Spinal Anatomy Flashcards
Osteology is…
*The study of bones/skeleton
Axial skeleton =
- Vertebral column
- Skull
- Ribs & Sternum
- Sometimes hyoid
In adult humans, the vertebral column consists of __(#)__ elements (formed from 32-34 segments).
*26
What are the 26 elements of the vertebral column? (3)
- 24 individual vertebrae (seperated by intervertebral discs (IVD)
- Sacrum
- Coccyx
Total length of vertebral column (including the intervertebral discs) is about ___” in males and about __” in females:
- 28” Males
* 25” Females
Approximately how much of the length of the vertebral column is due to the discs?
*About 1/4th or 7”
3 other bones (or groups of bones) that are closely integrated functionally with the vertebral column…
- Occipital and temporal bones of the skull
- 12 rib pairs + sternum anteriorly
- Os Coxae (hip bone)
8 functions of the vertebral column:
1) flexible central column: permits movement
2) Supports: upper extremities, esp. Head and viscera
3) Suspends: upper extremities
4) Protects: spinal cord, viscera
5) Body shape: Upright
6) Transfers weight: of head, upper extremities + viscera through the pelvis to lower extremities
7) Stabilizes: body
8) Absorbs forces: placed on the body
5 regions of the vertebral column:
1) Cervical
2) Thoracic
3) Lumbar
4) Sacrum
5) Coccyx
Cervix refers to the…
*Neck
of cervical vertebrae
*7
C1 =
Atlas
C2 =
Axis
C1 & C2 function as…
*Specialized support for the head and permits movement.
Thorax =
*Chest, breastplate
Old name for Thorax:
*Dorsal vertebrae
of thoracic vertebrae…
12
Thoracic vertebrae articulate with…
*12 pairs of ribs
Lumbar =
*Loin (lower back)
of lumbar vertebrae…
*5
Lumbar vertebrae are specialized for…
*Weight support
Which region of the vertebral column has the largest vertebrae?
*Lumbar
Sacrum =
- “Sacred”
The sacrum consists of…
*5 fused vertebrae
Shape of the sacrum…
*Wedge shaped
Sacrum lies between…
*Os coxae
Function of the sacrum…
*Transfers weight of trunk to pelvic girdle & lower extremities.
Coccyx =
- cuckoo (resembles the beak?)
The coccyx is often a single element formed from…
- 3-5 more or less fused elements
Coccyx is a _______ structure:
*Vestigial: poorly developed remnant of tail
Lordotic curves concavity faces/directed…
*Posteriorly
Lordotic curves convexity faces…
*Anterior
Kyphotic curves concavity faces/directed…
*Anteriorly
Kyphotic curves convexity faces…
*Posterior
Definition of primary curves (2)…
- Present at birth
* Retain general characteristics throughout life
2 primary curves…
- Thoracic
* Sacral
Both primary curves are…
*Kyphotic
Definition of secondary curves…
*Develop after birth
Secondary curves become _____ due to muscular activity.
*Lordotic
2 secondary curves…
- Cervical
* Lumbar
Which secondary curve is the 1st to appear?
*Cervical
What causes the cervical curves to appear?
*Due to lifting head
What causes the lumbar curves to appear? (3)
*Due to sitting, crawling and walking
When does the lumbar curve fully develop?
*Not fully developed until mid-childhood
Secondary curves are compensatory to…
*human’s upright, bipedal posture.
Scoliotic curves are…
*Lateral curves (extend in the coronal plane)
Scoliotic curves are compensatory to asymetries in… (examples).
- Leg length
- Sacral Development
- Os Coxae Development
- Muscle tone… etc.
Scoliotic curves are named according to…
*The side of convexity.
3 functions of curves:
- Compensate for upright posture
- Absorb forces placed on spine
- Compensate for asymmetrical structure and function (see scoliotic)
4 abnormal curves (in clinical courses):
- Kyphosis
- Lordosis
- Scoliosis
- Straight or military spine
“osis” =
*Disease of, condition of…
Kyphosis =
*Excessive kyphotic curve
Lordosis =
*Excessive Lordotic curve
Scoliosis =
*Excessive scoliatic curve
Straight or military spine =
*Little or no curveture
Features of a “typical” vertebra (6)
1) Body
2) Vertebral Arch
3) Pars Interarticularis
4) Vertebral Foramen
5) Vertebral Notches
6) Intervertebral Foramen
Vertebral body =
*Anterior part of a vertebra
What is the largest part of a vertebra?
*Body
Function of the vertebral body…
*Major central pillar - supports most of the weight of segments above.
Physical description of the vertebral arch of the typical vertebra…
- Horseshoe shaped
* neural arch -> posterior part
The typical vertebral arch has 2 _____ & 2 ______.
- Pedicles
* Laminae
Description of 2 pedicles in a typical vertebral arch:
- Left and Right
* Short and Stout
What are the 2 pedicles in a typical vertebral arch attached to?
*The Vertebral Body
Description of 2 laminae in a typical vertebral arch:
- Left and Right
* Broad and Flat
Where are the 2 laminae located on a typical vertebral arch?
*Posterior part of the vertebral arch
A The typical vertebral arch has # processes.
*7
Name the 7 processes of a typical vertebral arch:
1- Spinous Process (S.P.)
2- (L & R) Transverse Processes (T.P.)
2- (L & R) Superior Articular Processes (S.A.P)
2- (L & R) Inferior Articular Processes (I.A.P)
Definition of articular processes…
*Zygapophyses of a vertebra
The unpaired spinous process of a typical vertebral arch projects…
*Posteriorly
Articular processes have articular surfaces called…
*Articular Facets
Superior articular processes articulate with Inferior articular processes to form…
*Zygapophyseal joints
Description of the pars interarticularis of the typical vertebra…
*The bone that “connects” and IAP &SAP on one side of a vertebra.
The vertebral foramen of a typical vertebra = ______ or _______ foramen.
- Spinal
* Neural
Description of the vertebral foramen of the typical vertebra.
*Opening between the vertebral body and vertebral arch.
The vertebral foramina of successive vertebrae form the …
*Vertebral canal
Description of Vertibral notches on the typical vertebra.
*Notches or grooves on pedicle.
2 types of vertebral notches on the typical vertebra:
*Superior & Anterior
Intervertebral foramen (EVF) of the typical vertebra are formed by …
*Adjacent vertebral “notches”
Intervertebral Foramen of the typical vertebra are…
*Openings between adjacent Vertebral segments, formed by Inferior and Superior Vertebral notches or adjacent segments.
How many vertebral elements, including the sacrum as one and the coccyx as one, comprise the vertebral column?
*26
An excessively posterior convexity of the spine is called…
*Kyphosis
What is the outline shape of the vertebral foramen in a typical cervical vertebra?
*Triangular
The typical lumbar vertebral body is _____ shaped…
*Kidney
What region of the spine has an oblique orientation of the I.V.F.’s?
*Cervical
In what region of the spine is there a pars interarticularis?
*Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar
A joint that includes an articular capsule and is freely moveable is classified as a:
*Diarthroses
What ligament attaches to a tubercle on the medial surface of the occipital condyle?
*Alar
The first and second cervical spine nerves differ from the other spinal nerves because they exit the vertebral canal:
*Posterior to the articular processes
What ligament is an extension of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
*Tectorial Membrane
Which rib is a true rib? R1, R8, R10 or R11?
*R1
The most inferior part of the sternum is called the…
*xiphoid
The tubercle of the sixth rib articulates with the transverse process of the ______ vertebra.
*T6
True or false: Th uncinate process is a landmark of the occipital bone.
*False
True/False: The mamillary process is a landmark of the occipital bone.
*False
True/False: The mastoid process is a landmark of the occipital bone.
*False
True/False: The Jugular process is a landmark of the occipital bone.
*True
True/False: The typical CERVICAL vertebrae have superior articular facets that face posteriorly and are oriented in the coronal plane.
*False
True/False: Typical THORACIC vertebrae have superior articular facets that face posteriorly and are oriented in the coronal plane.
*True
True/False: Typical LUMBAR vertebrae have superior articular facets that face posteriorly and are oriented in the coronal plane.
*False
Occiput: Shape when viewed from below…
*Wedge shaped
Central structure of the occiput…
*Foramen Magnum
The foramen magnum of the occiput is the central structure that contains … (3)
- Spinal Cord
- Meninges
- Vertebral Arteries
The foramen magnum of the occiput is continuous inferiorly with the…
*Vertebral canal
What transitions to form the spinal cord?
*Brainstem
Meninges of the foramen magnum of the occiput are made up of…
*Dura mater anchored to margin of foramen
3 parts of the Occiput, based on the relationship with the foramen magnum:
- Basilar part
- Condylar Part
- Squamous part
Where is the basilar part of the Occiput based on its relationship with the foramen magnum?
*Anterior to the foramen magnum
Where is the condylar part of the occiput based on its relationship with the foramen magnum?
*Lateral to the foramen magnum
Where is the squamous part of the occiput based on its relationship with the foramen magnum?
*Posterior to the foramen magnum
The occipital condyle and the jugular processes are in which of the 3 parts of the occiput? (basilar, condylar, or squamous)
*Condylar
Occiptal condyles articulate with…
*C1
Where are the occipital condyles of the occiput in relation to the foramen magnum?
*Lateral to the foramen magnum
Which “tubercle” is located on the medial edge of the occipital condyle?
*Alar tubercle
Nuchal lines are located on which of the 3 parts of the occiput? (Basilar, condylar, or squamous)
*Squamous
What attaches to the superior nuchal lines of the occiput? (3)
- Trapezius
- SCM
- Splenius capitis
What attaches to the inferior nuchal lines of the occiput? (3)
- Rectus capitis posterior major
- Rectus capitis posterior minor
- Obliquus Sup.
What attaches to the median nuchal line of the occiput? (1)
*Nuchal ligament (part of)
The external occipital protuberance is located on which of the 3 parts of the occiput? (Basilar, condylar or squamous)
*Squamous
The external occipital protuberance is the attachment location of what structure?
*Nuchal ligament (part of)
Where is the jugular process in relation to the occipital condyle?
*Lateral to occipital condyle
The jugular process(es) of the occiput forms a border of…
*Jugular foramen
The paramastoid process(es) are located on which other feature of the occiput?
*Is on/a part of jugular process(es)
What are the 2 functional groups (segments) of the cervical vertebrae?
- Suboccipital
* Inferior
The suboccipital segment of the cervical vertebrae consist of which vertebrae?
*C1 & C2
The suboccipital segment of the cervical vertebrae allows __#__ types of movements?
*3
What 3 types of movements are allowed by the suboccipital segment?
- Rotation
- Flexion/extension
- Lateral Flexion (some)
Where is the most rotation of the suboccipital segment allowed?
*Between C1 and C2
Where is the most flexion/extension of the Suboccipital segment allowed?
*Between C0 and C1
The inferior segment of the cervical vertebrae is made up of which vertebrae?
*C3-C7
The inferior segment of the cervical vertebrae allows which 2 types of movement?
- Flexion/extension
* Lateral Flexion - coupled w/rotation
The inferior segment of the cervical vertebrae is made up of typical vertebrae except which one?
*C7
Which are the typical vertebrae of the cervical verterbrae
*C3 - C6
10 aspects of the typical cervical vertebraes C3-C6:
1) Body
2) Joint of Luschka
3) Vertebral Foramen
4) Short Bifid Spinous Processes
5) Articular Pillar
6) Articular surface of the SAP (Superior articular facets)
7) Articular facet of the IAP
8) Transverse Process
9) Transverse Foramen of the TP
10) Intervertebral Foramen (IVP)
Physical description of the typical cervical vertebral BODY:
- Small, flattened body
* Oval in outline shape
Physical description of the Joint of Luschka located on the typical cervical vertebra?
*Saddle like
Which processes are located on the Joint of Luschka of the typical cervical vertebra?
*Uncinate processes
The Uncinate processes are unique to which vertebral section? (Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar)
*Cervical
The uncinate processes are located of which surface of the typical cervical vertebral body?
*Superior-Lateral
The joint of Luschka in the typical cervical vertebra “guides” movement in … ?
*Flexion - Extension
Physical description of the typical cervical vertebral foramen…
*Large & Triangular
The short bifid spinous processes are a unique characteristic of which section of spine? (Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar)
*Cervical
The articular pillar of the typical cervical vertebra consists of which 3 aspects arranged in a vertical line?
*SAP, IAP & pars interarticularis
The articular surface of a SAP of the typical cervical vertebra is also called a superior articular ______.
*Facet(s)
Physical description and shape of the typical cervical vertebral articular surface of a SAP…
*Large, flat and oval
The Articular surface of a SAP of the typical cervical vertebra faces superior, posterior and slightly….
*Medial
Physical description and shape of the typical cervical vertebral articular facet of the IAP.
*Large, flat and oval
The articular facet of the IAP of a typical cervical vertebra faces inferior, anterior, and slightly …
*Lateral
The SAP’s and IAP’s of adjacent typical cervical vertebrae for the _________ joint…
*Zygapophyseal
The facet planes of the SAP’s and IAP’s of adjacent typical cervical vertebrae are ________ between horizontal and coronal planes.
*Oblique
Where is the groove/gutter for a spinal nerve located on the transverse process of a typical cervical vertebra?
*On the superior surface of TP, between the anterior and Posterior tubercles.
The transverse process of the typical cervical vertebra is the attachment site for which muscles?
*Deep neck muscles
Physical description of the transverse process on a typical cervical vertebra…
*Short and Bifid
The anterior tubercle of the transverse process located on the typical cervical vertebra is also known as the ______ tubercle.
*Costal
The transverse foramen of the transverse process is the key characteristic of all of which cervicals?
*Key characteristic of ALL cervicals C1-C7
C1 - C6 transmit which artery and vein?
*Vertebral
The C7 transmits on the the vertebral _____ not the vertebral _______.
- Vein
* Artery
The intervertebral foramen (IVF) of a typical cervical vertebra has _________ and ________ (directional) notches that are approximately equal in size.
*Superior and Inferior
The intervertebral disc, adjacent vertebral bodies, joint of Luchska, adjacent pedicle and the zygapophyseal joints of the typical cervical vertebrae all border which physical aspect of said vertebra?
*The intervertebral Foramen (IVF)
The IVF of a typical cervical vertebra is directed obliquely in which 3 directions?
*Lateral, inferior and anterior
Most cervical spinal nerve emerges between the _________ (joint) and the __________ (artery).
- The zygapophyseal joint
* The vertebral artery
Since there is no IVF between the occiput and C1, or between C1 and C2: The C1 & C2 spinal nerves exit through an _______ ________ instead.
*Intervertebral sulcus
The typical lumbar vertebrae consist of which vertebrae?
*L1 - L4
The typical lumbar vertebrae are the largest of moveable segments and designed for….
*Support
The typical lumbar vertebrae has a large, _______ shaped body.
*Kidney
The vertebral foramen of the typical lumbar vertebrae is larger than the _________ but smaller than the _________. (Sections of the spine)
- Larger than thoracic
* Smaller than cervical
The vertebral foramen of the typical lumbar vertebra is ________ shaped.
*Triangular
9 aspects of the typical Lumbar vertebrae
1) Body
2) Vertebral Foramen
3) Spinous Process
4) Facets of the Articular Processes
5) Mamillary Process
6) Accessory Mamillary process
7) Transverse Process
8) Intervertebral Foramen
9) Lateral Recess
Physical description of the typical lumbar vertebral spinous process…
*Stout & rectangular (club-like)
Spina bifida is a disorder where the vertebral arch is incomplete at the mid-line (2 part arch) and is commonly located on which part of the typical lumbar vertebra?
*Spinous process
Facets of the articular processes of the typical lumbar vertebra assume a more ________ orientation.
*Sagittal
The superior facets of the typical lumbar vertebra faces medial and slightly _____
*Posterior
The inferior facets of the the typical lumbar spine face lateral and slightly ______.
*Anterior
The facets of the articular processes have more sagittal orientation in upper lumbar & more _______ in lower lumbar.
*Coronal
The mamillary process of the typical lumbar vertebra is the posteriosuperior surface of the ______ ________ _______.
*Superior articular process
The mamillary process of the typical lumbar vertebrae is a true ____ ________ element.
*Transverse process
The accessory mamillary process of the typical lumbar vertebra is located at the base of the …..
*Transverse process
Physical description of the typical lumbar vertebral transverse process…
- Long and slender (and nearly horizontal)
The transverse process of the typical lumbar vertebra is actually a ______ element.
*Costal
Intervertebral foramen of the typical ____(spinal section)_____ vertebra is the largest opening of IVF in the spine.
*Lumbar
The IVF of the typical lumbar vertebra faces ______.
*Lateral
The lateral recess of the typical lumbar vertebra the part of vertebral canal that is immediately ___(direction)___ to a pedicle.
*Inferior
The lateral recess of the typical lumbar vertebra is occupied by….
*Spinal Nerve
The only atypical lumbar…
*L5
The Inferior articular facet faces ____ and ____.
*Anterior and Lateral
The physical description of the body of the L5 is the _____est and _____est of all lumbars.
*Shortest and Widest
The L5 has a __(size)__ spinous process.
*Small
Spondyloschisis is …
*Spina Bifida
The most common site for spina bifida is on which vertebra?
*L5
Spondylolysis =
- Collar of Scotty dog
* Separation of pars interarticularis
Lysthesis =
*To slip or move
Spondylolysthesis =
*Displacement of a vertebra from normal position.
Lumbarization =
*S1 not completely fused to sacrum (Partial or complete)
Sacralization =
*L5 or Cx1 partially or completely fused to sacrum.
Tropism =
*Asymmetry of facet planes with/in a segment.
The sacrum is liked with the pelvic girdle via the _____-_____ joint.
*Sacro-iliac
The sacrum forms the roof of the ______ cavity.
*Pelvic
The ala(wing) is positioned __(direction)__ to the S1 body.
*Laterally
Anterior surface consists of what 3 aspects?
- Ala (wing)
- Body of S1
- Sacral Promontory
The sacral promontory is a landmark located along the _____ - _____ edge of S1 body.
*Anterior-Superior
The sacral canal is the sacral part of the _______ _____.
*Vertebral canal
Transverse lines are on the __(direction)__ surface of the sacrum.
*Anterior
There are # transverse lines
*4
There are # pairs of dorsal sacral foramina…
*4
There are # pairs of ventral sacral foramina…
*4
The dorsal sacral foramina contains the ____ ____ of S1-S4 nerves…
*Dorsal Rami
The ventral sacral foramina contains the ______ _____ of the S1 - S4 nerves.
*Ventral Rami
The posterior surface of the sacrum contains what 4 aspects?
- Median sacral crest
- Intermediate sacral crest
- Lateral sacral Crest
- Pars Lateralis
The median sacral crest is the fused _______ _________.
*Spinous Process
The intermediate sacral crest is located (Direction) to the dorsal foramina.
*Medial
The fused Articular processes of the sacrum form the ______ sacral crest.
*Intermediate
The fused Transverse Processes of the sacrum for the ______ sacral crest.
*Lateral
The Lateral crest is located (Direction) to the dorsal foramina.
*Lateral
The fused costal elements of the sacrum form the ___ _________.
*Pars Lateralis
*The Pars lateralis of the sacrum is located (Direction) to the the lateral sacral crest.
*Lateral
The auricular surface of the pars lateralis is associated with which segments of the sacrum?
*S1 - S3
The auricular surface of the pars lateralis of the sacrum is oriented (Direction) and slightly posterior.
*Laterally
The auricular surface of the pars lateralis of the sacrum is lined by _________ ___________.
*Hyaline cartilage
*Fibrocartilage lines the articular surface of the _____.
*Ilium
The sacral tuberosity is part of the pars lateralis and located between the ____ surface and the ______ sacral crest.
- Auricular
* Lateral
The female sacrum is _____ and more _______ than the male.
*Wider and More Angulated
The cornua of the coccyx is a remnant of (direction) articular process.
*Superior
What are the 3 atypical cervicals?
*C1, C2 & C7
The C1, has no spinous process but a _____ ______ instead.
*Posterior tubercle
True/False: The atlas has no body, pedicle, lamina or Spinous process.
True
The C1 is the _____est vertebra in the neck.
*Widest
The articular facet on the posterior surface of the anterior arch of C1 is called…
*Fovea Dentalis
What attaches to the posterior tubercle of C1?
*Rectus capitus posterior minor.
Superior articular facets of C1 are very large, elongated and (Convex/concave)?
*Concave
C2 is the axis or __________ which means “the pivot”.
*Epistopheus
The anterior facet of the dens articulates with the ______ ________ of C1.
*Fovea dentalis
The posterior facet of the dens articulates with the _______ ________ of the cruciform ligament.
*Transverse ligament.
The axis is the ____est and ____est cervical vertebra.
*Strongest & Thickest
The ____ has/is the most deeply bifid spinous process of the spine.
*Axis
While the axis has no uncinate processes, the ____ __ _______ is present between C2 & C3.
*Joint of Luschka
The axis has no uncinate processes, however that joint of luschka is present between C2 & C3, thus _______ ______ are present on the axis.
*Semilunar facets
Physical description of C7’s spinous process.
*Long and sloping, NOT BIFID.
one large tubercle
C7 (or sometimes T1) is the 1st most easily palpated spinous process and is also called the ________ ________…
*Vertebra prominens
The joints of luschka is located between __ and C7.
*C6 (not C7 & T1)
C7 ha uncinate process but no __________ facets.
*Semilunar
The inferior articular facet of C7, like the thoracic in orientation, faces more (Direction) and is on the _______ plane.
- Anteriorly
* Coronal plane
C7 has a _______ or absent anterior tubercle.
*Vestigial
The abnormal condition where C1 is partially or completely fused to C0. (born with)
*Occipitalization
The abnormal condition where there is a narrow “bridge” of column of bone connecting C1 to C0. (acquired)
*Atlanto-occipial “ponticulum”
The carotid tubercle refers to the _______ tubercle of the Transverse process of C6.
*Anterior
Which are the typical thoracic vertebrae?
*T2-T9
The Superior and inferior costovertebral _____ ________ (paired) of the typical thoracic vertebrae articulates with heads of ribs to form the ____________ joint.
- Demi facets
* Costovertebral
Physical description of the typical thoracic vertebral foramen… (size and shape)
*Small & circular
The superior processes of the typical thoracic vertebrae extend from the _______.
*Pedicle
*The Inferior processes of the typical thoracic vertebrae extend from the _______.
*Lamina
The typical thoracic vertebra has no distinct ________ pillar.
*articular
The typical thoracic vertebrae has a superior facet in a ________ plane, and faces (direction).
- Coronal plane
* Posterior
The inferior facet of the typical thoracic vertebrae faces (direction) in a coronal plane.
*Anterior
The transverse process of the typical thoracic vertebrae is relatively large, slopes (Direction), and has a bulbous end.
*Posteriorly
The articular facet of the typical thoracic transverse process is called the ____________ facet and articulates with the tubercle of a rib (____________ joint). (Hint: Same word)
*Costotransverse (Facet & Joint)
The intervertebral foramen of the typical thoracic vertebrae is oriented (direction)…
*Laterally (horizontally)
The inferior vertebral notch of vertebra above are much _____er than the superior vertebral notch of vertebra below. (Typical Thoracic)
*Much Larger
Which are the atypical thoracic vertebrae?
*T1, T10-T12
T1 has a full Costovertebral (pair) articular facet for the head of the ___ rib.
*1st
T1 has inferior costovertebral demifactes for ___ rib.
*2nd
The body of T1 resembles _____ vertebra.
*Cervical (more oval)
T1 contributes to, or is, the vertebra ________.
*Prominens
T10 has _______________ demifacet for 10th rib head but has no ________________ facet for the 11th rib.
*Costovertebral
Size of the T11 body.
*Large & lumbar like
Complete ______ _____ for 11th rib heads.
*Costovertebral facets
T11 has no costotransverse facets on ________ _______ for rib 11.
*Transverse Process
The spinous process for T11 is … (height, width & shape.)
*Short, thick and rectangular (like lumbar)
T12 is like the T11 except the inferior articular facet faces (Direction) like lumbar.
*Laterally
The transverse processes of T12 have 3 elevations:
1) Mamillary Tubercle (lumbar characteristic)
2) Acessory Mamillary Tubercle (L characteristic)
3) Lateral Tubercle - vestigial TP
The sternum is formed from # sternebrae/segments.
*6
The manubrium of the sternum has a jugular or __________ notch on the (direction) border.
- Suprasternal
* Superior
The manubrium of the sternum articulates with _____, First costal cartilages, and ______ ______.
- Clavicle
- 1st costal cartilages
- Corpus sterni (aka body)
The body of the sternum is composed of # fused sternubrae.
*4
The body of the sternum articulates with the __ through ___ costal cartilages (sternocostal joints), the _____, and _______ process.
- 2nd - 7th costal cartilages
- Manubrium
- Xiphoid Process
The body of the sternum contains the __________ joint.
*Xiphisternal Joint
The xiphoid process is the ____ sternebra.
*6th
The xiphoid process frequently articulates with the lower part of the ___ costal cartilage.
*7th
What is the definition of a true rib?
*Directly connects to sternum via its own costal cartilage.
What is the definition of a false rib?
*Does not directly connect to the sternum via its own costal cartilage.
What is the definition of a floating rib?
*Does not connect to the sternum at all
Which ribs are considered true ribs?
*R1-R7
Which ribs are considered false ribs?
*R8 - R12
Which ribs are considered floating ribs?
*R11&R12
4 aspects of a typical rib. (R2-R10)
- Head
- Neck
- Tubercle
- Shaft
Typical ribs: the head is located at the ________ end.
*vertebral
The head of a typical rib has superior and inferior facets divided by _________ _____.
*Interarticular Crest
Facets of the typical rib head articulate with ________ _________ to for the costovertebral joint.
*Costovertebral Demifacets
The head of Rib n articulates with Tn and Tn-1 vertebral bodies (demifacets) and the intervening ________ disc.
*Intervertebral
The neck of a typical rib is (length)…
*Short
The tubercle of the typical rib is located at the _____ of the neck and ____ of the rib.
- Junction
* Shaft
The tubercle of a typical rib has an articular facet, the ____________ joint, and a _________ surface.
- Costotransverse Joint
* Nonarticular Surface
The shaft of a typical rib has a costal angle with a rough surface, with attaching _________ muscles.
*Iliocostalis
The shaft of the typical rib has a rounded (Direction) edge and sharply angled (direction) edge.
- Rounded Superior
* Angled Inferior
The distal/sternal end of the typical rib shaft articulates with its costal cartilage: This joint is the ____________ articulation.
*Costocondral
The costal cartilages of the typical rib that articulates with the sternum form a _______ joint.
*Costosternal
Which are the atypical ribs?
*R1, R11 & R12
Arthrology is…
*The study of joints
Syndesmology is…
*The study of ligaments
What are the 2 ways of classifying joints? Based on the ___ of ______ at a joint, or based on ____ of ______ ______ at the joint.
- Degree of Movement
* Type of connective tissue
3 types of joints based on the degree of movement at a joint:
1) synarthrosis
2) Amphiarthrosis
3) Diarthrosis
Description of synarthrosis: These joints permit ______ (if any) movement; bone edges are very ______ and may even ________.
- Permits very little (if any)
- Edges are very close
- May even interlock
Description of diarthrosis: These joints permit a ______ range of motion. _______ Moveable.
- Wide Range of motion
* Freely moveable
Description of Amphiarthrosis (joints): These joints permit _____ movement; bones are usually _ (distance)_er (together/apart) than they are at a synarthrosis.
- Permit slight movement
* Farther apart
3 classifications of joints based on type of connective tissue at the joint.
1) Fibrous Joint
2) Cartilaginous Joint
3) Synovial Joint
Description of Synovial Joint: Articulating surfaces are covered by _______ ________, but not directly connected by tissue. Articular surfaces are separated by a joint or ______ _______, and are held closely together by a ______ joint capsule and extra joint _______ ligaments.
- Covered by articular cartilage
- (separated by) Synovial cavity
- (held together by) Fibrous joint
- Joint Capsular Ligaments.
What is the symphysis type of a cartilaginous joint?
*Amphiarthrosis
What are the 2 major types of joints between vertebrae?
- Cartilagenous
* Synovial
What is the symphysis type of a synovial joint?
*Diarthrosis
The central joint between vertebrae are _________ joints. (category based on connective tissue)
*Cartilaginous Joints
The cartilaginous joint of the vertebrae includes a (tissue type) disc (intervertebral disc) that binds adjacent vertebral bodies.
*Fibrocartilagenous
The zygopophyseal joints of the vertebrae are formed by the ______ and ________ inferior processes (paired joints).
*Superior and Inferior
The zygapophyseal joints of the vertebrae are categorized at what type of joint? (based on connective tissue)
*Synovial
The vertebra’s zygapophyseal joint complex includes a ______ capsule lined by synovial membrane and filled with synovial _____.
- Fibrous capsule
* Synovial fluid
The zygapophyseal joints of the vertebrae allowes _____er movement in relation to the size of joint.
*Greater movement
The zygapophyseal joints of the vertebrae primarily allow a ______ type of movement.
*Gliding/sliding
The central joint of the vertebrae is between most vertebral segments, but atypical or absent between ___ & ___, the ____ and ____, the sacral segments and most _____ segments.
- C0 & C1
- The atlas & Axis
- coccygeal
The intervertebral disc is usually described as a ____________ complex (but, also some hyaline cartilage) that helps form the central joints of the spine.
*Fibrocartilagenous
The intervertebral disc is classified as a (type of tissue)?
*Ligament
How many intervertebral discs are there total?
*23 (24 only if there an IVD between the Sacrum and Coccyx)
What are the 3 parts of the IVD? _______ Fibrosis, Nucleus _________, Verterbal/Cartilaginous _____ ________.
- Anulus Fibrosis
- Nucleus Pulposis
- Vertebral/Cartilaginous End Plates
The anulus-fibrosis of the IVD functions as a __(tissue)__ to bind adjacent vertebral bodies and also retains the Inner nucleus ________.
- Functions as a LIGAMENT
* Retains the inner nucleus PULPOSUS
The nucleus pulposis of the IVD is strongly hydro______.
*Hydrophilic (takes up water)
4 functions of the IVD:
1) _______ forces
2) Shape of the IVD contributes to the lumbar and cervical ______.
3) _______ motion at any one segment (but combined effect on motion of many segments is great)
4) Resists many types of forces due to _____ pattern.
1) Absorbs forces
2) Lumbar and Cervical CURVES
3) Limits motion
4) WEAVE pattern.
The anulus fibrosis of the IVD forms the outer concentric ___________ _____ or lamellae.
*Fibrocartilagenous rings
The IVD is adherent to the rib head (by _______ ligament) in thorax.
*Radiate ligament
The outer anulus of the IVD is supplied sparsely by branches of the ______ _____ ____.
*Spinal A. A. (aortic artery?)
The outer anulus is innervated by branches of ventral _____ of spinal nerves and the _____ chain/trunk.
- Branches of Ventral
* Sympathetic chain/trunk
Which part of the IVD lacks innervation or direct blood supply? (anulus, nucleus, vertebral end plates)
*Nucleus
Zygapophyseal joints are classified as ______ and diarthrosis.
*Synovial
Zygapophyseal joints are innervated by branches of (direction) primary rami of spinal nerves.
*Dorsal
The ligamentum flavum attaches ____ of the adjacent vertebrae.
*Laminae
The ligamentum flavum contributes/blends to the _____ and anterior part of the zygapophyseal capsule.
*Medial
The ligamentum flavum helps form the (Direction) wall of the vertebral canal.
*Posterior
The ligamentum flavum resists (movement) and absorbs forces of the spine.
*Flexion
The ligamentum flavum helps posterior muscles maintain ____ _____.
*Erect Posture
Above C7, the supraspinous ligaments become the funicular part of the _____ ligament.
*Nuchal ligament
The interspinous ligament resists (movement) and is poorly developed in every section of the spine except the _____.
- Resist flexion
* Lumbar
In arthrology, which 3 joints are considered the upper cervical joints?
*C0, C1 & C2 (Atlanto-Occipital, Atlanto-axial, Occipto-axial)
The plane of articulation for C0-C1-C2.
*horizontal
The plane articulation for C2-C7 is oblique between ______ and coronal.
*Transverse
The articulation of the IA facet of C7 is …
*coronal
What are the 2 parts of the the fibrous septum in the posterior neck?
- Funicular part
* Lamellar part
The nuchal ligament is richly innervated mainly with the ______ ____ of C2-C4 spinal nerves.
*Dorsal rami
The nuchal ligament provides innervation to ____________ and pain endings/receptors.
*Proprioceptive
The ligamentum flavum ends at the laminae of which vertebra?
*C2
The anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments ends and the body of which vertebra?
*C2
The atlanto-occipital articulation a categorized as a synovial and ______ joint, since the convex occipital condyles articulate with concave superior facets of the atlas.
*Diarthrosis
The anterior atlanto-occipital “membrane” (ligament) lies between the anterior ___ of C1 and the anterior margin of _____ _____.
- Anterior arch
* Foramen magnum
The posterior atlanto-occipital ligament is the homologue (similar structure) of the ________ ______.
*Ligamentum flavum
The posterior atlanto-occipital ligament lies between the posterior arch of the ____ and the posterior border of _______ _______.
- Atlas
* Foramen Magnum
Each vertebral artery penetrates the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament through an opening call the ________ foramen.
*Arcuate
The lateral atlanto-occipital ligament strengthens the articular capsule laterally and attaches the lateral mass (and TP) of the atlas to the __________ process of the jugular process of the occiput.
*Paramastoid process
The median atlantoaxial joint is a pivot joint between the _______ process of the axis and the ______ ________ of the anterior arch of the atlas.
- Odontoid process
* Fovea dentalis
The atlanto-axial articulation allows mainly what kind of motion?
*Pivot motion (axial rotation)
The anterior atlantoaxial ligament is the homologue of the _______ ______ ligament. (Hint: The ALL)
*Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
The occipto-axial complex (is/ is not) a direct articulation?
*NOT direct articulation
The tectorial membrane of the occipito-axial complex is a continuation of the ___terior longitudinal ligament.
*Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL homologue)
The tectorial membrane is postitioned along the __________ wall of the vertebral canal.
*Anterior
The tectorial membrane of the occipito-axial complex attaches to the posterior body of the ____ and the ________ border of the foramen magnum where it also blends with cranial dura mater.
- Posterior body of AXIS
* Anterior border
The cruciform ligament is located _____ to the tectorial membrane.
*Anterior (deep)
The transverse part of the cruciform ligament attaches to both _____ _____ of C1.
*Lateral Masses
The alar ligaments limit the amount of rotation between the ____ and the _____.
*Head and the Axis
The C1 nerve parallels the vertebral A. through the _______ ______.
*Arcuate foramen
C3-C7 spinal nerves emerge through the IVF just anterior to the _____________ joints and also cross posterior to the vertebral artery.
*Zygapophyseal Joints
The thoracic zygapophyseal joints are typical synovial joints oriented in the _____ plane where the superior facet of the inferior vertebra is oriented mostly posteriorly.
*Coronal plane
The thoracic costovertebral joint is a gliding _____ joint between rib head facets and costovertebral facets.
*Synovial
The sternocostal joints are formed between the costal cartilages of the ____ ribs and the sternum.
*True ribs
Sternocostal joints are (classification) for R2 - R7, but a (classification) for R1.
- Synovial for R2-R7
* Synchondrosis for R1
The _______ costervertebral ligament attaches the crest of the rib head to the IVD and is inside the synovial joint.
*Interosseous costovertebral ligament
The interosseous costovertebral ligament separates the joint cavity in (direction) and (direction) halves.
*Superior and inferior
The radiate costovertebral ligament has 3 bands, (_____, _____, and _____); one to each adjacent vertebral body and on to disc.
*Superior, intermediate & inferior
The _______ costotransverse ligament attaches the costal neck to the base of the transverse process.
*Interossious (aka ligament of neck of rib)
The lateral costotransverse ligament extends from the tip of the transverse process to the ______ ______.
*Costal Tubercle
The ________ costotransverse ligament extends from the neck of a rib to the T.P. of the vertebral segment ABOVE.
*Superior costotransverse
The zygapophyseal joint of the lumbar spine surfaces in the _____ plane.
*Sagital
The interverteral discs of the Lumbar spine are especially vulnerable to injury when (movement) is combined with another movement.
*Rotation
The 2 bands of the iliolumbar ligaments.
*Superior and Inferior
The superior band of the iliolumbar ligaments extends from the transverse process of L4 to the _____ _____.
*Iliac crest
The inferior band of the iliolumbar ligament extends from the transverse process of L_(#)_ to the iliac crest.
*L5
The iliolumbar ligaments provide support to __ and __ during flexion-extension and lateral flexion.
*L4 & L5
The alar ligaments attach the ____ to medial aspects of each occipital condyles.
*Dens
The alar ligaments limit the amount of rotation between the ____ and the _____.
*Head and the Axis
The C1 nerve parallels the vertebral A. through the _______ ______.
*Arcuate foramen
The C2 nerve penetrates the ___terior atlantoaxial ligament.
*Posterior
The Intervertebral discs of a central thoracic joint is _____ shaped, thin and small.
*Heart shaped
The _______ costervertebral ligament attaches the crest of the rib head to the IVD and is inside the synovial joint.
*Interosseous costovertebral ligament
The interosseous costovertebral ligament separates the joint cavity in (direction) and (direction) halves.
*Superior and inferior
The radiate costovertebral ligament has 3 bands, (_____, _____, and _____); one to each adjacent vertebral body and on to disc.
*Superior, intermediate & inferior
The lateral costotransverse ligament extends from the tip of the transverse process to the ______ ______.
*Costal Tubercle
The ________ costotransverse ligament extends from the neck of a rib to the T.P. of the vertebral segment ABOVE.
*Superior costotransverse
The zygapophyseal joint of the lumbar spine surfaces in the _____ plane.
*Sagital
The Intervertebral discs of the LUMBAR spine are _____ shaped, large and thick (tallest).
*Kidney shaped
The interverteral discs of the Lumbar spine are especially vulnerable to injury when (movement) is combined with another movement.
*Rotation
The 2 bands of the iliolumbar ligaments.
*Superior and Inferior
The superior band of the iliolumbar ligaments extends from the transverse process of L4 to the _____ _____.
*Iliac crest
The inferior band of the iliolumbar ligament extends from the transverse process of L_(#)_ to the iliac crest.
*L5
The iliolumbar ligaments provide support to __ and __ during flexion-extension and lateral flexion.
*L4 & L5
8 ligaments that bind the L5 to the sacrum:
1) Anterior longitudinal ligament
2) Posterior longitudinal ligament
3) Lumbosacral capsular ligaments
4) Lumbosacral ligament
5) Supraspinous ligament
6) Interspinous ligament
7) Ligamentum Flavum
8) Intervertebral Disc
*The __terior longitudinal ligament at L5 is very broad, while the __terior longitudinal ligament at L5 is very narrow.
*Anterior - broad
*Posterior - narrow
(at L5)
With lumbosacral capsular ligaments, the plane of zygapophyseal articulation is more ______ rather than ______.
*More coronal than sagittal
The supraspinous and interspinous ligaments that bind the L5 to the sacrum extend from the SP of L5 to the _____ sacral crest.
*Median
The ligamentum flavum attaches the _______ of L5 to the “_____ area” of the sacrum.
*Laminae of L5 -> Laminar area
The lumbosacral ligament extends from the L5 transverse process to the ____ ___.
*Sacral ala
The transforminal (and extraforaminal) ligaments are thin .. bands that traverse the area of the ________ _____.
- C.T. bands
* Intervertebral Foramen (IVF)
The transforaminal ligaments stabilize the spinal _____ and _____.
*Nerves and vessels
The sacral articular (auricular) surface is on the (direction) surface of S1-S3 segments.
*Lateral
The Sacral auricular surface is lined by _____ cartilage.
*Hyaline
The groove in the ____ auricular surface fits with the ridge on the ____ auricular surface.
- Groove - Sacral
* Ridge - Iliac
The iliac articular surface is lined by _____cartilage.
*Fibrocartilage
The Sacroiliac joint is not well developed at birth but becomes (classification) with subsequent movement.
*Synovial
The sacroiliac articular capsule is only present in the (direction) part of joint.
*Anterior/ventral
The sacroiliac articular capsule blends with the ___terior sacroiliac ligament.
*Anterior
Physical description of the Posterior sacroiliac ligament:
*Strong with extensive connections
The Interosseous sacroiliac ligaments length and strength.
*Short and VERY strong
The Interosseous sacroiliac ligament lies deep/anterior to the ___terior SI ligament.
*Posterior
The Interosseous sacroiliac ligament attaches the sacral and iliac _________.
*Tuberosities
The sacrotuberous ligament is very strong with long AND short parts, and attaches to the ________ tuberosity.
*Ischial
The _________ ligament resists the forward nodding of the base of the sacrum.
*Sacrotuberous
The sacrospinous ligament is a short, strong ligament that attaches to the ischial ___ and is located ___terior to the sacrotuberous ligament.
- Ischial spine
* Anterior (Deep)
