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repro phys > sperm maturation & spermatogenesis > Flashcards

sperm maturation & spermatogenesis Flashcards

2

1
Q

What is semen ?

A

spermatozoa + plasma

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2
Q

What are fully formed spermatozoa ?

A

elongated cells

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3
Q

What is the entire spermatozoa covered by ?

A

plasma membrane

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4
Q

What is the male internal/external genitalia ?

A

testis

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5
Q

What is the female internal/external genitalia ?

A

ovary

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6
Q

What is the function of the testes ?

A

spermatogenesis (produce spermatozoa) and steroidogenesis (produce testosterone)

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7
Q

Where is the secondary spermatocyte located ?

A

closer to the lumen

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8
Q

Are primary or secondary spermatocyte more developed ?

A

secondary

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9
Q

Spermatids are nonmotile until they are in the ?

A

epididymis

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10
Q

What is the function of the myoid cells ?

A

helps keep blood out

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11
Q

What is the adluminal compartment in the seminiferous tubules ?

A

lumen

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12
Q

What does the sertoli cells require ?

A

FSH and testosterone

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13
Q

What all does the sertoli cells secrete ?

A

anti-mullerian hormone, estradiol, inhibin, androgen binding protein, and luminal fluid

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14
Q

what does the sertoli cells form?

A

the blood-testis barrier

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15
Q

The tight junctional complexes between the sertoli cells divide the seminiferous tubules into what 2 compartments?

A

basal compartment and adluminal compartment

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16
Q

What is the function of the blood testis barrier ?

A

keeps blood and lymph out of seminiferous tubules so it can’t develop germ cells

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17
Q

Blood testis barrier prevents entry of ______ and prevents __________ from leaving seminiferous tubules

A

antibodies; androgen binding protein

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18
Q

androgen binding proteins binds androgen to maintain what and in what ?

A

increase concentrations of testosterone in seminiferous tubules

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19
Q

what are the interstitial cells ?

A

leydig cells

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20
Q

what is the function of leydig cells ?

A

produce testosterone

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21
Q

endocrine (hormone) requirements for spermatozoa production:

A
  1. GnRH secretion from hypothalamus
  2. FSH and LH secretion from pituitary
  3. testosterone secretion
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22
Q

what does testosterone maintain ?

A

spermatogenesis

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23
Q

The increase in seminiferous tubules is essential for?

A

spermatogenesis

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24
Q

GnRH regulates pituitary release of _____ and ______

A

FSH and LH

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25
Q

What does FSH promote, regulate, and produce?

A

promotes sertoli cell activity, regulates mitotic division, and produces spermatozoa

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26
Q

What does LH stimulate in leydig cells ?

A

testosterone production

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27
Q

what is estradiol produced by?

A

sertoli cells

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28
Q

what does inhibin cause a decrease in?

A

FSH levels

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29
Q

what does “gonadotropins” mean?

A

“growth in the gonad”

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30
Q

endocrine pulsating in males provides ______ production of male gametes by the _______ and _______.

A

continual; hypothalamus and pituitary

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31
Q

The relationship of LH and testosterone is by the _____ and _______

A

pituitary and gonad

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32
Q

what are the functions of spermatogenesis?

A

continual sperm supply via stem cell renewal, billions of sperm daily, and maximize reproduction

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33
Q

What are the 3 stages of spermatogenesis ?

A
  1. proliferation stage
  2. meiotic stage
  3. differentiation stage (or spermiogenesis)
34
Q

In the first stage of spermatogenesis, the proliferation stage, what happens?

A

replication; mitotic divisions of spermatogonia

35
Q

In the second stage of spermatogenesis, the meiotic stage, what happens ?

A

reductive division (2n to 1n); results in the production of haploid spermatids

36
Q

In the third stage of spermatogenesis, the differentiation stage (or spermiogenesis), what happens?

A

round spermatid to elongated; spermatid transforms into a spermatozoon

37
Q

What is the process of mitosis ?

A

It is the process of cell division where a single cell divides into 2 identical daughter cells

38
Q

What is the process of meiosis 1?

A

Meiosis 1 is a cell division that produces cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

39
Q

what is the process of meiosis 2?

A

further divide the haploid cells produced in meiosis 1, creating gametes (sperm/egg cells) with a single set of chromosomes

40
Q

Does mitosis, meiosis 1, or meiosis 2 take place in the stage of spermatogonia ?

A

mitosis

41
Q

Does mitosis, meiosis 1, or meiosis 2 take place in the stage of primary spermatocyte ?

A

meiosis 1

42
Q

Does mitosis, meiosis 1, or meiosis 2 take place in the stage of secondary spermatocyte?

A

meiosis 2

43
Q

The proliferation stage happens in what compartment?

A

basal compartment

44
Q

What are the two main functions of the proliferation stage?

A
  1. mitotic divisions of spermatogonia (2n)
  2. stem cell renewal
45
Q

What compartment does the meiotic stage take place in ?

A

adluminal compartment

46
Q

what are the two spermatocyte located in the meiotic stage?

A

primary and secondary

47
Q

Where is the initiation of the first meiotic division ?

A

In the meiotic stage, primary spermatocyte

48
Q

In the meiotic stage, the primary spermatocyte, DNA _____ and _____ creates genetic diversity

A

DNA replication and recombination

49
Q

In the meiotic stage, the primary spermatocyte, are the two sperm identical ?

A

no two sperm are identical

50
Q

In the meiotic stage, the secondary spermatocyte, means the conclusion of what?

A

conclusion of second meiotic division

51
Q

What is the final product in the meiotic stage in the secondary spermatocytes?

A

1n spermatids

52
Q

In the differentiation stage (spermiogenesis), there are no further what?

A

no further cell divisions

53
Q

In the differentiation stage (spermiogenesis), spermatid turn into what?

A

spermatozoon (single sperm)

54
Q

In the differentiation stage (spermiogenesis), what is developed in the spermatozoon?

A

development of head, midpiece, principal piece (tail)

55
Q

What are the four morphological phases of spherical spermatids into spermatozoa ?

A
  1. golgi phase
  2. cap phase
  3. acrosomal phase
  4. maturation phase
56
Q

What happens in the golgi phase ?

A
  • initial acrosome formation
  • initial tail development, translocation of centrioles
57
Q

What happens in the cap phase?

A

acrosome membrane formed (outer and inner)

58
Q

In the cap phase, the acrosome membrane forms, and this produces what enzyme ?

A

hydrolytic enzyme

59
Q

In the cap phase, acrosome reaction happens, what is that?

A

exocytosis during fertilization, digest zona pellucida

60
Q

In the acrosomal phase, how much does the acrosome cover the nucleus ?

A

acrosome covers 2/3 of the nucleus

61
Q

In the acrosomal phase, what happens to the nucleus ?

A

The nucleus elongates

62
Q

In the maturation phase, what happens to the sperm?

A

final sperm assembly

63
Q

In the maturation phase, final sperm assembly is dependent on?

A

FSH

64
Q

In the maturation phase, the spermatid turns into what?

A

spermatozoon

65
Q

In the maturation phase, mitochondria surrounds the mid-piece in what type of fashion?

A

mitochondria surrounds the mid-piece in a helical fashion

66
Q

In the maturation phase, what does spermiation mean ?

A

sperm is released from the sertoli cells into the seminiferous tubule lumen

67
Q

What are the components of the sperm head?

A
  1. nucleus
  2. acrosome
  3. cytoskeletal and cytoplasm
68
Q

What are the 3 functions in the sperm head?

A
  1. nuclear membrane
  2. chromatin keratinized with increase disulfide cross linking (insoluble)
  3. protects DNA
69
Q

What are the two structures of the acrosome?

A
  1. inner acrosomal membrane
  2. outer acrosomal membrane
70
Q

What is the function of the capitulum in the sperm flagellum

A

attaches head to tail

71
Q

In the flagellum, define the neck or capitulum

A

fits into implantation socket of sperm head

72
Q

In the flagellum, define the middle piece

A

it is the region of the tail between the neck

73
Q

In the flagellum, define the principal piece

A

it continues posteriorly from the middle piece to near the end of the tail (axoneme)

74
Q

In the flagellum, define the end piece

A

it is posterior to the principle piece and contains the central axoneme covered by the plasma membrane

75
Q

What is another word for the principle piece ?

A

axoneme

76
Q

how does the testis produce sperm on a continual basis ?

A

the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium

77
Q

define the cycle of seminiferous epithelium (describes process in time)

A

the progression of sperm through a series of cellular stages at one location along a seminiferous tubule

78
Q

The cycle of seminiferous epithelium (describes process in time) in the stage of seminiferous tubule is defined by:

A

the generation of germ cells at the one location

79
Q

What are the stages of seminiferous tubule in the cycle of seminiferous epithelium?

A
  1. spermatogonia A1
  2. Spermatogonia B
  3. primary spermatocyte
  4. mature spermatid
80
Q

A configuration of cell types represents a single _____ of the developmental _____

A

stage; cycle

81
Q

How many stages are there in a single cycle ?

A

8

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