spinal anatomy

Question 1

how many vertebra are there

Answer 1

33

Question 2

how are the cervical and thoracic spinous processes different?

Answer 2

they are more angled, which requires a more cephalad angle for the needle

Question 3

The lamina of the last vertebra of the sacrum is incomplete and bridged only by ___. This is known as ___ ___

Answer 3

ligaments. sacral hiatus

Question 4

what is the bony process used to identify the sacal hiatus?

Answer 4

sacral cornu

Question 5

what is the name for a lateral curvature?

Answer 5

scoliosis

Question 6

what is the name for a posterior curvature?

Answer 6

kyphosis

Question 7

what is the name for an anterior curvature

Answer 7

lordosis

Question 8

T/F The interlaminar foramen is always directly anterior to the spinous process

Answer 8

False

Question 9

Which ligament is a strong cord like ligament that connects the apices of the spinous processes

Answer 9

supraspinous

Question 10

Which ligament is thin and runs between adjacent spinous processes?

Answer 10

intraspinous.

Question 11

what is the intraspinous ligament like in the cervical region

Answer 11

absent of poor quality.

Question 12

the intraspinous ligament can be extremely ___ in the lumbar region

Answer 12

thin

Question 13

which ligament is the strongest?

Answer 13

ligamentum flavum.

Question 14

the ligamentum flavum can be __-__mm thick at L2-L3

Answer 14

3-5mm

Question 15

where is the epidural space between?

Answer 15

the lig flavum and dura mater

Question 16

where does the epidural space originate and end?

Answer 16

contiguous from base of cranium to sacral sulcus/hiatus

Question 17

how far away is the epidural space from the skin

Answer 17

midline lumbar approach 2.5-8cm, average 5cm

Question 18

what does the epidural space contain?

Answer 18

veins, fat, lymphatics, segmental arteries, and nerve roots. epidural veins are valveless, form a plexus being most prominent laterally, become engorged during pregnancy and with obesity

Question 19

the spinal cord extends from ___ to ___ in adults

Answer 19

medulla oblongata to L2 (L3 in peds)

Question 20

the spinal cord extends from ___ to ___ in peds

Answer 20

medulla oblongata to L3 (L2 in adults)

Question 21

the dural sac ends at ____

Answer 21

S2 (superior iliac spines)

Question 22

which layer holds the CSF?

Answer 22

arachnoid

Question 23

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

Answer 23

31

Question 24

how many cervical nerves? thoracic? lumbar? sacral? coccygeal?

Answer 24

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

Question 25

where does the first nerve exit?

Answer 25

between the base of skull and atlas

Question 26

where is C8 between?

Answer 26

C7-T1

Question 27

cervical correlate with vertebrae below, after ___ correlates with vertebrae above

Answer 27

T1

Question 28

where is the brachial plexus located?

Answer 28

C4-T1

Question 29

where is the lumbar and sacral plexus located?

Answer 29

L2-S3

Question 30

the cauda equina extends from ___

Answer 30

L1-S5

Question 31

___ ___ contains motor fibers

Answer 31

ventral root

Question 32

___ ___ contains sensory fibers

Answer 32

dorsal root

Question 33

what does the H-shaped central gray region contain

Answer 33

neuronal cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers

Question 34

what does the white matter contain

Answer 34

fiber tracts

Question 35

what is laminae II called

Answer 35

substancia gelitinosa

Question 36

I-VI are the ___ tracts. what do they do

Answer 36

afferent. receive sensory info from the periphery

Question 37

VII-IX are the ___ tracts. what do they do

Answer 37

ventral. motor neurons

Question 38

dorsal and ventral white matter does two things...

Answer 38

ascend to the brain, association tract originate and terminate entirely within the spinal cord (reflexes)

Question 39

where are extroceptors

Answer 39

near surface of skin and oral mucosa

Question 40

where are proprioceptors

Answer 40

deeper skin layers, joint capsules, ligaments, tendons, muscles, and periostium

Question 41

pain and temp receptors are in the

Answer 41

epidermis and dermis

Question 42

pressure, touch, vibration, proprioception receptors are in the

Answer 42

dermis

Question 43

the dorsal column medial lemniscus fibers are ___ (small/large) and ____

Answer 43

large, myelinated

Question 44

the anterolateral system fibers are ___ (small/large) and ____

Answer 44

smaller, myelinated

Question 45

whats the conduction speed of dorsal

Answer 45

30-110

Question 46

whats the conduction speed of anterolateral

Answer 46

few-40m

Question 47

T/F the dorsal column has discrete types of mechanoceptive sensations and the anterolateral system has a broad spectrum of sensory modalities (pain, warmth, cold, crude, touch)

Answer 47

TRUE

Question 48

what does damage to the superior cervical ganglia, central SNS damage or injury to other cervical paravertebral ganglia cause?

Answer 48

miosis (small pupil), ptosis (drooping eyelid), anhydrosis (lack of sweating) Horners syndrome

Question 49

inferior fuses with first thoracic to form the ____ at C5-C6

Answer 49

stellate ganglia

Question 50

what are the four stages of pain transmission

Answer 50

perception, modulation, transmission, transduction

Question 51

Dermatone - T4

Answer 51

nipple line

Question 52

dermatone - T6/7

Answer 52

xiphoid process

Question 53

dermatone T10

Answer 53

belly button

Question 54

the motor/efferent pathway sends info from...

Answer 54

brain to voluntary muscles, smooth and cardiac muscles and some glands

Question 55

the corticospinal tract supplies.

Answer 55

the voluntary muscles of the trunk and extremities

Question 56

where does the cortiocospinal tract originate

Answer 56

large, upper motor neurons located in the precentral gyrus

Question 57

the corticospinal tract is sometimes referred to as the

Answer 57

pyramidal tract

Question 58

what happens with upper motor neuron paralysis

Answer 58

reflexes are intact, suppressor fibers are impeded, hyperreflexia occurs

Question 59

what happens with lower motor neurons

Answer 59

produce flaccid type paralysis

Question 60

which two diseases effect the cortiospinal tract

Answer 60

cerebral palsy and ALS

Question 61

T/F the corticospinal tract has inhibitory effect on the lower motor neurons to prevent them from discharging excessively.

Answer 61

TRUE