Speech Sound Disorders- Test 2 Flashcards
What is speech perception important for?
Speech therapy, AAC, second language learners, text-to-speech, computer speech recognition, cell phone, Internet, communication technology, hearing aid technology, cochlear implant
Why study speech perceptions?
Speech is a natural mode of communication
-Insight to speech production
-Speech perception basic to what it means to be human
Speech links 2 brains efficiently and reliably: no perception=no meaning
Better understanding of the brain
Basic issues in speech perception
General auditory perception vs. categorical
Acoustic-phonetic variance
Units of representation not external
Development of speech perception theories
Practical implications of theory
Describe acoustic-phonetic invariance.
Theory from the 50s that acoustic qualities of a speech sound couldn’t be different.
Describe the development of speech perception theories.
Motor speech perception to internal representation of the sound is the same
What are the practical implications of speech perception theories?
Describes the relationship between perception and production.
Describe general auditory perception.
Hearing in general. Increased frequency= increased pitch
Describe categorical perception.
Hear the phonemes discretely
Hear either one phoneme or another
One way to discriminate is by voice onset time
- show rapid change in identification of the phoneme
-shows discrete ability to discriminate between phonemes
What did Gierut, Morrisette, and Ziemer discuss?
Nonwords vs. real words used for therapy targets and generalizability
What are some reasons to choose real word stimuli?
Practice hearing, sampling, practicing, and engaging in processing a variety of linguistic and articulatory information about real words
Leads to expanded phonemic and phonetic inventories, improved intelligibility, and enhanced communication
What are some reasons to choose nonwords?
Reduce processing demands, facilitate automaticity, reduce interference from known words to promote carryover
What are nonwords?
Novel, phonetically permissible sound strings affiliated with referents
Describe the generalization of nonwords.
Immediate post treatment, greater than on RW generalization, but RW generalization occurred more during the 55days post whereas the NW tended to stay still
Define lexical configuration.
Assembly of words, phonemic composition, syllable structure, meaning, and/or orthographic representation
Define lexical engagement.
How a word becomes an embedded representation in the mental lexicon fully able to function and interact with other lexical entries
According to Gierut et al., what is the benefit of using NW?
NW bring phonological properties to the forefront- may jump start/ facilitate the learning process, but then followed by inhibition caused by interference of other words
Describe one factor that could have influenced the generalization trend of the RW and NW after 55 days.
NWs suffering from interference of other words in its lexicon
RWs may have a slower, but more progressive rate of generalization of speech sounds to other words
Who wrote the Lexical Organization and Phonological Change in Treatment article?
Morrisette and Gierut
What are the 5 parameters Morrisette and Gierut discussed that are used to organize words in a mental lexicon?
Articulatory and acoustic factors, perception, learning, metalinguistic, and psycholinguistic
Define neighborhood density.
Number of words that a minimally different in phonetic structure from a given word
Define word frequency.
Number of times a word appears in a language
What was the purpose of the article written by Morrisette and Gierut on lexical organization and phonological change in treatment?
Determine if properties of lexical organization differentially influence productive sound change in treatment
What were the independent variables in the Morrisette and Gierut article?
Word frequency and neighborhood density
What were the four experimental groups from the Morrisette and Gierut article?
High frequency, low frequency, high density, low density?
What were the results of the study conducted by Morrisette and Gierut?
High frequency words had a significantly greater chance of generalizing within and across classes than low frequency words
Low frequency words did not result in significant levels of generalization
High density words resulted in less generalization than low density words
What are some clinical implications of the Morrisette and Giereut article?
Choose targets based in types of generalization you are aiming for
Low density words may reduce processing time which leads to increased phonological change
Who wrote the article on complexity in phonological treatment?
Gierut
Define treatment effectiveness.
Whether a given treatment works or not
Define treatment effects.
Behavioral changes that occur following treatment
Define treatment efficacy
Whether one treatment method is better than another
What is the most important aspect to consider when choosing a treatment method?
Treatment efficacy/ whether one treatment method is better than another
What is the ultimate goal of therapy according to Gierut (2001)?
Generalization- the transfer of learning
Define within class generalization.
Change in untreated sounds from same manner class as the treated sound
Define across-class generalization.
Change in untreated sounds from different manner classes than the treated sound class
What type of generalization is more desirable according to Gierut (2001)?
Across-class generalization
What are four factors related to complexity?
Linguistic structure, psycholinguistic structure, articulatory phonetic factors, and conventional clinical factors
Define consistent errors.
Have 0% accurate productions in all relevant words and word positions
Define inconsistent errors.
Variable productions whereby a target sound is produced accurately on some occasions in certain words or in select word positions
According to Gierut (2001), which type of error demonstrates more phonological knowledge?
Inconsistent
When choosing target phonemes, Gierut (2001), discusses consistency of errors. What type should you choose and why?
Consistent because it’ll lead to increased generalization to both treated and untreated sounds or consistent or inconsistent errors. Also, thought to be more complex
Regarding age of acquisition, what type of sounds does Gierut (2001) suggest choosing and why?
Late because more complex and more likely to generalize across classes. Late and early same generalization for treatment sound and within class generalization
Regarding goal attack strategy, which does Gierut (2001) suggest and why? Empty set, maximal pairs, or minimal pairs?
More complex- teaching two new target sounds in empty set pairs because leads to increased generalization when compared to maximal or minimal pairs
What did Gierut (2007) write about?
Phonological learning and language learnability
Define learnability theory.
Focused on complexity as a trigger for language learning
Define epistemic.
Description of a system. More complex the system, more descriptors necessary
Define ontological.
Parts of a system and their organization
Define functional perspectives.
Rules governing their system and degrees of freedom
Target higher order/ more complex categories to induce cascading effects
Define positive evidence.
Input that illustrates the full range of advanced constructions, categories, and structures that are permissible in the language
Describe the impact of limiting the complexity a child is exposed to.
Harmful because not raising awareness that more complex structures exist. Interferes with a child’s ability to infer new knowledge
How does “motherese” support the learnability theory?
Thought to be more simple, but maintains complexity of language, includes all sounds and clusters
How does a child’s perceptual development support learnability theory?
The children focus on more complex aspects of words by attending to rhyme syllables instead of the onset of syllables
Define implicational laws.
More complex implies less complex structures
Define markedness.
Comparison of complexity of two phonemes based on sonority
What do implicational laws predict regarding target selection of fricatives or affricates? Affricates or clusters?
Working with a more marked affricates than an unmarked fricatives will lead to greater generalization to fricatives and affricates whereas the unmarked fricative would lead to gen only to unmarked fricatives
Clusters more marked than affricates, more generalization in more marked cluster than unmarked affricates
What are the features that make clusters more marked than others?
Having a small difference in sonority between the two phonemes
What is the continuum of sonorancy from least to most sonorant phonemes?
Vowels, glides, liquids, nasals, fricatives, affricates, stops
Do implicational laws predict the specific phonemes a child will obtain?
No, in terms of sound class, not specific sounds
What is the difference between horizontal and vertical goal attack strategy described by Gierut (2007)?
Horizontal provides information about new phonological sets
Vertical establishes new phonological categories and works on a subset
What are other factors described by Gierut (2007) to consider besides target complexity in treatment?
Child phonology
Child need
What did Williams discuss?
Multiple oppositions as an alternative contrastive therapy approach
Define homonymy.
When the contrastive function of several sounds are absent
Many words produced the same/sound alike
What are the potential advantages Williams (2000) discussed about using a large treatment set with multiple oppositions?
Boost intelligibility, may lead to several new phonemic contrasts being added to the child’s sound system
What is the difference between “training broad” and “deep training”?
Broad- intervention that’s distributed across a large and varied treatment set, want to expose child to as many exemplars applicable to a rule set
Deep- massed training with a limited number of exemplars, goal is to stabilize sound production rather than rule learning
What is the purpose of Williams’ (2000) study?
Determine if multiple sound contrasts facilitate the systematic organization of the child’s sound system more than when intervention is aimed at single contrast that’s isolated from the rule set
What were the results of the Williams (2000) study?
Performance using minimal contrast was low after several weeks, dramatically increased while using multiple oppositions
What type of errors remained in the Williams (2000) study after multiple opposition therapy?
More developmentally appropriate errors, fewer sounds collapsed, reflected a more developmental pattern, increased intelligibility
Widespread improvement
What is one advantage of multiple oppositions therapy?
Unique to the child, addresses the pattern and shows the child all the errors in the pattern instead of a limited view, may address errors that do not fit into a pattern, specific to each error pattern, not just one
What is the rationale for contrast training?
Gets at pattern instead of isolated pairing, children have different collapses/ reasons for collapses, ties into positive evidence, minimal pairs less individualized
What are some of the limitations of phonological process analysis?
May not capture what the child is doing, collapses may not be able to be described as processes, possibility of multiple processes, doesn’t account for sound collapses/ systematic sound preferences
What did Allen (2013) discuss?
Intervention efficacy and intensity for children with SSD
Define dose form.
Context of activities and interactions/ procedures
Play based or clinician directed
Define intervention duration.
Amount of time in therapy, may be predetermined or based on criterion level
Define dose frequency.
Number of sessions per time unit and length of session
3x/week for one hour
Define dose.
Number of trials.
Define cumulative intervention intensity.
Dose x dose frequency x total intervention duration
Can compare intensity across studies
Why was multiple oppositions chosen for the Allen (2013) article?
Has provided information on dose form, total intervention duration, dose frequency, and dose form
Strong theoretical background
What were the independent variables for the Allen (2013) study?
Times per week- dose frequency
Amount of time- total intervention duration
What were the effects of dose frequency in the Allen (2013)study after 8 weeks?
The 3x/ week group had a significantly higher performance rate than the 1x/ week group
The 1x/ week group and the control group did not have a significant change
What was the effect of dose frequency after 24 sessions in the Allen (2013) study?
Significant difference between the 2 experimental groups where the 3x per week group made significantly more gains than the 1x/ week group
What were the findings in the Allen (2013) study after 6 weeks maintenance?
There were gains made, but there was no significant difference between the 1x and 3x per week groups
What do the findings of the Allen (2013) study suggest about multiple oppositions therapy?
More intensity will provide a better out one, provide high number of trials during each sessions, and using clinician directed/ drill play
What did Miccio, Elbert, and Forrest (1991) discuss?
Relationship between stimulability and phonological acquisition in children with normally developing and disordered phonologies
Define stimulability.
The child’s ability to imitate a sound absent from his or her phonetic inventory immediately following an examiner’s model, provides information on child’s potential readiness to learn a sound
What does having a stimulable sound imply about other speech aspects?
May predict self-correction, generalization, or response to treatment
Other speech sounds intact to some degree
Have more knowledge about stimulable sounds than nonstimulable ones
What was the purpose of the Miccio et al. (1991) article?
Examine the relationship between stimulability and phonological acquisition in both typically developing and disordered children
Why were the treatment groups paired in the Miccio et al. (1991) study?
To provide an extended baseline to control for maturational effects
Discuss the findings from the Miccio et al (1991) article for both typically developing children and children with phonological disorders.
TD: all gained stimulate sounds and nonstimulable sounds became stimulable
Phonological disorder: eventually acquired all stimulable sounds, but may not acquire nonstimulable sounds even if worked on
What type of sounds (stimulable/nonstimulable) should be used in therapy and why?
Use nonstimulable because stimulable sounds will become acquired even if not targeted in therapy, children with phonological disorders will be less likely to gain nonstimulable sounds without treatment. Also, complexity- teach more complex sounds, may naturally work on developing less complex sounds to the child’s inventory
Describe learnability theory.
Linear changes resulting from performance factors and learning, nonlinear factors attributed to response of innate representational constraints to input of ambient language
Describe Dynamic Systems Theory.
Must take other factors into consideration, the child’s development at that moment, focusing on a different sound class, stabilizing 1 thing over another
Other factors influencing change
What are the factors thought to influence a child’s success?
Lexical environmental factors, frequency of occurrence, motivation, new phonological knowledge, articulation knowledge, acoustic-phonetic knowledge, genetic-phonetic
How did Rvachew and Bernhardt (2010)define complex and simple sounds?
Complex- later developing and unstimulasble, not present in child’s phonemic inventories
Simple- early developing and stimulable
What did Rvachew and Bernhardt (2010) discuss?
Dynamic systems theory instead of learnability theory/ simple may be a better way to choose targets in therapy
How were the participants chosen in the Rvachew and Berhardt (2010) article?
Took 48 children and pulled 6 children from the study that fit their criteria
What were the results of the Rvachew and Bernhardt (2013) study?
Simple targets facilitated the development of more complex ones, able to refine the sounds and lay the groundwork to develop more complex sounds
Working on more complex sounds had fewer gains and gains were lost during generalization
How did the results from Rvachew and Berhardt (2010) differ from Gierut (2007) article?
In contrast. Didn’t support increased amount of generalization and acquisition of more complex sounds
Provided evidence for need to be in a position to use more complex input-> largest part of language input occurs outside of the therapy room so getting exposure even if working on more complex sounds
Minimal pairs is appropriate for what age and number of errors?
3+
1-2, possibly 3-4 errors because not a lot of generalization across classes
Define minimal pairs and describe the type of generalization it induces.
Target and one phoneme that is different in 1 characteristic or the target and the error in the child’s phonetic inventories
Little generalization because little new information
The Cycles approach is appropriate for what age and number of errors?
3+
Errors with relationship to processes, needs at least 2 processes with at least 2 errors in each
Across class generalization
The Van Riper Approach is appropriate for what age children with how many errors?
Can do at 3, but most likely 5
Generally less than 5 errors
Multiple Oppositions is appropriate for what age and number of errors?
3+
5+ errors, group of errors collapsed to one sound
Maximal oppositions are appropriate for what age and number of errors?
3+
5+ errors
Define maximal oppositions and what type of generalization does it induce?
Different known phoneme and target in multiple ways to teach distinctive features Across class generalization
Describe the empty set therapy approach.
Two unknown phonemes being used in opposition, maximally different from each other to try and teach within and across class generalization
The Empty Set approach is appropriate for what age children and how many errors?
3+
5+ errors
The Language Age Play is appropriate for what age child and number of errors?
In general less than 3 years old, number of errors doesn’t matter.
Why would Language Age Play be used with a child 3 or older?
Difficulty attending
May be developmentally younger than 3
