Speech Anatomy Flashcards
Communication Systems
Structure and Function
Structure = Anatomy
Function = Physiology
Neuroscience
Branch of science that focuses on the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system including the brain
Central Nervous System
Brain and Spinal Cord CNS is what makes us human Three Protective Layers of the Brain Bone Three layers of membranes Pia Mater Arachnoid Mater Dura Mater Cerebrospinal Fluid
Peripheral Nervous System
Nerves that emerge from the brain and the spinal cord to innervate the rest of the body
Cranial Nerves – 12 pairs of nerves emerge from the brain
Spinal Nerves – 31 pairs of nerves emerge from spinal cord
Cranial and Spinal Nerves
carry information back and forth between the brain, spinal cord and the rest of the body
Sensory
information into the brain
Motor
information from the brain
Brain
Mediator of human body Changed most through evolution Weighs 46-49 ounces – approximately 2.5% of our body weight Three Major Parts of the Brain Cerebrum Cerebellum Brain stem
Cerebrum or Cerebral Cortex
Cerebrum or Cerebral Cortex Governs unique human qualities Thinking Problem solving Planning Creating Rationalizing Largest portion of the brain Two mirror image hemispheres Right hemisphere Left hemisphere Control is contralateral White fibrous connective tracts Wrinkled appearance Organized into 6 lobes of 4 different types One frontal lobe Two temporal lobes Two parietal lobes one occipital lobe
Cerebrum - Frontal lobe
Largest Lobe Sits behind the forehead Two key functions: Controls both fine and complex motor activities including speech output Controls Executive Functions Problem solving Planning Creating Reasoning Decision making Social awareness rationalizing Broca’s Area Situated in the left frontal lobe Responsible for speech output
Cerebrum - Parietal Lobe
Sits behind the frontal lobe
Perceives sensory information
Calculations for math
Cerebrum – Temporal Lobe
Sits behind frontal lobe, but below the parietal lobe
Left temporal lobe contains the auditory cortex -interprets auditory information from both ears
Contains Wernicke’s area
Critical site for language comprehension
Cerebrum – Occipital Lobe
Sits in the rear of the cerebral cortex
Receives and processes visual information
Cerebellum
Called “little Brain” Sits behind the brain stem Controls motor and muscle movements that do not involve conscious planning and resposes Controls coordination of motor movements Maintains muscle tone Controls equilibrium
Brain Stem
Sits directly on top of the spinal cord Primarily consists of nerve tracts that carry information to and from brain Associated with metabolism and arousal Major reflex centers Cardiac center Blood vessels Breathing
Peripheral Nervous System
Nerves connected to the brain and spinal cord
12 pairs of cranial nerves
Between brain and face and neck region
7 cranial nerves associated with speech and hearing
31 pairs of spinal nerves
From spinal cord to arms and legs
Anatomy and Physiology of Speech
Speech Production – interaction of 3 related systems All have life sustaining purposes Respiration Phonation Articulation
How is respiration used for speech purposes?
Respiration = power supply for speech
Respiration for life sustaining purposes = passive
Respiration for speech = shorter inhale = longer exhale
Phonation
Takes energy from respiration and converts to sounds
Key structures
Pharynx = nasal cavity thru back of throat to larynx and esophagus
Larynx = cartilage in front of neck (wind pipe)
Vocal cords sit within larynx
One bone – hyoid bone
Articulation
Air from lungs further refined by the articulatory system
Chief manipulators
Tongue, lips, teeth, jaw, hard palate and soft palate
27 consonant sounds
13 vowel sounds
