speech pathology Flashcards
what is a Neuron made up of?
NucleusAxonDendritesSynapse Myelin covers the axonsThe myelin acts as a form of insulation which helps move information more quickly between neurons.The thicker the myelin sheath, the quicker the electrochemical impulses are passed to other neurons
neural migration
As a fetus grows in the womb of the pregnant mother, the neurons begin to migrate (neural migration)—meaning they are designed to collect in a specific part of the brain for a specific function
what is a neuron?
Neuron or Nerve Cell is a basic unit in the nervous system, that composes a nerveNeuron is the building block of the brain Purpose: to send information to other neurons Approx 100 billion neurons in the body Neurons do not actually touch, but are close enough that electrical impulses are sent via synapses
What is Neural plasticity
refers to the neurons being able to adjust to changes in the brain and other disruptions in the connections it makes.At birth - childhood, our brain has the most plasticity *Can help with recovery from injuries as adults; e.g., stroke patients
what are the two components of the Nervous System
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Brain Spinal Cord PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Everything Else Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves
what are 3 divisions of the brain
CEREBELLUM
BRAIN STEM
CEREBRUM (4 lobes)
Frontal Temporal Parietal Occipital
what is the responsibility of the CEREBELLUM
Coordinates movements & proprioception/balance Coordinates fine, complex motor activities
Maintains muscle tone
Participates in motor learning
Has 2 hemispheres—left and right
Language processing and higher level cognition
what is the responsibility of the brain stem
Contains nuclei for sensory-motor nerve fibers
Acts as a major relay system
Transmits messages from the upper motor neurons to the lower motor neurons
Brings sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system.
what are the major functions of the LOBES
4 Lobes; all responsible for different functions:
Frontal – Cognitive functions and voluntary movement or activity
Parietal – Somatosensation (taste, touch, movement)
Occipital – Vision
Temporal – Hearing and Memory
what is brocas area
Located in lower part of the motor cortex and in the back of the frontal lobe Responsible for organizing and executing motor plans for the production of speech sounds (motor aphasia) expressive
what is wernickes area (sensory aphasia)
Located at upper part of the temporal lobe Responsible for auditory association of sounds Together these areas (Brocas Wernickes) make sense of the sounds we hear in speech, and attach meaning to them.
Left Hemisphere responsibility
Language Logical reasoning Linear order perception Arithmetic calculation Linear sequencing
Right Hemisphere responsibility
Holistic processing Visual-spatial information Depth perception Orientation in space Perception & recognition of faces, pics, photos Speech prosody/emotion Figurative and metaphorical languageCoherent discourse Environmental sounds Music
what is the neurological process of language for comprehension
Heschl’s Gyrus> Wernicke’sArea >Angular + Supramarginal gyrus >Right temporal lobe
explain language production
Conceptual basis of message forms in many memory areas General structure of message organized in Wernicke’s area Transmitted to Broca’s area via arcuate fasciculus (Which runs underneath the angular gyrus) Specifics of executing the message organized in Broca’s area: activating coordinated motor plan for respiration, phonation, and articulation
auditory development for 1-2 mos
Auditory attention—being able to focus on the person speaking as to understand the content and meaning of what was saidAuditory closure—the ability to fill in the missing or misspoken part of a word or messageAuditory comprehension—understanding of speech and environmental sounds Auditory discrimination-–perceiving differences in pitch, stress, inflectionAuditory identification—labeling an object that is stated verballyAuditory memory—remembering what was said verbally/orally
what is motor planning
the ability to conceive, plan, and carry out a skilled, non-habitual motor act in the correct sequence from beginning to end. … The child with motor planning difficulties may be slow in carrying out verbal instructions and often appears clumsy in new tasks
what is Aspasia
inability to understand or produce language
what is the sensory system
The sensory nervous system is a part of the nervous system responsible for processing sensory information. A sensory system consists of sensory neurons, neural pathways, and parts of the brain involved in sensory perception 5/6 senses
action potential
a nerve signal. An action potential is a rapid rise and subsequent fall in voltage or membrane potential across a cellular membrane with a characteristic pattern
what is neurolinguistics
The study of the manner and location of this processing / the neuroanatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of language
angular gyrus
assist in linguistic processing,
integrating visual, auditory, and tactile input with linguistic information. The importance of these gyri and of multimodality input may be indicated by the relatively late myelination of these areas, occurring in adulthood, often after age 30. angular gyrus aids word recall. WRITTEN input is received in your visual cortex and transferred to the angular gyrus, where it may be integrated with auditory input. This information is then transmitted to
Wernicke’s area for analysis
arcuate fasciculus
….
right hemisphere
The right hemisphere in humans is specialized for holistic processing through the simultaneous integration of information and is dominant in visuospatial processing
the right hemisphere is capable of recognition of printed
words but has difficulty decoding information using grapheme–phoneme comprehension and production of speech prosody and affect,
■■ comprehension and production of metaphorical language and semantics, and
■■ comprehension of complex linguistic and ideational material and of environmental
sounds.
neuroscience
…
supramarginal gyrus
assist in linguistic processing,
integrating visual, auditory, and tactile input with linguistic information. The importance of these gyri and of multimodality input may be indicated by the relatively late myelination of these areas, occurring in adulthood, often after age 30. pramarginal gyrus is involved in processing longer syntactic units, such as sentences.
synapse
the minuscule space between the axon/ a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter
Wernicke’s area
…
thalamus
relays incoming sensory information
(with the exception of smell) to the appropriate portion of your brain for analysis and prepares your brain to receive input.
prefrontal cortex
The most anterior, or forward, portion of the frontal lobe responsible for executive function, control, organization, and synthesis of sensory and motor information
executive function
tones or readies your brain and allocates resources and, as the name implies, is responsible, in part, for control over the entire operation.
Neuroanatomy
where structures are located
Neurophysiology
how the brain functions
how many spinal nerves in the PNS
The PNS consists of 12 cranial and 31 spinal nerves that
interact with the CNS
why are cranial nerves important
The cranial nerves are especially important for speech, language and hearing and course between your brainstem and your face and neck
what is the spinal cord function in the CNS
the spinal cord transmits impulses between your brain and the peripheral nervous system
meninges
So important is the CNS to functioning that it is encased in bone and THREE MEMBRANOUS LAYERS called meninges
what does the medulla ablongta consist of
the pons, the thalamus, and the midbrain. (which regulate involuntary functions, such as breathing and heart rate)
reticular formation
Within the brainstem is a compact unit of neurons. This body acts as an integrator of incoming auditory, visual, tactile, and other sensory inputs and as a filter to inhibit or facilitate sensory transmission
cerebellum
“little brain,” located at the posterior base of your brain, consists of right and left hemispheres and a central region called the vermis, cerebellum coordinates the control of fine, complex motor activities, maintains muscle tone, and participates in motor learning, neuroimaging indicates that the cerebellum
also has considerable influence on language processing and on higher-level cognitive and emotional functions
The cerebellum’s posterior lobe
modulates this nonmotor processing, which may include the following
Executive functioning or the ability to manage several cognitive tasks to reach a particular objective
Working memory, critical for storage and manipulation of information during processing Divided attention or attention to more than one stimulus or to a stimulus presented
in more than one modality, such as visual and auditory
■■ Modulation of affect or emotion
contralateral
t each hemisphere is concerned with the opposite side of the body. vision and hearing are exceptions ( Hearing is predominantly contralateral but not exclusively)
cortex
gray nerve cell bodies approximately a quarter inch thick covering white fibrous connective tracts over the left and right brain hemispheres
corpus callosum.
The largest transverse tract that connects the two hemispheres
motor cortex
2-centimeter-wide strip that controls motor movements
what are 3 brain functions?
Three basic brain functions are regulation, processing, and formulation
brain 1/2 process function
The processing function, located in the posterior portion of your cortex, controls information analysis, coding, and storage. Highly specialized regions are responsible for
the processing of sensory stimuli. Data from each source are combined with those from other sensory sources for analysis and synthesis.
brain 1/3 regulation function
The regulation function, located in the reticular formation of the brainstem, is responsible for the energy level and for the overall tone of your cortex. The regulating process enables you to monitor, evaluate, and flexibly adjust behavior for successful performance.
brain 1/3 function formulation
located in your frontal lobe, is responsible for the formation of intentions and programs for behavior. This function serves primarily
to activate the brain for regulation of attention and concentration. Motor behaviors are
planned and coordinated, but not activated, within this function.
myelination
the process of sheathing of
the nervous system
Heschl’s area
Auditory signals received in your brainstem are relayed to an area of each auditory cortex
called Heschl’s area
