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ATTH 4110 > Spinal Anatomy > Flashcards

Spinal Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What area is considered the upper cervical spine?

A

Base of occiput, C1, C2

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2
Q

What area is considered the lower cervical spine?

A

C3-C7

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3
Q

What is the primary spinal curve?

A

Kyphotic curve in Tspine

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4
Q

What are the secondary curves in the spine?

A

Lordotic curve in Cspine and Lspine

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5
Q

What is neutral spine?

A
  • presence of natural curves
  • optimal position to deal with stress and heavy loads
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6
Q

Mobility zones of the body:

A
  • Tspine
  • hip
  • ankle
  • wrist
  • shoulder
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7
Q

Stability zones of the body:

A
  • neck
  • Lspine
  • knee
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8
Q

Vertebral foramen formed by:

A
  • vertebral body (anterior)
  • Pericles (lateral)
  • laminae (posterior)
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9
Q

Intervertebral foramen formed by:

A
  • posterior aspect of the vertebral body
  • adjacent pedicle
  • anterior aspect of the articular process
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10
Q

Which vertebrae have bifid SPs?

A

C3-C6

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11
Q

C1 aka…

A

Atlas

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12
Q

C2 aka…

A

Axis

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13
Q

What is the carotid tubercle?

A

Anterior tubercle of C6 TPs. Anterior tubercles are on all TPs, but carotid ones are larger and are a landmark for palpation. Functions to separate vertebral artery and carotid artery in this area of neck.

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14
Q

Where are the uncinate processes located?

A

On supero-lateral margins of vertebral bodies of C3-C6 (sometimes C7)

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15
Q

At rest, the hyoid bone sits in front of what vertebral body?

A

C3

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16
Q

What is the strongest Cspine vertebra?

A

Axis

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17
Q

5 types of facets in Tspine:

A
  • costal facets
  • Demi facets
  • costotubercular facets
  • superior articular facets
  • inferior articular facets
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18
Q

Describe the rule of 3s:

A

T1-3, 12: SP at same level as TPs
T4-6, 11: SP is 1/2 vertebral level below the TPs
T7-10: SP is 1 full vertebral level below the TPs

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19
Q

What are supernumerary/subnumerary ribs?

A
  • additional or absence of ribs
  • cervical rib: most common supernumerary - C7 vertebra (cervical ribs).
  • lumbar rib
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20
Q

What are supernumerary/subnumerary vertebrae?

A

Additional or absence of vertebrae

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21
Q

What is sacralization?

A

L5 vertebra is fused or partially fused to sacrum

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22
Q

What is lumbarization?

A

S1 vertebra is not fused or not fully fused to sacrum. Like having extra lumbar vertebra. S1 vertebra becomes lumbar.

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23
Q

What is the function of discs?

A
  • withstand biomechanical forces
  • provide tensile strength to allow movement to otherwise rigid vertebral column
  • provide protection of nerves, brain, and vertebra
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24
Q

Discs account for approximately ___% of the total length of the vertebral column.

A

25%

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25
Q

How are discs named?

A

By the vertebra above

26
Q

Which levels of the spine do no have a disc between them?

A
  • occiput and C1
  • C1 and C2
27
Q

What is the function of ligaments?

A

Limit movement and provide passive stability

28
Q

Describe the anterior longitudinal ligament:

A
  • runs along anterior aspect of vertebrae and discs
  • intersegmental
  • continuous ligament
  • runs from sacrum to base of occiput by atlanto-occipital membrane
29
Q

Describe the intertransverse ligament:

A
  • intrasegmental
  • paired ligaments
  • runs between adjacent TPs on each side of the vertebrae
30
Q

Describe the interspinous ligament:

A
  • intrasegmental
  • unpaired
  • runs between adjacent SPs of C1 and S1
  • connects with the fibres of the ligamentum flavum and supraspinous ligaments in the cervical region.
  • innervated with nociceptors
31
Q

Describe the supraspinous ligament:

A
  • intersegmental
  • functionally continuous
  • runs between C7 and mid lumbar spine along tips of SPs
  • connects with interspinous ligament
  • in Lspine - also blends with thoraco-lumbar fascia
32
Q

Describe the ligamentum flavum:

A
  • paired
  • intrasegmental
  • runs between adjacent laminae and cover anterior aspects of facet joints
  • consists primarily of yellow elastic tissue
  • becomes taut and stretched during flex of spine, remains taught during extension
  • clinically prone to thickening
33
Q

Describe the posterior longitudinal ligament:

A
  • intersegmental
  • functionally continuous
  • runs along the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies and their respective discs
  • covers anterior aspect of the vertebral canal
  • innervated by nociceptors
  • area of the Lspine discs that are not covered by this ligament becomes the most common site of herniation
34
Q

Describe facet joint capsules:

A
  • well innervated, potential source of spinal pain
  • has proprioceptive capacities
  • encapsulates entire facet joint
  • in neutral, it provides stability to the joint in that position
35
Q

Which ligaments are only in the Cspine?

A
  • cruciate/cruciform (transverse)
  • alar
  • apical
  • ligamentum nuchae
  • tectorial membrane
  • atlantoaxial/occipital membranes
36
Q

Describe the cruciate/cruciform ligament:

A
  • cross. Has vertical and transverse bands
  • runs between medial aspect of adjacent lateral masses and sits just posterior to the dens
  • functions to prevent displacement of the dens
  • unpaired
  • transverse ligament is the primary stabilizer of the upper Cspine
37
Q

Describe the alar ligament:

A
  • left and right
  • runs between dens and occipital condyles
  • functions to limit rotation > contralateral side flex
  • primary stabilizer of upper Cspine
38
Q

Describe the apical ligament:

A
  • runs from tip of dens to anterior margin of foramen magnum
  • not considered a significant stabilizer
  • segmental
  • unpaired
39
Q

Describe the ligamentum nuchae:

A
  • continuous with superspinous ligament
  • runs between occiput and C7
  • functions to stabilize and separate muscles in the posterior neck and acts as an attachment site for other muscles
40
Q

Describe the tectorial membrane:

A

Cephalic continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Attaches to the side of the foramen magnum. Serves as a sling to the spinal cord as it enters vertebral column.

41
Q

Describe the atlantoaxial/occipital membranes:

A
  • anterior atlantoaxial/occipital membrane is an extension of anterior longitudinal ligament
  • posterior atlanto/occipital membrane serves to secure the weight of the head on the neck
42
Q

What 3 ligaments are in the thoracic spine only?

A
  • costotransverse
  • intra-articular
  • radiate
43
Q

What 2 ligaments are only found in the Lspine?

A
  • iliolumbar
  • thoracolumbar fascia
44
Q

What is an intervertebral articulation?

A
  • joint between adjacent vertebral bodies and the disc that sits in between them
  • often referred to as a segment
  • labelled as L3/L4 intervertebral joint
45
Q

What are zygopophyseal joints?

A
  • facet joints or Z joints
  • superior and inferior articular processes are covered by hylan cartilage and are termed the facets.
  • inferior articular process of vertebrae above with the superior articular process of the inferior vertebrae forms a facet joint
  • a typical vertebra will be part of 4 facet joints.
  • synovial joints
46
Q

How do you name a facet joint?

A
  • name the side and the vertebrae involved
  • ex. right T11/T12 facet joint
47
Q

What is the articular pillar?

A

Line that goes through the facet joints

48
Q

Describe the orientation of facet joints in the Cspine:

A

Oriented in an oblique plain (45 degrees from frontal plane)

49
Q

Describe the orientation of the facet joints in the Tspine.

A

Almost vertical in nature, slightly facing away from the midline

50
Q

Describe the orientation of the facet joints in the Lspine.

A

Facing somewhat towards the midline

51
Q

Describe the uncovertebral (uncinate) joints:

A
  • C3-7
  • formed by the uncinate processes of C3-7
  • the superior articular projection articulates with the inferior lateral aspect of the vertebrae above, as well as the disc in between to form the uncovertebral joint
52
Q

Describe the atlanto-occipital joint:

A
  • L and R
  • articulation between C0 and C1 (occipital condyles and superior articular processes of the C1 vertebra)
  • essentially a facet joint
  • synovial
53
Q

Which joint is called the “yes” joint?

A

Atlanto-occipital joint

54
Q

Which joint is called the “no” joint?

A

Atlanto-axial joints

55
Q

Describe the atlanto-axial joints.

A
  • 3 of them (median, L and R lateral).
  • median: anterior aspect of the dens with the posterior aspect of the anterior arch
  • median: synovial pivot joint
  • lateral: facet joints between C1/C2
  • lateral: synovial, planar joints
56
Q

What are the 6 articulations in the Tspine?

A
  • costovertebral (costotransverse and joints of head of rib)
  • costochondral
  • chondrosternal
  • interchondral
  • sternoclavicular
  • manubriosternal/xiphisternal
57
Q

Describe the costovertebral joints.

A
  • both are synovial planar joints
  • costotransverse: between tubercle of the rib and the TPs
  • joints of head of rib: head of rib with vertebral body
58
Q

Describe the costochondral joints.

A
  • between ribs 1-10 on L/R
  • between ribs and costal cartilage
  • primary cartilaginous joints
59
Q

Describe chondrosternal joints.

A
  • ribs 1-7
  • more clinically known as sterno-costal joints
  • between costal cartilage of the rib to sternum
  • joints in 2-7th ribs are synovial
60
Q

Describe interchondral joints.

A

Between costal cartilages of ribs 6-10

61
Q

Describe the manubriosternal/xiphisternal joint.

A
  • within sternum
  • between distal part of the manubrium and superior part of body of sternum
  • xiphisternal: between inferior part of body of sternum and xiphoid process
  • both are secondary cartilaginous symphysis joints

ATTH 4110 (2 decks)

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