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WEEK 2 SEM 4 > Spermatogenesis > Flashcards

Spermatogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Where is sperm made?

A

In the testes

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2
Q

Where is sperm stored?

A

In the epididymis where it is ready for ejaculation

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3
Q

From the epididymis, when sexually aroused, where does the sperm go?

A

up the vas deferens (there are 2 of these, one from each testicle and epididymis)

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4
Q

Do the vas deferens join?

A

the vas deferens meet by the bladder

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5
Q

What joins the urethra?

A

there is a gland called the seminal vesicle

a tube comes from there and joins the urethra

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6
Q

The tube from the seminal vesicle and urethra join. What is at this point?

A

prostate (gland)

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7
Q

What is the corpus cavernosum?

A

spongy tissue of the penis
fills with blood
causes erection bc of the bloods hydraulic pressure

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8
Q

What hormone does the testes make?

A

testosterone

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9
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

regulated spermatogenesis

helps in muscle and bone growth

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10
Q

Why does the testes lie in the scrotum outside of the body cavity?

A

attract women
temperature- sperm develops at 1.5-2.5 degrees less than body temp. If in the body, too high temp slows/damages sperm count

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11
Q

What is the normal testes volume?

A

15ml-25ml

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12
Q

How does an orchidometer work?

A

different beads correspond to different volume

palpate testes and see bead size

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13
Q

Each testes is filled with 100s of lobes. What are in each lobe?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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14
Q

What doe seminiferous tubules do?

A

Site of spermatogenesis. They are about 600m long in each testis and are tightly coiled

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15
Q

What is the rete testis?

A

Tubules lead to the rete testis

contents from here empty into epididymis where content is stored

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16
Q

What is between seminiferous tubules?

A

blood
lymphatic vessels
Leydig cells
Interstitial fluid

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17
Q

What do leydig cells secrete?

A

testosterone

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18
Q

In a seminiferous tubule, you have spermatogonia. What is this?

A

precursor to sperm

diploid

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19
Q

How do spermatogonia replicate?

A

some Mitosis- replenish themselves

some Meiosis- so become 4 sperms- then moves along lumen and is sandwiched between sertoli cells

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20
Q

What is the equivalent of sertoli cells in females?

A

Granulosa cells

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21
Q

What are sertoli cells?

A

tall columnar endothelial cells

make up seminiferous tubule wall

22
Q

What is a function of sertoli cells?

A

tight junctions

acts as a blood testis barrier

23
Q

What do the tight junctions of the sertoli cells form?

A

Tight junctions of sertoli cells make adluminal comparmtent and luminal compartment

24
Q

What is the functions of the adluminal compartment?

A
  • secretions from sertoli cells

- protect pathogens from immune attack and pathogens

25
Q

What is the function of the luminal compartment?

A

When the sperm is made, it moves to the luminal compartment, moves to rete testis and into epididymis

26
Q

What is a spermatocyte?

A

spermatogonia (diploid) replicate to form a primate spermatocyte)

27
Q

What is a secondary spermatocyte?

A

when the primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis

28
Q

How is spermatozoa formed?

A 
spermatogonia (diploid)
replicates to form primary spermatocyte
meiosis I= forms secondary spermatocyte
meiosis II= forms 4 haploid spermatids
differentiation= spermatozoa is formed
29
Q

How long does the spermatogenesis process take?

A

74 days

30
Q

What are the 3 process spermatogenesis is split into?

A
  1. mitotic proliferation of spermatogonia
  2. meiosis and development of spermatocytes
  3. spermiogenesis
31
Q

What are the different types of spermatogonia?

A

A dark= UNDERGO MITOSIS
A pale= UNDERGO MITOSIS
B (depending on how they stain)= UNDERGO MEIOSIS

32
Q

What happens in spermiogenesis?

A 
morphological changes in the structure of the cells:
cell elongation= tail grows
cytoplasm loss
cellular contents move
nucleus condenses
33
Q

What acts on Leydig cells?

A

LH

34
Q

How do leydig cells produce testosterone?

A

convert cholestrol into testosterone

35
Q

What is the relation between testosterone and sertoli cells?

A

testosterone binds to sertoli cells

this controls spermatogenesis

36
Q

How is FSH related to sertoli cells?

A

FSH binds to sertoli cells

without FSH, sertoli cells die

37
Q

What happens with anabolic steroid abuse?

A

interferes with the negative feedback system
so less LH and FSH
causes testicular regression (atrophy)
Sertoli cell population will decrease and thus decrease spermatogenesis

38
Q

What happens during erection?

A 
corpus cavernosum
heavily supplied by arteries
erection- arteries dilate
lots of blood flow to penis
venous return out of penis constricts 
inflated engorged organ
39
Q

What control is erection under?

A

erection= AUTONOMOUS PARASYMPATHETIC

40
Q

What control is ejection under?

A

somatic (perineal branch of the pudendal nerve from nerve roots S2 to S4)

41
Q

How many sperms are released in an average ejaculate?

A

120million

42
Q

What is the initial portion of ejaculate most rich in?

A

sperm

43
Q

What is ejaculated?

A

semen (seminal fluid)- has secretions from many glands:
bulbourethral
prostate
seminal veiscle

44
Q

What does the bulbourethral secrete?

A

BEFORE EJACULATION (WHEN SEXUALLY AROUSED)

clear viscous high in salt secretion
lubricates urethra
neutralizes low pH in urethra

45
Q

What does the seminal vesicle secrete?

A

DURING EJACULATOIN
smooth muscle contractions of the seminal veiscle occur as the sperm pass by
FORM 50-70% OF EJACULATE
to make ejaculate fluid so sperm can swim
contain protein, enzymes, fructose, mucus, vitamin C and prostaglandins
seminal vesicle secretion is high in pH thus helps neutralize pH of the vagina and urethra

46
Q

What does the prostate secrete?

A 
make up 30% ejaculate
milky white colour
 proteolytic enzymes, prostatic acid, phosphatase, and prostate specific antigen 
liquefaction
high zinc concentration
47
Q

What is liquefaction?

A

liquefaction is the process by which the jelly like sperm becomes more liquid within 30 mins of ejaculation-

48
Q

What does the head of the sperm contain?

A

nucleus
acrosome= enzymes bag- release when egg touches sperm
digests zona pelucida

49
Q

What does the tail of the sperm do?

A

mitochondria

axoneme-this is a series of fibres which run the whole length of the tail- run movement of tail

50
Q

What forms the ejaculatory duct?

A

The ejaculatory duct is where the vas deferens combines with the seminal vesicle outflow.

51
Q

Where are the leydig cells located?

A

Just outside the smooth muscle surrounding the seminiferous tubules

WEEK 2 SEM 4 (6 decks)

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