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APA3 levi 2019 S.Horvath > spinal anatomy > Flashcards

spinal anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

how many vertebra are there

A

33

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2
Q

how are the cervical and thoracic spinous processes different?

A

they are more angled, which requires a more cephalad angle for the needle

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3
Q

The lamina of the last vertebra of the sacrum is incomplete and bridged only by ___. This is known as ___ ___

A

ligaments. sacral hiatus

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4
Q

what is the bony process used to identify the sacal hiatus?

A

sacral cornu

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5
Q

what is the name for a lateral curvature?

A

scoliosis

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6
Q

what is the name for a posterior curvature?

A

kyphosis

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7
Q

what is the name for an anterior curvature

A

lordosis

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8
Q

T/F The interlaminar foramen is always directly anterior to the spinous process

A

False

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9
Q

Which ligament is a strong cord like ligament that connects the apices of the spinous processes

A

supraspinous

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10
Q

Which ligament is thin and runs between adjacent spinous processes?

A

intraspinous.

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11
Q

what is the intraspinous ligament like in the cervical region

A

absent of poor quality.

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12
Q

the intraspinous ligament can be extremely ___ in the lumbar region

A

thin

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13
Q

which ligament is the strongest?

A

ligamentum flavum.

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14
Q

the ligamentum flavum can be __-__mm thick at L2-L3

A

3-5mm

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15
Q

where is the epidural space between?

A

the lig flavum and dura mater

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16
Q

where does the epidural space originate and end?

A

contiguous from base of cranium to sacral sulcus/hiatus

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17
Q

how far away is the epidural space from the skin

A

midline lumbar approach 2.5-8cm, average 5cm

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18
Q

what does the epidural space contain?

A

veins, fat, lymphatics, segmental arteries, and nerve roots. epidural veins are valveless, form a plexus being most prominent laterally, become engorged during pregnancy and with obesity

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19
Q

the spinal cord extends from ___ to ___ in adults

A

medulla oblongata to L2 (L3 in peds)

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20
Q

the spinal cord extends from ___ to ___ in peds

A

medulla oblongata to L3 (L2 in adults)

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21
Q

the dural sac ends at ____

A

S2 (superior iliac spines)

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22
Q

which layer holds the CSF?

A

arachnoid

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23
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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24
Q

how many cervical nerves? thoracic? lumbar? sacral? coccygeal?

A

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

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25
Q

where does the first nerve exit?

A

between the base of skull and atlas

26
Q

where is C8 between?

A

C7-T1

27
Q

cervical correlate with vertebrae below, after ___ correlates with vertebrae above

A

T1

28
Q

where is the brachial plexus located?

A

C4-T1

29
Q

where is the lumbar and sacral plexus located?

A

L2-S3

30
Q

the cauda equina extends from ___

A

L1-S5

31
Q

___ ___ contains motor fibers

A

ventral root

32
Q

___ ___ contains sensory fibers

A

dorsal root

33
Q

what does the H-shaped central gray region contain

A

neuronal cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers

34
Q

what does the white matter contain

A

fiber tracts

35
Q

what is laminae II called

A

substancia gelitinosa

36
Q

I-VI are the ___ tracts. what do they do

A

afferent. receive sensory info from the periphery

37
Q

VII-IX are the ___ tracts. what do they do

A

ventral. motor neurons

38
Q

dorsal and ventral white matter does two things…

A

ascend to the brain, association tract originate and terminate entirely within the spinal cord (reflexes)

39
Q

where are extroceptors

A

near surface of skin and oral mucosa

40
Q

where are proprioceptors

A

deeper skin layers, joint capsules, ligaments, tendons, muscles, and periostium

41
Q

pain and temp receptors are in the

A

epidermis and dermis

42
Q

pressure, touch, vibration, proprioception receptors are in the

A

dermis

43
Q

the dorsal column medial lemniscus fibers are ___ (small/large) and ____

A

large, myelinated

44
Q

the anterolateral system fibers are ___ (small/large) and ____

A

smaller, myelinated

45
Q

whats the conduction speed of dorsal

A

30-110

46
Q

whats the conduction speed of anterolateral

A

few-40m

47
Q

T/F the dorsal column has discrete types of mechanoceptive sensations and the anterolateral system has a broad spectrum of sensory modalities (pain, warmth, cold, crude, touch)

A

TRUE

48
Q

what does damage to the superior cervical ganglia, central SNS damage or injury to other cervical paravertebral ganglia cause?

A

miosis (small pupil), ptosis (drooping eyelid), anhydrosis (lack of sweating)
Horners syndrome

49
Q

inferior fuses with first thoracic to form the ____ at C5-C6

A

stellate ganglia

50
Q

what are the four stages of pain transmission

A

perception, modulation, transmission, transduction

51
Q

Dermatone - T4

A

nipple line

52
Q

dermatone - T6/7

A

xiphoid process

53
Q

dermatone T10

A

belly button

54
Q

the motor/efferent pathway sends info from…

A

brain to voluntary muscles, smooth and cardiac muscles and some glands

55
Q

the corticospinal tract supplies.

A

the voluntary muscles of the trunk and extremities

56
Q

where does the cortiocospinal tract originate

A

large, upper motor neurons located in the precentral gyrus

57
Q

the corticospinal tract is sometimes referred to as the

A

pyramidal tract

58
Q

what happens with upper motor neuron paralysis

A

reflexes are intact, suppressor fibers are impeded, hyperreflexia occurs

59
Q

what happens with lower motor neurons

A

produce flaccid type paralysis

60
Q

which two diseases effect the cortiospinal tract

A

cerebral palsy and ALS

61
Q

T/F the corticospinal tract has inhibitory effect on the lower motor neurons to prevent them from discharging excessively.

A

TRUE

APA3 levi 2019 S.Horvath (16 decks)

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