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Speech Science > Speech Science Quiz #6 > Flashcards

Speech Science Quiz #6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Ventilation

A

movement of air in and out of the pulmonary mechanism; routed through the nose, mouth, or both

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2
Q

Where does resting tidal breathing usually occur?

A

through the nose

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3
Q

What needs to be open in order for you to breath?

A

Velopharyngeal Port

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4
Q

What happens to the VP when swallowing?

A

it closes

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5
Q

Why does the VP have to close during swallowing?

A

prevents food/ liquid from entering nasal cavity

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6
Q

Closure of the VP is important for developing adequate pressure during swallowing to push material down through the ___________ and into the _________.

A

Pharynx; esophagus

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7
Q

What are the swallowing phases?

A
  1. Oral preparatory phase
  2. Oral Transit Phase
  3. Pharyngeal transport phase
  4. Esophageal phase
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8
Q

What happens in the oral preparatory phase?

A

food/liquid is prepped for swallowing

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9
Q

What happens in the Oral Transit phase?

A

food/liquid pushed from mouth to throat

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10
Q

What happens in the pharyngeal transport phase?

A

food/liquid travels through throat to reach esophagus

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11
Q

What happens in the esophageal phase?

A

food/liquid travels through the esophagus to reach stomach (GI diagnoses this phase)

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12
Q

The VP is _________ during the oral phase.

A

open

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13
Q

The VP is ______ during the oral transit phase.

A

closed

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14
Q

The VP is ______ during the pharyngeal transport phase.

A

closed

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15
Q

The VP is _______ during the esophageal phase.

A

open

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16
Q

What muscles are involved in the oral preparatory stage?

A

TMJ, buccinator muscle, orbicular oris muscle, and angular muscles.

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17
Q

What are Suprasegmentals?

A

characteristics that are superimposed on segmental features of speech (phonemes) that convey meaning

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18
Q

What are suprasegmentals also known as?

A

prosody or prosodic features

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19
Q

What are Suprasegmentals?

A

characteristics that are SUPERIMPOSED on segmental features of speech (phonemes) that convey meaning

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20
Q

What are other names for Suprasegmentals?

A

prosody or prosodic features

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21
Q

What are the 3 Suprasegmental features?

A
  1. Duration
  2. Pitch Contour
  3. Tone/intonation contour
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22
Q

Production of Suprasegmentals?

A

acoustic features of suprasegmentals are defined by their values relative to each other

so basically, when stressed is placed on a particular phoneme or syllable it is only noticeable when compared to the lack of stress on the surrounding sounds

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23
Q

What would be an example of the production of suprasegmentals?

A

BAnana vs. baNAna

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24
Q

What is tone?

A

pitch as a distinctive feature at the WORD LEVEL (signifies unique meaning)

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25
Q

What is an example of tone?

A

“I said Beet, not Pete!”

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26
Q

What is intonation?

A

pitch contour as a distinctive feature at the UTTERANCE LEVEL

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27
Q

What is an example of intonation?

A

A falling pitch in a statement “He is.”
vs.
A rising pitch in a question “He is?”

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28
Q

What are Closed-questions?

A

yes or no questions ending with a rising pitch
ex: “Did she go back?”

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29
Q

What are Open-ended questions?

A

ends with a falling pitch
ex: “Where did she go?”

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30
Q

What are Tonal languages?

A

some languages, like Mandarin Chinese, are tonal, which means that some words are exactly the same in all aspects EXCEPT TONE

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31
Q

Is English a tonal or non-tonal language?

A

Non-tonal, BUT tone and intonation play a larger role in conveying meaning

32
Q

What can signify emotion of single words?

A

Pitch contours

33
Q

What else can contribute to pitch contours?

A

gender geographical area

34
Q

What happens to fundamental frequency (F0) over the course of an utterance (declination of intonation)?

A

tends to decrease over the course of the utterance

35
Q

Fundamental frequencies are more _____ for short utterances and more _____ for longer utterances.

A

Steeper; Gradual

36
Q

Where is declination in intonation more apparent?

A

reading

37
Q

What is stress?

A

amount of emphasis placed upon a segment/ group of segments in order to convey meaning

38
Q

How do you apply stress? (3 acoustic cues)

A
  1. F0: stressed unit often higher in pitch
  2. Intensity Contour: stressed unit is often louder
  3. Duration: stressed unit often longer in duration
39
Q

Why do we use stress?

A

to emphasize certain words to change the meaning

40
Q

Examples of stress on one word compared to another and how it can change the meaning of the sentence

A

“I NEVER said she stole my money”
“I never said she STOLE my money”

41
Q

For some _______ words, syllable stress can also used to differentiate between a ______ and a ______.

A

English words; noun and verb

42
Q

Duration is very important at both _________ and ________ levels.

A

Segmental and Suprasegmental

43
Q

What is duration referred to at the Suprasegmental level?

A

QUANTITY

  • Single semantic boundaries (end of words or sentences) by lengthening syllable(s) at the end of an utterance
44
Q

What is Juncture?

A

time separation of syllables

45
Q

What can juncture influence?

A

meaning of utterances

“I’m making a lot”
vs.
“I’m aching a lot”

46
Q

What are Approximates?

A

constriction in the oral cavity (but with less than stops or fricatives)

47
Q

Approximates are considered ________ instead of _______ because the can’t form nuclei of syllables.

A

consonants; vowels

48
Q

What are included in approximates?

A

Semivowels or glides ( /j/, w/ )
Liquids (/r, l/)

49
Q

All approximates, except ____, are produced with a central airstream.

A

/l/

50
Q

What are the distinguishing features of GLIDES (/w, j/) on a spectrogram?

A

FORMANT TRANSITIONS

51
Q

Why are glides also called semi-vowels?

A

because they appear similar to diphthongs, but are considered consonants because they are ….
- produced with greater constriction than vowels
- formant transition from vowel to glide is faster than in diphthongs

52
Q

In a CV syllable:
Low F1 moves ____ in /w/ & /j/
F2 moves ____ in /w/

A

upward; upward

53
Q

In a VC syllable:
F1 and F2 BOTH move ____ in steady state portion of a vowel in anticipation of /w/

A

downward

54
Q

In a CV syllable:
Low F1 moves ____ in /w/ & /j/
F2 moves ____ in /j/

A

upward; downward

55
Q

In a VC syllable:
Low F1 moves ____ from steady state portion of a vowel in anticipation of /j/
F2 moves ____ in anticipation of /j/

A

downward; upward

56
Q

What is the most distinguishing feature of a liquid /r/?

A

low F3

57
Q

What are the characteristics of a dark rhotic liquid /r/?

A
  • CV context
  • F3 is very low
  • no anticipatory coarticulation
58
Q

What are the characteristics of a LIGHT RHOTIC liquid /r/?

A
  • VC context
  • NOT as low F3
  • strong influence on on preceding
    vowel
59
Q

What are the two allophonic variations in English?

A

dark rhotic and light rhotic

60
Q

What are the characteristics of liquid /l/?

A
  • lateral airstream
  • formants & antiformants
    (decrease/dampening in sound
    energy)
  • small discontinuity (seen as a
    white space on spectrogram)
61
Q

What are the characteristics of a Dark rhotic /l/?

A
  • occurs in VC context
  • F1 and F2 low
  • no discontinuity
62
Q

What are the characteristics of a Light Rhotic /l/?

A
  • occurs in CV context
  • F1 and F2 are low
  • some discontinuity between
    vowel and lateral
63
Q

What is a Nasendoscopy used for?

A

can view the outer nose, parts of the nasal cavities, undersurface of the velum, and part of the posterior pharyngeal wall

64
Q

Why do we use X-ray imaging?

A

shows us…
- lateral view of the VP-nasal mechanism (and other
structures in the head and neck)
- asses speech problems due to structural
abnormalities
- asses swallowing problems

65
Q

What is a specific type of x-ray imaging that we use?

A

Videofluoroscopy

66
Q

What is a Pneumotachometer and what is it used for?

A

nasal airflow measurements; determines if VP port is open or closed

67
Q

What is a nasal canula and what is it used for?

A
  • monitors nasal air pressure using double-barreled
    nasal canula connect to a sensitive pressure
    transducer
68
Q

What is sound spectrography?

A

graphical representation of components of speech sounds (ex: frequency, intensity)

69
Q

What is articulatory tracking?

A
  • tracks specific points in real time on pharyngeal-
    oral mechanism during activities like speech
    production
  • involves placement of small markers at different
    points in oral and/or pharyngeal cavity
70
Q

What is Electropalatography?

A
  • measures tongue-palate contact during speech
    production
71
Q

Why would we use an MRI machine?

A
  • asses speech problems due to structural
    abnormalities (can be still images or recorded
    movements)
72
Q

Why would one use Aeromechanical observations?

A
  • to measure oral air pressure during speech
    production
  • use along with nasal airflow measures to
    determine presence if velopharyngeal insufficiency
73
Q

What is a functional disorder?

A
  • has NO known physical cause
  • example: articulation disorders
74
Q

What is an organic disorder?

A
  • has A KNOWN physical cause
  • example: structural disorders
75
Q

What are the two types of structural disorders?

A

congenital and acquiried

76
Q

What is a congenital disorder?

A

excess or insufficiency of tissues, cleft lip or palate, malformations, or misalignments of structures

77
Q

What is an acquired disorder?

A

trauma, disease (including cancer), surgery

Speech Science (2 decks)

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