181
Q

how many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T11?

A

two

182
Q

how many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of T11?

A

four are typically identified (as many as eight if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)

183
Q

how many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T11?

A

typically eight (twelve if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)

184
Q

which ligament of the costocentral joint is absent for the eleventh rib?

A

the costocentral interarticular or intra-articular ligament

185
Q

which vertebra is the last segment to demonstrate a transverse costal facet/

A

T10

186
Q

what ligament from the costotransverse joint of T11?

A

the superior costotransverse, and slightly developed inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligaments

187
Q

which costotransverse joint will the superior costotransverse ligament at the transverse process of T11 support?

A

the twelfth rib costotransverse joint

188
Q

which costotransverse ligament is absent at T11?

A

capsular costotransverse ligament

189
Q

which joint classification is associated with the intertransverse, superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligaments?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis

190
Q

what muscles attach to the transverse process of T11?

A

longissimus thoracis
semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus and rotator brevis
intertransversarii and levator costarum brevis

191
Q

which levator costarum muscle is absent at T11?

A

levator costarum longus

192
Q

which segment will be the last to demonstrate an attachment for the levator costarum longus?

A

T10

193
Q

what is the orientation of the superior articular facet of T11?

A

they face backward, upward and lateral (BUL)

194
Q

what is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of T11?

A

they face forward, downward and medial (ForMeD)

195
Q

how many synovial joints are typically present at T11?

A

six

196
Q

what muscles attach to the spinous process of T11?

A

trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis

197
Q

which muscles of the five layers of the true back are present at the spinous process of T11?

A

the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis, mulitifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis

198
Q

how many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T12?

A

two

199
Q

how many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T12?

A

two

200
Q

how many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T12/

A

typically eight (ten if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)

201
Q

which muscles are attached to the vertebral body of T12?

A

psoas major and posas minor

202
Q

what does the lateral tubercle of T12 represent?

A

the transverse process

203
Q

what does the superior tubercle of T12 represent?

A

the mammillary process of lumbar vertebrae

204
Q

what does the inferior tubercle of T12 represent?

A

the accessory process of lumbar vertebrae

205
Q

which is the smallest of the tubercles at the transverse process region of T12?

A

inferior tubercle

206
Q

what joint surfaces of the typical thoracic transverse process is absent on T12?

A

the transverse costal facet

207
Q

what ligaments form the costotransverse joint of the twelfth rib?

A

the superior costotransverse ligament form T11 and the lumbocostal ligament from L1

208
Q

which costotransverse ligament(s) are attached at T12?

A

none; the capsular, superior, inferior and lateral costotransverse ligaments lack an attachment to T12

209
Q

what muscles attach to the transverse process region of T12?

A

the longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and intertransversarii

210
Q

which segment is the last to demonstrate a levator costarum brevis attachment?

A

T11

211
Q

which segment is the last to demonstrate a levator costarum longus attachment?

A

T10

212
Q

what is the orientation of the superior articular facets of T12?

A

they face backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)

213
Q

what is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of T12?

A

they face forward, downward and lateral (FoLD)

214
Q

how many synovial joints are typically present at T12?

A

six

215
Q

what muscles attach to the spinous process of T12?

A

the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinal thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis

216
Q

which muscles attach to the vertebral body of thoracis vertebrae?

A

longus colli, psoas major and psoas minor

217
Q

which thoracic sements will have muscles attaching to their vertebral bodies?

A

T1-T3, T12

218
Q

rhomboid major and rhomboid minor will attach to the spinous process of which thoracic?

A

T1 only

219
Q

what is the generic shape of the typical lumbar vertebral body from the cranial view?

A

reniform or kidney-shaped

220
Q

what accounts for the direction for the lumbar curve?

A

the vertebral body and intervertebral disc have a greater anterior height than posterior height

221
Q

how many joints surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical lumbar/

A

six

222
Q

how many synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical lumbar?

A

none

223
Q

how many cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint surfaces are on a typical lumbar vertebral body?

A

two

224
Q

how many cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are on a typical lumbar vertebral body?

A

four

225
Q

what muscles may attach to the first lumbar vertebral body?

A

psoas major and psoas minor

226
Q

what muscle may attach from the second down to the fourth lumbar vertebral body?

A

psoas major

227
Q

psoas minor will only attach to the vertebral body of which segments?

A

T12, L1

228
Q

what is the name given to ligaments that attach the vertebral body to articular process?

A

transforaminal ligaments

229
Q

what ligaments attach the vertebral body to the transverse process?

A

corporotransverse ligaments

230
Q

Hofmann ligaments are identified in which regions along the vertebral column?

A

cervical- upper thoracic region and lumbar region

231
Q

cervical- upper thoracic Hofmann ligaments will attach what structures together?

A

dura mater to segments above

232
Q

what is the highest level known to demonstrate Hofmann ligaments?

A

C6

233
Q

what is the proposed function of the cervical- upper thoracic Hofmann ligaments?

A

resist caudal movement of the dural sac; resist gravitational forces on the dura and cord

234
Q

lumbar Hofmann ligaments will attach what structures together?

A

dura mater to lower segmental levels

235
Q

what is the proposed function of the lumber Hofmann ligaments?

A

resist cranial movement of the dural sac during flexion

236
Q

what osseous conditions of lumbar vertebrae facilitate a spinal tap in this region?

A

overlap of the laminae, shingling, diminishes;

overlap of spinous processes, imbrication, diminishes

237
Q

what is the name of the elevation near the origin of the lumbar transverse process?

A

accessory process

238
Q

a styloid process occurs with what frequency and as a result of what condition?

A

7% occurrence as a result of congenital elongation of the lumbar accessory process

239
Q

what muscles attach to the lumbar accessory process?

A

longissimus thoracis and intertransversarii

240
Q

what ligament attaches the twelfth rib to the transverse process of L1?

A

the lumbocostal ligament

241
Q

what muscles will attach to lumbar superior articular processes/

A

multfidus and intertransversarii

242
Q

what ligament will attach to the lumbar superior articular process and transverse process?

A

mammillo-accessory ligament

243
Q

what was believed to be entrapped by the mammillo-accessory ligament?

A

the medial branch of the dorsal ramus of a lumbar spinal nerve

244
Q

what is the joint classification for the typical lumbar zygapophysis?

A

synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)

245
Q

how many synovial joints are present on a typical lumbar vertebra?

A

four

246
Q

what is the position of the lumbar zygapophysis in children?

A

the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane

247
Q

what is the position of the lumbar zygapophysis in adults?

A

the zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane for L1/L2, L2/L3, and L3/L4
the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane for L4/L5/ and L5/S1

248
Q

what name is given to zygapophyses between vertebral couples that lie in the same plane?

A

joint symmetry

249
Q

what names are given to the condition in which one zygapophysis of a vertebral couple lies in the coronal plane or position and the other zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane or position?

A

joint asymmetry or joint tropism

250
Q

what is the name(s) of the condition in which the typical lumbar spinous process increase in length due to the aging process?

A

Baastrup’s syndrome or “kissing spines”

251
Q

what muscles will attach to the typical lumbar spinous process?

A

latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, longissimus thoracis, spinalis thoracis, multfidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis

252
Q

what is the appearance of the fifth lumbar vertebral body from the lateral view?

A

anterior height is greater than posterior height by several millimeters; it appears to form a wedge on a lateral x-ray view

253
Q

how many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of the fifth lumbar?

A

six

254
Q

how many synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of the fifth lumbar?

A

none

255
Q

how many fribrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of L5?

A

four

256
Q

what muscles attach to the fifth lumbar vertebral body?

A

psoas major

257
Q

what is the orientation of the firth lumbar superior articular facet?

A

backward, upward, medial (BUM); typically concave

258
Q

what is the orientation of the fifth lumbar inferior articular facet?

A

forward, lateral, downward (FoLD); significant convexity

259
Q

what is the name given to the congenital condition in which the fifth lumbar spinous process is elongated, the sacrum exhibits spina bifida, and dorsiflexion produces pain?

A

Knife Clasp Syndrome

260
Q

what muscles will attach to the fifth lumbar spinous process?

A

latissimus dorsi, iliocostalis lumborum, longissimus thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis

261
Q

how many synovial joints are maximally observed at each lumbar vertebra?

A

L1-L5= four each

262
Q

How many joints are traditionally observed at each lumbar vertebral body?

A

L1-L5 = six each

263
Q

what is the inferior articular facet orientation at each lumbar vertebra?

A

L1-L5 = foward, downward, lateral (FoLD)

264
Q

what part of the sacral ala is derived fro the costal element?

A

the anterior two-thirds

265
Q

what part of the sacral ala is derived from the true transverse process?

A

the posterior third

266
Q

how many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are present on the S1 vertebral body?

A

four

267
Q

how many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of the first sacral segment?

A

five

268
Q

how many cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint surfaces are present on the S1 vertebral body?

A

one

269
Q

how many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are present on the S1 vertebral body?

A

four

270
Q

what muscles may attach to the first sacral vertebral body?

A

psoas major

271
Q

what is the position of the sacral zygapophysis in children?

A

the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane for L5/S1

272
Q

what is the orientation of the first sacral superior articular facet?

A

backward, upward, medial (BUM); typically concave

273
Q

what is the name given to the projection on the first sacral superior articular process?

A

mammillary process

274
Q

what muscles will attach to the sacral mammillary processes?

A

multifidis

275
Q

what is the usual condition for the first sacral spinous process?

A

it is non-bifid and short

276
Q

an imaginary line drawn along the dorsal midline of sacrum is identified as the _____.

A

median sacral crest

277
Q

what is the name given to the congenital condition in which the fifth lumbar spinous process is elongated, the sacrum exhibits spina bifida, and dorsiflexion produces pain?

A

Knife Clasp Syndrome

278
Q

an imaginary line drawn from the superior articular process of S1 to the sacral cornu will form what feature?

A

intermediate sacral crest

279
Q

what features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest?

A

the mammillary process of S1 and the sacral cornu of S5

280
Q

what does the sacral cornu represent?

A

the inferior articular process and facet of S5

281
Q

what is the name of the inferior opening of the sacral spinal canal?

A

the sacral hiatus

282
Q

an imaginary line drawn from the transverse process of S1 to the inferior lateral sacral angle will form what feature?

A

the lateral sacral crest

283
Q

what is the sacral tuberosity?

A

the enlarged transverse tubercle of S2

284
Q

what is the name of the joint formed by the sacral tuberosity?

A

the accessory sacro-iliac joint

285
Q

what feature is identified on the lateral surface of S1-S3?

A

auricular surface

286
Q

what feature does the anterior surface of the superior epiphyseal rim of S1 form?

A

the sacral promontory

287
Q

the continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament below S3 forms what ligament?

A

the deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

288
Q
  • what forms the posterior boundary for the fifth sacral spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?
A

sacral cornu, coccygeal cornu, superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament and intercornual ligament

289
Q

*what forms the anterior boundary for the fifth sacral spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

A

vertebral body S5, vertebral body Co1, deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament and intervertebral disc

Spinal Anatomy Exam 2 (1 decks)

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