speech pathology

Question 1

what is a Neuron made up of?

Answer 1

NucleusAxonDendritesSynapse Myelin covers the axonsThe myelin acts as a form of insulation which helps move information more quickly between neurons.The thicker the myelin sheath, the quicker the electrochemical impulses are passed to other neurons

Question 2

neural migration

Answer 2

As a fetus grows in the womb of the pregnant mother, the neurons begin to migrate (neural migration)—meaning they are designed to collect in a specific part of the brain for a specific function

Question 3

what is a neuron?

Answer 3

Neuron or Nerve Cell is a basic unit in the nervous system, that composes a nerveNeuron is the building block of the brain Purpose: to send information to other neurons Approx 100 billion neurons in the body Neurons do not actually touch, but are close enough that electrical impulses are sent via synapses

Question 4

What is Neural plasticity

Answer 4

refers to the neurons being able to adjust to changes in the brain and other disruptions in the connections it makes.At birth - childhood, our brain has the most plasticity *Can help with recovery from injuries as adults; e.g., stroke patients

Question 5

what are the two components of the Nervous System

Answer 5

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Brain 
Spinal Cord
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Everything Else
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves

Question 6

what are 3 divisions of the brain

Answer 6

CEREBELLUM
BRAIN STEM
CEREBRUM (4 lobes)
Frontal Temporal Parietal Occipital

Question 7

what is the responsibility of the CEREBELLUM

Answer 7

Coordinates movements & proprioception/balance Coordinates fine, complex motor activities
Maintains muscle tone
Participates in motor learning
Has 2 hemispheres—left and right
Language processing and higher level cognition

Question 8

what is the responsibility of the brain stem

Answer 8

Contains nuclei for sensory-motor nerve fibers
Acts as a major relay system
Transmits messages from the upper motor neurons to the lower motor neurons
Brings sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system.

Question 9

what are the major functions of the LOBES

Answer 9

4 Lobes; all responsible for different functions:
Frontal – Cognitive functions and voluntary movement or activity
Parietal – Somatosensation (taste, touch, movement)
Occipital – Vision
Temporal – Hearing and Memory

Question 10

what is brocas area

Answer 10

Located in lower part of the motor cortex and in the back of the frontal lobe Responsible for organizing and executing motor plans for the production of speech sounds (motor aphasia) expressive

Question 11

what is wernickes area (sensory aphasia)

Answer 11

Located at upper part of the temporal lobe Responsible for auditory association of sounds Together these areas (Brocas Wernickes) make sense of the sounds we hear in speech, and attach meaning to them.

Question 12

Left Hemisphere responsibility

Answer 12

Language Logical reasoning Linear order perception Arithmetic calculation Linear sequencing

Question 13

Right Hemisphere responsibility

Answer 13

Holistic processing Visual-spatial information Depth perception Orientation in space Perception & recognition of faces, pics, photos Speech prosody/emotion Figurative and metaphorical languageCoherent discourse Environmental sounds Music

Question 14

what is the neurological process of language for comprehension

Answer 14

Heschl’s Gyrus> Wernicke’sArea >Angular + Supramarginal gyrus >Right temporal lobe

Question 15

explain language production

Answer 15

Conceptual basis of message forms in many memory areas General structure of message organized in Wernicke’s area Transmitted to Broca’s area via arcuate fasciculus (Which runs underneath the angular gyrus) Specifics of executing the message organized in Broca’s area: activating coordinated motor plan for respiration, phonation, and articulation

Question 16

auditory development for 1-2 mos

Answer 16

Auditory attention—being able to focus on the person speaking as to understand the content and meaning of what was saidAuditory closure—the ability to fill in the missing or misspoken part of a word or messageAuditory comprehension—understanding of speech and environmental sounds Auditory discrimination-–perceiving differences in pitch, stress, inflectionAuditory identification—labeling an object that is stated verballyAuditory memory—remembering what was said verbally/orally

Question 17

what is motor planning

Answer 17

the ability to conceive, plan, and carry out a skilled, non-habitual motor act in the correct sequence from beginning to end. … The child with motor planning difficulties may be slow in carrying out verbal instructions and often appears clumsy in new tasks

Question 18

what is Aspasia

Answer 18

inability to understand or produce language

Question 19

what is the sensory system

Answer 19

The sensory nervous system is a part of the nervous system responsible for processing sensory information. A sensory system consists of sensory neurons, neural pathways, and parts of the brain involved in sensory perception 5/6 senses

Question 20

action potential

Answer 20

a nerve signal. An action potential is a rapid rise and subsequent fall in voltage or membrane potential across a cellular membrane with a characteristic pattern

Question 21

what is neurolinguistics

Answer 21

The study of the manner and location of this processing / the neuroanatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of language

Question 22

angular gyrus

Answer 22

assist in linguistic processing,
integrating visual, auditory, and tactile input with linguistic information. The importance of these gyri and of multimodality input may be indicated by the relatively late myelination of these areas, occurring in adulthood, often after age 30. angular gyrus aids word recall. WRITTEN input is received in your visual cortex and transferred to the angular gyrus, where it may be integrated with auditory input. This information is then transmitted to
Wernicke’s area for analysis

Question 23

arcuate fasciculus

Answer 23

….

Question 24

right hemisphere

Answer 24

The right hemisphere in humans is specialized for holistic processing through the simultaneous integration of information and is dominant in visuospatial processing
the right hemisphere is capable of recognition of printed
words but has difficulty decoding information using grapheme–phoneme comprehension and production of speech prosody and affect,
■■ comprehension and production of metaphorical language and semantics, and
■■ comprehension of complex linguistic and ideational material and of environmental
sounds.

Question 25

neuroscience

Answer 25

…

Question 26

supramarginal gyrus

Answer 26

assist in linguistic processing,
integrating visual, auditory, and tactile input with linguistic information. The importance of these gyri and of multimodality input may be indicated by the relatively late myelination of these areas, occurring in adulthood, often after age 30. pramarginal gyrus is involved in processing longer syntactic units, such as sentences.

Question 27

synapse

Answer 27

the minuscule space between the axon/ a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter

Question 28

Wernicke’s area

Answer 28

…

Question 29

thalamus

Answer 29

relays incoming sensory information
(with the exception of smell) to the appropriate portion of your brain for analysis and prepares your brain to receive input.

Question 30

prefrontal cortex

Answer 30

The most anterior, or forward, portion of the frontal lobe responsible for executive function, control, organization, and synthesis of sensory and motor information

Question 31

executive function

Answer 31

tones or readies your brain and allocates resources and, as the name implies, is responsible, in part, for control over the entire operation.

Question 32

Neuroanatomy

Answer 32

where structures are located

Question 33

Neurophysiology

Answer 33

how the brain functions

Question 34

how many spinal nerves in the PNS

Answer 34

The PNS consists of 12 cranial and 31 spinal nerves that

interact with the CNS

Question 35

why are cranial nerves important

Answer 35

The cranial nerves are especially important for speech, language and hearing and course between your brainstem and your face and neck

Question 36

what is the spinal cord function in the CNS

Answer 36

the spinal cord transmits impulses between your brain and the peripheral nervous system

Question 37

meninges

Answer 37

So important is the CNS to functioning that it is encased in bone and THREE MEMBRANOUS LAYERS called meninges

Question 38

what does the medulla ablongta consist of

Answer 38

the pons, the thalamus, and the midbrain. (which regulate involuntary functions, such as breathing and heart rate)

Question 39

reticular formation

Answer 39

Within the brainstem is a compact unit of neurons. This body acts as an integrator of incoming auditory, visual, tactile, and other sensory inputs and as a filter to inhibit or facilitate sensory transmission

Question 40

cerebellum

Answer 40

“little brain,” located at the posterior base of your brain, consists of right and left hemispheres and a central region called the vermis, cerebellum coordinates the control of fine, complex motor activities, maintains muscle tone, and participates in motor learning, neuroimaging indicates that the cerebellum
also has considerable influence on language processing and on higher-level cognitive and emotional functions

Question 41

The cerebellum’s posterior lobe

modulates this nonmotor processing, which may include the following

Answer 41

Executive functioning or the ability to manage several cognitive tasks to reach a particular objective
Working memory, critical for storage and manipulation of information during processing Divided attention or attention to more than one stimulus or to a stimulus presented
in more than one modality, such as visual and auditory
■■ Modulation of affect or emotion

Question 42

contralateral

Answer 42

t each hemisphere is concerned with the opposite side of the body. vision and hearing are exceptions ( Hearing is predominantly contralateral but not exclusively)

Question 43

cortex

Answer 43

gray nerve cell bodies approximately a quarter inch thick covering white fibrous connective tracts over the left and right brain hemispheres

Question 44

corpus callosum.

Answer 44

The largest transverse tract that connects the two hemispheres

Question 45

motor cortex

Answer 45

2-centimeter-wide strip that controls motor movements

Question 46

what are 3 brain functions?

Answer 46

Three basic brain functions are regulation, processing, and formulation

Question 47

brain 1/2 process function

Answer 47

The processing function, located in the posterior portion of your cortex, controls information analysis, coding, and storage. Highly specialized regions are responsible for
the processing of sensory stimuli. Data from each source are combined with those from other sensory sources for analysis and synthesis.

Question 48

brain 1/3 regulation function

Answer 48

The regulation function, located in the reticular formation of the brainstem, is responsible for the energy level and for the overall tone of your cortex. The regulating process enables you to monitor, evaluate, and flexibly adjust behavior for successful performance.

Question 49

brain 1/3 function formulation

Answer 49

located in your frontal lobe, is responsible for the formation of intentions and programs for behavior. This function serves primarily
to activate the brain for regulation of attention and concentration. Motor behaviors are
planned and coordinated, but not activated, within this function.

Question 50

myelination

Answer 50

the process of sheathing of

the nervous system

Question 51

Heschl’s area

Answer 51

Auditory signals received in your brainstem are relayed to an area of each auditory cortex
called Heschl’s area