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Gross Anatomy I > Spinal Anatomy > Flashcards

Spinal Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Articular facets in cervical region are in what plane?

A

oblique (called zygopophyseal)

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2
Q

Articular facets in thoracic region are in what plane?

A

coronal

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3
Q

Articular facets in lumbar region are in what plane?

A

saggital

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4
Q

What do anterior longitudinal ligaments connect?

A

adjacent bodies and the IVD along anterior aspect

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5
Q

What do posterior longitudinal ligaments connect?

A

adjacent bodies and the IVD along posterior aspect

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6
Q

What do supraspinous ligaments connect?

A

adjacent spinous processes along the posterior aspect

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7
Q

What do intraspinous ligaments connect?

A

adjacent inferior/superior spinous processes

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8
Q

What do ligamenta lava connect?

A

adjacent lamina

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9
Q

kyphotic

A
  • thoracic and sacral curves
  • present at birth
  • concavity faces anteriorly
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10
Q

kyphosis

A

accentuation of a kyphotic curve, i.e. hunchback

usually caused by poor posture or osteoporosis

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11
Q

lordotic

A
  • cervical and lumbar curve
  • develop after birth for balance and ambulation
  • concavity faces posteriorly
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12
Q

lordosis

A

accentuation of the lordotic curves, usually caused by weakened tank muscles, obesity or pregnancy

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13
Q

identifying features of C1 or Atlas

A
  • ring-like
  • superior facets articulates with occipital condyles
  • two lateral masses with articulating facets and large transverse processes for muscle attachment
  • no body, pedicles or laminae
  • posterior tubercle instead of spinous process
  • can rotate on articular processes of C2
  • vertebral artery runs along groove on posterior arch
  • articular facet for dens on posterior surface of anterior arch
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14
Q

identifying features of C2

A
  • dens projects superiorly
  • no uncinate processes (still has semilunar facets)
  • deeply bifid spinous process
  • superior articular facets of axis are large and face superiorly
  • largest and strongest cervical vertebrae
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15
Q

Name facets of the dens and what they articulate with

A
  • posterior articular facet of the dens articulates with transverse ligament of the dens
  • anterior articular facet of the dens articulates with anterior arch of the atlas (C1)
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16
Q

What contributes to 25% of the length of the vertebral column?

A

IVD or intervertebral discs

-% decreases with age due to disc degeneration

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17
Q

Another name for the pelvic bones?

A

Os coxae

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18
Q

What is Scoliosis?

A

lateral curvature of the spine

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19
Q

Which are the typical cervical vertebrae?

A

C3-C6

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20
Q

What are the features of a typical cervical vertebrae?

A
  • oval-shaped vertebral body (smaller than thoracic and lumbar)
  • triangular-shaped vertebral foramen
  • bifid spinous process
  • oblique facets in articular processes
  • uncinate processes
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21
Q

What are the features of a typical cervical vertebrae?

A
  • small oval-shaped vertebral body (smaller than thoracic and lumbar)
  • large triangular-shaped vertebral foramen
  • short bifid spinous process
  • short bifid transverse process
  • transverse foramen for passage of vertebral artery (C1-6) and vein (C1-7)
  • articular facets in oblique plane
  • uncinate processes
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22
Q

What type of joint forms between superior and inferior articular facets?

A

zygopophyseal

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23
Q

Where are IVFs located and what passes through them?

A
  • Posterior to the vertebral foramen between inferior and superior vertebral notches
  • spinal nerves
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24
Q

What does the superior vertebral notch and inferior vertebral notch of adjacent vertebrae form?

A

Intervertebral foramen, or IVF

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25
Q

What are the 3 areas/parts of the occipital bone?

A
  • basilar, located anterior to foramen magnum
  • lateral (condylar), located laterally to foramen magnum
  • squamous, located posterior to foramen magnum
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26
Q

Describe the occipital condyle

A
  • facet for articulation with C1

- has a medial notch called the Alar tubercle

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27
Q

Where is the alar tubercle located and what attaches to it?

A
  • medially on the occipital condyle

- the alar ligament

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28
Q

The large opening in the occipital bone is called what and what is it continuous with?

A
  • foramen magnum

- continuous inferiorly with vertebral canal

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29
Q

What attaches to the superior nuchal line?

A

trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, selenium capitis

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30
Q

What attaches to the inferior nuchal line?

A

rectus capitis posterior major and mine, obliques capitis superior

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31
Q

What attaches to the median nuchal line?

A

nuchal ligament

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32
Q

What attaches to the external occipital protuberance?

A

trapezius, nuchal ligament

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33
Q

Where is the external occipital protuberance located?

A

on the occipital bone at the intersection of the median nuchal line and superior nuchal line

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34
Q

What movements do C3-C7 enable?

A
  • flexion/extension

- lateral flexion coupled with rotation

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35
Q

What movements do C1-C2 enable?

A
  • rotation (C1-C2)
  • flexion/extension (C0-C1)
  • limited lateral flexion
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36
Q

What joint is formed by the semilunar facet and uncinate process of adjacent cervical vertebrae?

A

uncovertebral joint

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37
Q

What is the function of uncovertebral joints?

A
  • limit lateral flexion

- guide movement in flexion and extension

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38
Q

Describe the articular facets of the SAP, or superior articular process?

A
  • flat and oval

- face Superior, medial and Posterior

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39
Q

Describe the articular facets of the IAP, or inferior articular process?

A
  • flat and oval

- face Inferior, Anterior and lateral

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40
Q

What runs through the intervertebral foramen?

A

Vertebral artery and vein (except in C1)

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41
Q

What is the articular pillar?

A

IAP, SAP and pars interarticularis arranged in a column

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42
Q

What are the parts of the bifid process of a typical cervical vertebrae?

A
  • Anterior tubercle

- posterior tubercle

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43
Q

What is another name for the anterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebrae and why?

A

costal tubercle because it transitions to ribs in thoracic vertebrae

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44
Q

What is the purpose of the groove in the transverse process of a typical cervical vertebrae?

A

where the spinal nerve lies after going through the transverse foramen

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45
Q

Spinal nerves emerge between what in the cervical region?

A

vertebral artery in the transverse foramen and the zygopophyseal joint, except C1 and C2 nerves

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46
Q

What are the borders of intervertebral foramen?

A
  • intervertebral disc
  • adjacent vertebral bodies
  • uncovertebral joint
  • adjacent pedicles
  • zygopophyseal joint
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47
Q

Atypical features of C7

A
  • transitional vertebrae between cervical and thoracic
  • inferior articular facets are oriented similar to thoracic vertebrae
  • superior articular facets are oriented similar to cervical vertebrae
  • spinous process is more prominent and is not bifid
  • no semilunar facets (still has uncinate process)
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48
Q

Path of the vertebral artery in the cervical spine?

A

through the transverse foramen of C7 to C2 where it enters the vertebral foramen of C2 through a groove in the posterior arch, then it turns up and enters the skull through the foramen magnum

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49
Q

What are considered the typical thoracic vertebrae?

A

T2-T8, sometimes T9

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50
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae?

A

12

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51
Q

How many cervical vertebrae?

A

7

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52
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae?

A

5

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53
Q

Features of a typical thoracic vertebrae?

A
  • non-bifid spinal process that slopes inferiorly
  • circular vertebral foramen
  • heart-shaped vertebral body that is larger than cervical but smaller than lumbar and thicker posteriorly
  • superior and inferior articular facets are in the coronal plane, superior faces posteriorly
  • superior and inferior costal demi facets articulate with rib
  • transverse costal facets articulate with tubercle of rib
  • inferior vertebral notch much larger than superior
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54
Q

What facets do ribs articulate with on typical thoracic vertebrae?

A
  • transverse costal facet on vertebra of same number

- superior and inferior costal demi facets of vertebra of same number and vertebra above, respectively

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55
Q

What direction does the superior articular facet face on a typical thoracic vertebrae?

A

posteriorly

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56
Q

What direction does the inferior articular facet face on a typical thoracic vertebrae?

A

anteriorly

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57
Q

What is the difference between IVF in cervical vertebrae and thoracic vertebrae?

A

The IVF in the thoracic region are oriented laterally whereas the IVF in the cervical region are oriented laterally but also slightly anteriorly

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58
Q

What are the features of T1?

A
  • full superior costal facet that pairs with the 1st rib
  • inferior costal demifacet paired with the 2nd rib
  • vertebral body resembles the cervical vertebrae (more oval than heart-shaped)
  • spinous process is sometimes more pronounced than C7 and is the vertebrae prominens
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59
Q

What are the features of T9?

A
  • usually does not have an inferior costal demifacet, although sometimes does and is therefore sometimes considered a typical thoracic vertebrae
  • still has superior costal demifacet
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60
Q

What are the features of T10?

A
  • first thoracic vertebrae with a full costal facet which is paired with the 10th rib
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61
Q

What are the features of T11?

A
  • vertebral body is large and resembles lumbar vertebrae (not heart-shaped)
  • full costal facet that is paired with the 11th rib
  • no transverse costal facet because rib 11 is floating
  • spinous process is short, thick and rectangular: resembles the lumbar vertebrae
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62
Q

What are the features of T12?

A
  • vertebral body is large and lumbar-like
  • inferior articular facet faces lateral (instead of anterior)
  • transverse process has 3 small elevations
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63
Q

What are the three elevations of the transverse process of T12?

A
  • superior tubercle (mammillary process)
  • lateral tubercle (vestigial transverse process)
  • inferior tubercle (accessory mammillary process)
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64
Q

Which are the typical lumbar vertebrae?

A

T1-T4

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65
Q

What are the features of a typical lumbar vertebrae?

A
  • vertebral foramen is triangular
  • vertebral body is large and kidney bean-shaped
  • have mammillary and accessory mammillary processes
  • articular facets are in the sagittal plane
  • spinous process is stout and rectangular
  • transverse process is long and slender, project laterally
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66
Q

What direction do the superior facets face on a typical lumbar vertebrae?

A

mostly medial but also slightly posterior

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67
Q

What direction do the inferior facets face on a typical lumbar vertebrae?

A

mostly lateral but also slightly anterior

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68
Q

What are the features of IVFs in the lumbar region?

A
  • oriented laterally
  • largest along the vertebral column
  • inferior notch is MUCH larger superior notch
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69
Q

What are the features of IVFs in the thoracic region?

A
  • oriented laterally

- inferior notch is SLIGHTLY larger that superior notch

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70
Q

What are the features of IVFs in the cervical region?

A
  • oriented laterally but also slightly anteriorly

- superior and inferior notches are roughly EQUAL

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71
Q

Which lumbar vertebrae is considered atypical?

A

L5

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72
Q

What are the features of L5?

A
  • vertebral body is the largest in the lateral dimension but shortest in the A/P dimension of all lumbar vertebrae
  • inferior articular are approaching coronal plane, facets face anterior and slightly lateral
  • small spinous process
  • short transverse process
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73
Q

What are anular epiphysis on vertebrae?

A

secondary center of ossification of the vertebral body, visible as a bony ring around the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body

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74
Q

A joint with little (if any) movement?

A

synarthrosis

ex: skull

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75
Q

A joint with slight movement?

A

amphiarthrosis

ex: vertebrae

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76
Q

A joint with wide range of movement?

A

diarthrosis

ex: shoulder

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77
Q

A joint where articulating surface is covered by fibrous tissue?

A

fibrous joint

ex: tooth

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78
Q

A joint where articulating surface is covered by cartilage but nor directly connected?

A

Synovial joint

ex: knee

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79
Q

A joint where articulating surface is covered and connected by cartilage?

A

cartilaginous joint

ex: pelvic symphysis (sp?)

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80
Q

Central joints (between vertebral bodies) are what type (tissue and movement)?

A

cartilaginous

amphiarthrosis

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81
Q

Zygapophyseal joints are what type (tissue and movement)?

A

synovial

diarthrosis

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82
Q

Central or vertebral body joints are absent where?

A

occiput/Atlas
Atlas/Axis
Sacrum
Coccyx (usually)

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83
Q

What kind of cartilage is in the IVDs?

A

Fibrocartilaginous complex with some hyaline cartilage

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84
Q

How are IVDs named?

A

to include the vertebrae they separate (C5-C6 IVD)

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85
Q

What is the pattern of the cross sectional area of the IVDs throughout the vertebral column?

A

cross section is least in cervical region and greatest in lumbar region - increases down the vertebral column

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86
Q

How many IVDs are there?

A

23 - 6 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar

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87
Q

What is the pattern of thickness of IVDs throughout the vertebral column?

A

thickest in the lumbar region and thinnest in the thoracic

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88
Q

Where is an individual IVD thickest?

A

anteriorly

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89
Q

How do IVDs help form the lordotic curves?

A

by being thicker anteriorly and thinner posteriorly

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90
Q

What is the center of the IVD called?

A

nucleus pulposus

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91
Q

What is the outer ring of the IVD called?

A

anulus fibrosis

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92
Q

What is the function of the anulus fibrosis?

A
  • as a ligament to bind intervertebral bodies

- retain nucleus pulposus

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93
Q

Why are disc herniations more common posterior laterally?

A

Because IVDs are thinnest posteriorly and posterior longitudinal ligament does not reinforce the posterior lateral portion of IVDs

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94
Q

What is the structure of the anulus fibrosis?

A
  • fibrocartilaginous concentric rings that alternate each layer to form a basket weave for strength
  • thinner posteriorly but reinforced by posterior longitudinal ligament
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95
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus made of?

A

collagen in mucopolysaccharide matrix

-it is the gelatinous remnant of notochord

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96
Q

What are the features of the nucleus pulposus?

A

it is strongly hydrophilic but held under pressure by gravity when standing or sitting causing it to lose water. When lying down, it gains water. It becomes more dehydrated with age.

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97
Q

Where are vertebral end plates located?

A

adjacent to upper and lower surfaces of successive vertebral bodies

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98
Q

What are the vertebral end plates made of?

A

have osseous and cartilaginous parts

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99
Q

Collagen fibers of the anulus fibrosus are continuous with which structure?

A

vertebral end plates

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100
Q

What is the structure and function of vertebral end plates?

A

They are porous to allow for transport/diffusion of water and nutrients to the avascular nucleus pulposus of the IVDs and transport/diffusion of waste away from nucleus pulposus of the IVDs

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101
Q

What is the small peripheral rim around the anulus fibrosus?

A

anular epiphysis

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102
Q

What supplies blood to the anulus fibrosus?

A
  • sparsely by spinal branches

- mostly by diffusion from vertebral end plates

103
Q

What drains waste from the anulus fibrosus?

A
  • internal and external vertebral plexuses

- diffusion from vertebral end plates

104
Q

What innervates the anular rim of the anulus fibrosus?

A
  • branches of the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves

- sympathetic chain

105
Q

What does the anterior ligament extend?

A

the anterior vertebral column, continuously from axis/C2 to sacrum

106
Q

How does the width of the anterior ligament change throughout the vertebral column?

A

it widens as it descends the vertebral column

107
Q

How does the thickness of the anterior ligament change throughout the vertebral column?

A

thickest in the thoracic region reinforcing kyphotic curve
thickest adjacent to vertebral bodies compared to IVDs
thickest along midline

108
Q

What does the posterior longitudinal ligament extend?

A

the posterior vertebral column, continuously from axis/C2 to sacrum, along anterior wall

109
Q

How does the width of the posterior ligament change throughout the vertebral column?

A

it narrows as it descends the vertebral column

110
Q

How does the thickness of the posterior ligament change throughout the vertebral column?

A

thickest in lumbar and cervical regions reinforcing lordotic curves
thickest along midline

111
Q

Which longitudinal ligament is denser and more compact?

A

posterior longitudinal ligament

112
Q

Which longitudinal ligament is more anchored to the IVDs?

A

both are continuous/anchored to IVDs but posterior longitudinal ligaments are better anchored

113
Q

What ligament surrounds the zygopophyseal joint?

A

joint capsular ligament

114
Q

What are meniscoids and what are they made of?

A

Projections from the inner surface of capsule into the joint capsule that is made of adipose tissue, vessels, nerve endings and covered by synovial membrane

115
Q

What innervates the zygapophyseal joints?

A

branches of dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves

116
Q

What does the ligamentum flavum extend?

A

laminae of adjacent vertebrae from axis/C2 to sacrum

117
Q

What makes ligamentum flavum yellow?

A

elastic fibers

118
Q

What joints does the ligamentum flavum reinforce?

A
  • medial and anterior parts of zygopophyseal joint capsule

- posterior wall of vertebral canal/IVDs

119
Q

What is the function fo the ligamentum flavum?

A
  • limit flexion
  • absorb forces
  • maintain posture
120
Q

What does the supraspinous ligament attach?

A

Spinous processes vertebral column

121
Q

What does the supraspinous ligament extend?

A

spinous processes of C7 to sacrum

122
Q

What is the supraspinous ligament continues with above C7?

A

nuchal ligament

123
Q

What is the function for the supraspinous ligament?

A

limits flexion

124
Q

Where are the interspinous ligaments attached?

A

between adjacent spinous processes

125
Q

What is the function of the interspinous ligaments?

A

to limit flexion (strongest in the lumbar region)

126
Q

Where are the intertransverse ligaments attached?

A

between adjacent transverse processes

127
Q

What is the function of the intertransverse ligaments?

A

limit contralateral lateral flexion (strongest in lumbar region)

128
Q

What are the two parts of the nuchal ligament?

A
  • funicular, external portion from SP of C7 to EOP

- lamellar, sheet anterior to funicular that attaches to SPs of cervical vertebrae and median nuchal line

129
Q

What innervates the nuchal ligament and what is their function?

A

Innervated by dorsal primary rami of C2-C4 spinal nerves fro proprioception and pain perception

130
Q

What type of joint is the uncovertebral joint?

A

synovial joint

131
Q

What is the function of the uncovertebral joint?

A

limit lateral flexion
guide flexion and extension movement
limit lateral herniations in cervical region

132
Q

What type of joint is the Atlanto-occipital articulation?

A

synovial diarthroses

133
Q

Atlanto-Occipital joint capsule ligaments?

A

anterior atlanto-occipital membrane
posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
lateral atlanto-occipital ligament

134
Q

What kind of joints are the lateral atlanto-axial articulations?

A

gliding synovial diarthroses

135
Q

What is the function of the lateral atlanto-axial articulations?

A

axial rotation
lateral flexion
flexion/extension

136
Q

What is the function of the atlanto-occipital articulation?

A

hinge-like flexion/extension

lateral flexion and rotation to a small degree

137
Q

What type of joint is the median atlanto-axial joint?

A

synovial diarthroses

138
Q

What is the function of the median atlanto-axial joint?

A

pivot joint between dens and facet for dens on anterior arch of atlas

139
Q

The lateral atlanto-axial articulations are closest to what plane?

A

horizontal plane

140
Q

What are the anterior ligaments of the atlanto-axial articulation?

A

anterior atlantoaxial ligament

anterior longitudinal ligament

141
Q

Posterior atlantoaxial ligament is equivalent to which ligament between the typical cervical vertebrae?

A

ligamentum flavum

142
Q

What are the posterior ligaments of the occipital-atlanto-axial complex on the anterior surface of the vertebral column?

A
  • apical ligament
  • cruciform ligament (superior longitudinal band, inferior longitudinal band and transverse ligament of atlas)
  • alar ligaments
  • accessory ligaments
  • tectorial membrane (continuous with posterior longitudinal ligament covering all other ligaments in this region)
143
Q

The apical ligament of the occipital-atlanto-axial complex is a remnant of what?

A

IVDs and notochord

144
Q

Where is the sub occipital/C1 nerve located?

A

parallels vertebral artery through defect in posterior atlanto-occipital membrane

145
Q

Where is the greater occipital/C2 nerve located?

A

penetrates posterior atlantoaxial ligament

146
Q

Where are the C3-C7 spinal nerves?

A

They emerge the IVF anterior to zygapophyseal joint and pass posterior to vertebral artery

147
Q

What passes through the anterior sacral foramina?

A

ventral primary rami

148
Q

What passes through the posterior sacral foramina?

A

dorsal primary rami

149
Q

The intermediate sacral crest is located where and is remnants of what structure?

A
  • medial to posterior sacral foramina and lateral to median sacral crest
  • zygopophyseal joints
150
Q

The lateral sacral crest is located where and is remnants of what structure?

A
  • lateral to posterior sacral foramina

- transverse processes

151
Q

Where is the sacral tuberosity located?

A

between the lateral sacral ridge and the auricular surface of the sacrum

152
Q

What is the function of the sacral tuberosity?

A

ligaments fuse here for attachment of sacrum to ilium

153
Q

Describe the articular surfaces of the sacra-iliac joint

A
  • auricular surface lined by hyaline cartilage

- articulating surface of the ilium is lined with fibrous cartilage

154
Q

What are the parts of the sternum?

A
  • manubrium
  • body
  • xiphoid process
155
Q

What are joints of the manubrium?

A
  • sternoclavicular joint
  • manubriosternal joint
  • sternocostal joint
156
Q

What are the edges of the manubrium?

A
  • suprasternal/jugular notch (superior)
  • calvicular notches (superiolateral)
  • facets for articulation with rib 1 costal cartilage (lateral)
  • demifacets for articulation with rib 2 costal cartilage
  • sternal angle (inferior)
157
Q

What is the anterior joint between the ribs and the costal cartilage?

A

costochondral joint

158
Q

What is the joint between the xiphoid process and the body of the sternum?

A

xiphisternal joint

159
Q

What are features of the xiphoid process

A
  • can ossify or remain cartilaginous
  • sometimes bifid
  • sometimes articulates with costal cartilage of 7th rib
  • remnant of 6th sternebrae
  • orients in the same plane as the body of the sternum
160
Q

What are the types of ribs and how many of each type are there?

A
  • true ribs (7, R1-R7)
  • false ribs (3, R8-R10)
  • floating ribs (2, R11-R12)
161
Q

What are false ribs?

A

ribs whose costal cartilage articulates with the sternum via costal cartilage of the rib above

162
Q

What are floating ribs?

A

no articulation of costal cartilage and sternum

163
Q

Where are the costovertebral joints and what kind are they?

A
  • between rib and vertebral body

- gliding synovial joints

164
Q

Where is the intra-articular ligament found?

A

on the interarticular crest between the superior and inferior articulating facets of the ribs 2-9

165
Q

What ligament encapsulates the head of the rib and attaches it to the vertebral bodies and IVDs?

A

radiate ligament of the head of the rib

166
Q

What is the indentation along the body of the rib that accommodates the intercostal neurovascular bundle?

A

costal groove

167
Q

Which ribs are Atypical?

A

1, 10-12

168
Q

What is atypical about rib 1?

A
  • anterior and posterior grooves on the body to accommodate subclavian artery and vein respectively
  • scalene tubercle (anterior scalene muscle attachment)
169
Q

What is atypical about rib 10?

A
  • one articular surface on head of rib, usually

- articulates with vertebra of the same number

170
Q

Typical ribs articulate with which vertebrae?

A
  • heads of rib n articulate with thoracic vertebra n (superior costal demifacet) and n-1 (inferior costal demifacet) as well as the IVD between n and n-1
  • the articular facet for transverse process of thoracic vertebra articulates with the vertebra of the same number
171
Q

What is atypical about ribs 11 and 12?

A
  • one articular surface on head of rib
  • articulates with vertebra of the same number
  • short and mostly straight rib shafts
  • no necks or tubercles
172
Q

Where are the costochondral joints and what kind are they?

A
  • between rib and costocartilage

- cartilaginous

173
Q

Where are the sternocostal joints and what kind are they?

A
  • between costocartilage and sternum
  • synovial for R2-R7
  • cartilaginous for R1
174
Q

Where are the costotransverse joints and what kind are they?

A
  • between tubercle of rib and transverse process of same number
  • gliding synovial joints
175
Q

What are the ligaments of the costotransverse joint?

A
  • superior costotransverse ligament
  • lateral costotransverse ligament
  • interosseous costotransverse ligament
176
Q

What are the articulations in the thoracic region of the spine?

A
  • central joint
  • zygapophyseal joint
  • costovertebral joint
  • costotransverse joint
  • costochondral joint
  • sternocostal joint
177
Q

What are the articulations in the lumbar region of the spine?

A
  • central joint

- zygapophyseal joint

178
Q

What are the articulations of the typical cervical region of the spine?

A
  • central joint

- zygapophyseal joint

179
Q

Where is the iliolumbar ligament?

A

between medial iliac crest and transverse processes of L4 (superior band) and L5 (inferior band)

180
Q

What ligaments bind L5 to the sacrum?

A
  • anterior longitudinal ligament
  • posterior longitudinal ligament
  • supraspinous ligament
  • interspinous ligament
  • ligamentum flavum
  • IVD between L5 and sacral body
  • lumbosacral ligament
  • lumbosacral capsular ligament
181
Q

Where is the lumbosacral capsular ligament?

A

encapsulates the zygapophyseal joints of L5-S1

182
Q

Where is the lumbosacral ligament?

A

between transverse process of L5 and sacral ala

183
Q

Where is the lumbosacral ligament?

A

between transverse process of L5 and sacral ala

184
Q

What kind of joint is the sacroiliac joint?

A
  • gliding synovial joint

- amphiarthrosis

185
Q

What lines the articular surfaces of the sacroiliac joint?

A
  • sacral articular surface is lined with hyaline cartilage

- iliac articular surface is lined with fibrocartilage

186
Q

What are the ligaments of the sacroiliac joint?

A
  • anterior sacroiliac ligament with articular capsule
  • sacrospinous ligament
  • sacrotuberous ligament
  • posterior sacroiliac ligament with long and short divisions
  • interosseous sacroiliac ligament
187
Q

What is it called when one vertebra slides forward over the vertebra below it? It most often occurs in the lumbosacral area.

A

spondylolisthesis

188
Q

What is the bilateral fracture of the pedicles or pars interarticulares of C2 called?

A

Hangman’s fracture because it is caused by forcible hyperextension of the neck

189
Q

What attaches to the supreme nuchal line?

A

occipitalis

190
Q

What is the function of the foramen magnum?

A

conduit for the spinal cord-brainstem transition, meninges and vertebral arteries

191
Q

congenital condition where atlas is partially or completely fused to occiput

A

occipitalization

192
Q

What is the carotid tubercle?

A
  • the anterior tubercle of TP of C6
  • it separates common carotid artery from vertebral artery
  • carotid artery can be massaged against this tubercle to relieve tachycardia symptoms
193
Q

Where are the mammillary processes located?

A

on the posterosuperior surface of the superior articular process of lumbar vertebrae

194
Q

Where are the accessory mammillary processes located?

A

at the base of the transverse process

195
Q

What is a congenital fissure of one or more of the vertebral arches?

A

spondyloschisis, common in lumbar region (L5)

196
Q

What is a separation or breaking apart of pars interarticularis of a vertebral segment?

A

spondylolysis, caused by repetitive trauma, sport injuries

197
Q

What is the condition in which L5 is partially or completely fused to the sacrum?

A

Sacralization of L5

198
Q

What is it called when there is asymmetry of facet planes within a vertebral segment?

A

tropism

199
Q

What are possible diseases that could reduce the strength of bone and predispose it to fracture?

A
  • osteoporosis
  • primary lesion
  • metastasis
200
Q

What is the sacrum specialized for?

A

transferring weight of body through the pelvis and to lower extremity

201
Q

What is the sacrum composed of?

A

5 fused vertebral segments that form a wedge-shape

202
Q

What is the concavity of the sacrum?

A

concave anteriorly (kyphotic)

203
Q

What direction doe the sacrum tilt?

A

slightly inferiorly to form the roof and posterior wall of pelvic cavity

204
Q

What is the ridge-like landmark along the anterior-superior edge of S1 body?

A

sacral promontory

205
Q

Where are the sacral Alae located?

A

lateral to the S1 body on the base of the sacrum

206
Q

What is the inferior part of the sacrum called?

A

Apex

207
Q

What is the superior part of the sacrum called

A

base

208
Q

The lines of fusion between sacral bodies?

A

transverse lines

209
Q

What passes through the posterior sacral foramina?

A

dorsal primary rami of S1-S4 spinal nerves

210
Q

What passes through the anterior sacral foramina?

A

ventral primary rami of S1-S4 spinal nerves

211
Q

The fused spinal processes of the sacrum form what?

A

median sacral crest

212
Q

What is the sacral portion of the vertebral canal called?

A

Sacral canal

213
Q

What is contained in the sacral canal?

A

cauda equina

214
Q

What is the caudal equina?

A

bundle of dorsal and ventral rootlets of spinal nerves

215
Q

The inferior opening of the sacral canal?

A

sacral hiatus

216
Q

What direction do the superior articular facets of the sacrum face?

A

posterior in the coronal plane

217
Q

What is the combined sacral tuberosity and auricular surface called?

A

pars lateralis

218
Q

Where is the pars lateralis located?

A

lateral to the lateral sacral crest

219
Q

The articulating surface of the sacrum for the sacroiliac joint?

A

auricular surface

220
Q

Condition where S1 is not completely fused to sacrum?

A

lumbarization of sacrum

221
Q

What is formed by fusion of 3-5 rudimentary vertebrae?

A

coccyx

222
Q

What are the parts of the coccyx?

A
  • apex
  • base
  • cornua
223
Q

What are common causes of coccyx fracture?

A

child birth and fall in the seated position

pain is worse when getting up from chair or during bowel movement

224
Q

What makes up the body of the sternum?

A

four fused sternebrae

225
Q

What does the body of the sternum articulate with?

A
  • manubrium (manubriosternal joint)
  • 2nd-7th costal cartilages (sternocostal joints)
  • xiphoid process (xiphisternal joint)
226
Q

What are true ribs?

A

they connect directly to sternum via their own costal cartilage

227
Q

Where is the costal tubercle found?

A

at junction of neck and shaft of rib

228
Q

What attaches to the costal tubercle?

A

lateral costotransverse ligament

229
Q

What articulates the the costal tubercle?

A

transverse process of vertebra of the same number to form the costotransverse joint

230
Q

What attaches to the costal angle?

A

iliocostalis

231
Q

Where is the costal groove located?

A

on the internal surface of the inferior edge of the rib shaft

232
Q

What does the distal end of a rib articulate with?

A

costal cartilage to form costochondral joint

233
Q

Where do rib fractures usually occur?

A

at the site of impact or along the weakest point of the rib

234
Q

What is supernumerary ribs?

A

extra ribs in the lumbar or cervical region. Both are rare and usually asymptomatic but cervical ribs are extremely rare and can cause compression fo brachial plexuses or subclavian artery

235
Q

What is the study of joints and articulations?

A

arthrology

236
Q

What is the study of ligaments?

A

syndesmology

237
Q

Herniation of an IVD occurs how?

A

degenerative changes in the IVDs have resulted in tears and weakening of the anulus fibrosus causing herniation of the nucleus pulposus beyond the limits of the anulus. The herniation can then compress or inflame nerve roots.

238
Q

The displacement of nucleus pulposus through the VEP and into an adjacent vertebral body is called what?

A

Schmorl’s nodes

239
Q

What is weakness or partial loss of voluntary movement?

A

paresis

240
Q

What is total loss of voluntary movement?

A

paralysis

241
Q

What is abnormal sensations such as tingling or itching?

A

Paresthesia

242
Q

Thickening of the ligamentum flavum resulting in decreased elasticity/spinal stenosis is called what?

A

hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum

243
Q

Injury caused by acceleration-deceleration of cervical spine

A

Whiplash

244
Q

The loss of cervical lordosis resulting in a straight cervical spine is caused by what?

A

whiplash

245
Q

Where is the anterior Atlanto-occipital membrane located?

A

between anterior arch of C1 and anterior margin of the foramen magnum

246
Q

Where is the posterior Atlanto-occipital membrane located?

A

between posterior arch of C1 and posterior border of the foramen magnum -it is continuous with ligamentum flavum

247
Q

Where is the lateral Atlanto-occipital ligament located?

A

between lateral mass of C1 and lateral margin of foramen magnum

248
Q

What is it called when the free edge of the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane ossifies at the defect for the vertebral artery?

A

arcuate foramen

249
Q

What is excessive movement of the Atlanto-axial joint due to abnormality of ligaments or bony structure?

A

atlantoaxial instability

250
Q

Who is at risk for Atlanto-axial instability?

A

Down’s syndrome individuals

251
Q

A continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the occipital-axial complex?

A

tectorial membrane

252
Q

What kind of joint is the sacroiliac joint (type and movement)?

A

gliding synovial joint

amphiarthrosis

253
Q

Chronic inflammatory disease of the axial skeleton with genetic association?

A

ankylosing spondylitis

Gross Anatomy I (10 decks)

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