SPID1: Personality Flashcards

Question

What are criticisms of Cattel's 16PF

Answer 1

- it shows good predictability but internal consistencies of some factors were low But measure has been updated and not many have been able to replicate 16 factors - some evidence that 16 factors can be reduce to 5

Answer 2

His hierarchical model was divided into 3 parts Trait level -> e.g sociable Habitual response -> e.g. talking to people Specific response -> e.g. positive body language

Answer 3

Observation -> creating of 3 ‘super traits’ Extraversion - dominant, active, sociable Neuroticism - tense, irrational, shy Psychoticism - impulsive, impersonal, anti-social

Answer 4

1. Criminals score high in E, N and P 2. Creative people score high on psychoticism 3. Extrovert more willing to have sexual contact without commitment & report more sexual experience

Answer 5

He suggested that neuroticism is related to autonomic nervous system reactivity People whose autonomic nervous system is highly reactive is likely to develop a neurotic disorder - biological impact on personality The tendency to respond very emotionally to stimuli is seen as a predisposing condition to the development of a psychological disorder - environmental impact on personality

Answer 6

Love, work, affect, power, intellect Emic approach - personality terms found in native language Etic approach - translated personality questionnaires

Answer 7

Large samples complete personality questionnaires Factor analysis carried out to identify clusters Data driven hypothesis (1)Openness, (2)conscientiousness, (3)extraversion, (4)agreeableness, (5)neuroticism -> NEO-PI-R (240 items)

Answer 8

1. Social influence - social norms affect attitudes and behaviours 2. Ecological influence - physicality of place affects attitudes and behaviours 3. Selective Migration - certain groups of people are more likely to migrate (openness, extraversion)

Answer 9

<- Personal factors <-> behavioural factors <-> environmental factors ->

Answer 10

Personal agency: believing one can change things to make them better for self and others Proxy agency: others helping you to change things about your life Collective agency: group of people working together to change things for the benefit of all

Answer 11

1. Characteristics of the model (similarity, complexity and type of behaviour) 2. Attributes of the observer (self-esteem, highly dependent people etc) 3. Consequences of copying behaviour (more likely to copy if it leads to positive results)

Answer 12

- role models provide children with experiences where they can learn through observation - environment and culture shapes children - goals and feedback are central to processes and feed into motivational levels - internal self regulatory processes are central to achieving goals

Answer 13

These processes operate through psychological functions - self monitoring-> self-monitoring (evaluating performance) -> self-diagnostic (identifying patterns in thoughts, behaviours and emotions across different situations) -> self-motivation (instinctively setting step-like goals)

Answer 14

Self efficacy refers to confidence in your own ability - it affects the choices we make and effort applied in achieving goals - failure has different explanations dependent on level of self efficacy -> low: attribute it to low ability -> high: attribute it to low effort

Answer 15

Emotional self efficacy -> controlling anxiety when facing a problem Social self efficacy -> being able to ask lectures to help when I need it Self-regulated learning self-efficacy -> being able to work when there are other interesting things to do Cluster 1: High self efficacious n=340 Cluster 2: low self efficacious n=422 Cluster 3: learning and socially self efficacious n=442 Cluster 4: emotionally self efficacious n=446 Cluster 1: Highest, Cluster 2: lowest

Answer 16

- encouraged and supported to do task - if performance quality is an issue, we may need to use self monitoring processes to evaluate and reevaluate - vicarious experience - particularly effective if observed person has similar levels of self efficacy - participant modelling (shadowing) - imitating behaviour increases self efficacy

Answer 17

Predictors: - family social background - intelligence at age 10 - behaviour problems at age 10 - personality traits at age 10 Findings Internals - feel more control, higher confidence, better academics Externals - dependent on others, high levels of anxiety

Answer 18

- Does a good job of describing personality and related behaviours - Empirically tested for the most part - Can be applied to clinical psychology ->unlearning maladaptive responses - Element of determinism - no free will - Ignores inner mental processes such as emotions - Ignores role of genetics BUT -> some acceptance of internal processes with some models

Answer 19

- three sub scales to represent the 3 Loc factors - Internal health LoC - the main thing which affects my health Is what I do to myself - Powerful others health LoC - I can do what my doctor tells me to do - Chance health LoC - no matter what I do, if I get sick I get sick

Answer 20

- scale developed specifically relating to diabetes - study with 120 diabetic patients and the adherence to diabetes regime is diabetes self care actives scale - Results showed that only internals positively related to sticking to the diabetes regime

Answer 21

- smoking - poor diet - lower mental or physical health - higher levels of depression and anxiety

Answer 22

Self efficacy - stems from learning theory approach to personality and is the belief that one’s ability to accomplish a goal or carry out an action -> general and specific measures of self efficacy -> high levels generally associated with positive outcomes - In terms of health it can impact behaviour change relating to health and can impact self care regulation

Answer 23

Based on effect of social environment - romantic partners mutually affect each other's mental health and physical health - personality of partner has been found to be related to health outcomes for individual -> conscientiousness predict spouses health outcomes -> neuroticism predicts partners poorer health -> openness and extraversion predict better health

Answer 24

1. Men’s psychopathy and machiavellianism has reliable negative associations with their own HPB’s and some extent their partners HPBs but there could be measurement issues with machiavellianism 2. Provide further evidence that social context and relationships with others can have an effect on our own health

Answer 25

Trait anxiety: underlying stable characteristics that affects behaviours thoughts and emotions State anxiety: anxiety evoked by a specific situation or event - transient in nature People high in trait anxiety are more likely to experience state anxiety and to a higher level than those low in trait anxiet

Answer 26

- Distraction model: increase in arousal leads to attention to irrelevant cues and thus distraction - Self focus model: conscious monitoring of a skill that has become automated leads to poor performance

Answer 27

State anxiety was higher in pressure conditions but only for the high trait anxiety group

Answer 28

- Experimental: accurate perceiving emotions - Experimental: using emotions to facilitate thinking - Strategic: understanding emotional meanings - Strategic: managing emotions