spinal anatomy Flashcards
how many vertebra are there
33
how are the cervical and thoracic spinous processes different?
they are more angled, which requires a more cephalad angle for the needle
The lamina of the last vertebra of the sacrum is incomplete and bridged only by ___. This is known as ___ ___
ligaments. sacral hiatus
what is the bony process used to identify the sacal hiatus?
sacral cornu
what is the name for a lateral curvature?
scoliosis
what is the name for a posterior curvature?
kyphosis
what is the name for an anterior curvature
lordosis
T/F The interlaminar foramen is always directly anterior to the spinous process
False
Which ligament is a strong cord like ligament that connects the apices of the spinous processes
supraspinous
Which ligament is thin and runs between adjacent spinous processes?
intraspinous.
what is the intraspinous ligament like in the cervical region
absent of poor quality.
the intraspinous ligament can be extremely ___ in the lumbar region
thin
which ligament is the strongest?
ligamentum flavum.
the ligamentum flavum can be __-__mm thick at L2-L3
3-5mm
where is the epidural space between?
the lig flavum and dura mater
where does the epidural space originate and end?
contiguous from base of cranium to sacral sulcus/hiatus
how far away is the epidural space from the skin
midline lumbar approach 2.5-8cm, average 5cm
what does the epidural space contain?
veins, fat, lymphatics, segmental arteries, and nerve roots. epidural veins are valveless, form a plexus being most prominent laterally, become engorged during pregnancy and with obesity
the spinal cord extends from ___ to ___ in adults
medulla oblongata to L2 (L3 in peds)
the spinal cord extends from ___ to ___ in peds
medulla oblongata to L3 (L2 in adults)
the dural sac ends at ____
S2 (superior iliac spines)
which layer holds the CSF?
arachnoid
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
how many cervical nerves? thoracic? lumbar? sacral? coccygeal?
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
where does the first nerve exit?
between the base of skull and atlas
where is C8 between?
C7-T1
cervical correlate with vertebrae below, after ___ correlates with vertebrae above
T1
where is the brachial plexus located?
C4-T1
where is the lumbar and sacral plexus located?
L2-S3
the cauda equina extends from ___
L1-S5
___ ___ contains motor fibers
ventral root
___ ___ contains sensory fibers
dorsal root
what does the H-shaped central gray region contain
neuronal cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers
what does the white matter contain
fiber tracts
what is laminae II called
substancia gelitinosa
I-VI are the ___ tracts. what do they do
afferent. receive sensory info from the periphery
VII-IX are the ___ tracts. what do they do
ventral. motor neurons
dorsal and ventral white matter does two things…
ascend to the brain, association tract originate and terminate entirely within the spinal cord (reflexes)
where are extroceptors
near surface of skin and oral mucosa
where are proprioceptors
deeper skin layers, joint capsules, ligaments, tendons, muscles, and periostium
pain and temp receptors are in the
epidermis and dermis
pressure, touch, vibration, proprioception receptors are in the
dermis
the dorsal column medial lemniscus fibers are ___ (small/large) and ____
large, myelinated
the anterolateral system fibers are ___ (small/large) and ____
smaller, myelinated
whats the conduction speed of dorsal
30-110
whats the conduction speed of anterolateral
few-40m
T/F the dorsal column has discrete types of mechanoceptive sensations and the anterolateral system has a broad spectrum of sensory modalities (pain, warmth, cold, crude, touch)
TRUE
what does damage to the superior cervical ganglia, central SNS damage or injury to other cervical paravertebral ganglia cause?
miosis (small pupil), ptosis (drooping eyelid), anhydrosis (lack of sweating)
Horners syndrome
inferior fuses with first thoracic to form the ____ at C5-C6
stellate ganglia
what are the four stages of pain transmission
perception, modulation, transmission, transduction
Dermatone - T4
nipple line
dermatone - T6/7
xiphoid process
dermatone T10
belly button
the motor/efferent pathway sends info from…
brain to voluntary muscles, smooth and cardiac muscles and some glands
the corticospinal tract supplies.
the voluntary muscles of the trunk and extremities
where does the cortiocospinal tract originate
large, upper motor neurons located in the precentral gyrus
the corticospinal tract is sometimes referred to as the
pyramidal tract
what happens with upper motor neuron paralysis
reflexes are intact, suppressor fibers are impeded, hyperreflexia occurs
what happens with lower motor neurons
produce flaccid type paralysis
which two diseases effect the cortiospinal tract
cerebral palsy and ALS
T/F the corticospinal tract has inhibitory effect on the lower motor neurons to prevent them from discharging excessively.
TRUE
