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Chemotherapy > Spectrum of Action > Flashcards

Spectrum of Action Flashcards

1
Q

Natural Penicillins

Penicillin G, Penicillin V

A

G+ve cocci (S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, S. viridans)
G+ve bacilli (B. anthracis, C. diphtheriae)
G-ve cocci (N. gonorrheae, N. meningitidis)
Anaerobes (C. perfringens)
Spirochetes (T. pallidum, T. pertenue [yaws])

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2
Q

Semi-synthetic Penicillins

Amoxicillin, Ampicillin

A

G+ve cocci (enterococci)
G+ve bacilli (L. monocytogenes)
G-ve rods (E.coli, H. influenzae, P. mirabilis, S. typhi, B. burgdorferi, H. pylori)

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3
Q

Anti-Staphylococcal Penicillins

Methicillin, Nafcillin, Oxacillin, Dicloxacillin

A

MSSA

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4
Q

Anti-Pseudomonal Penicillins

Piperacillin, Ticarcillin, Carbenicillin, Mezlocillin

A

G-ve rods (Enterobacter spp., E. coli, P. mirabilis, H. influenzae, P. aeruginosa)

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5
Q

First generation cephalosporins

Cefazolin, Cefadroxil, Cephalexin

A

G+ve cocci (MSSA, S. epidermidis, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, enterococci)
G-ve rods (E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis)

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6
Q

Second generation cephalosporins

Cefuroxime sodium, Cefuroxime axetil, Cefoxitin, Cefotetan, Cefaclor

A

G+ve cocci (MSSA, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, enterococci)
G-ve cocci (N. gonorrheae)
G-ve rods (E. coli, H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, Enterobacter aerogenes)
Anaerobes (only Cefoxitin and Cefotetan)

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7
Q

Third generation cephalosporins

Cefdinir, Cefixime, Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Ceftibuten

A

G+ve cocci (S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, enterococci)
G-ve cocci (N. gonorrheae)
G-ve rods (E. aerogenes, E. coli, H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens)

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8
Q

Fourth generation cephalosporins

Cefepime

A

G+ve cocci (Staphylococci [except MRSA], Streptococci)

G-ve rods (Enterobacter spp., E. coli, K. pneomoniae, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa [increased activity])

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9
Q

Fifth (Advanced) generation cephalosporin

Ceftaroline

A

G+ve cocci (including MRSA)
G-ve cocci (N. gonorrheae)
G-ve rods (E. aerogenes, E. coli, H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, Serratia marcescens)

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10
Q

Carbapenems

Imipenem, Meropenem, Doripenem, Ertapenem

A

G+ve cocci (except MRSA)
G+ve bacilli (L. monocytogenes)
G-ve cocci
G-ve rods
Anaerobes (Clostridium spp., Peptococcus spp., Peptostreptococcus spp., Propionibacterium spp., Bacteroides spp., Fusobacterium spp.)
Others (Actinomyces, Nocardia spp.)
Note: Ertapenem has no coverage for P. aeruginosa, Enterococcus spp. and Acinetobacter spp.

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11
Q

Monobactams

Aztreonam

A

G-ve cocci and rods (including Enterobacteriaceae and P. aeruginosa)

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12
Q

Vancomycin

A

G+ve cocci (including MRSA)
G+ve bacilli (L. monocytogenes, C. jeikeium)
Anaerobes (oral for C. difficile)
Others (Actinomyces)

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13
Q

Daptomycin

A

G+ve cocci (Enterococci, MSSA and MRSA, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes)
G+ve bacilli (C. jeikeium)
Also VRE (Vancomycin-resistant enterococci)

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14
Q

Telavancin

A

G+ve cocci (including MRSA)
G+ve bacilli (C. jeikeium)
Also some isolates of VRE (Vancomycin-resistant enterococci)

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15
Q

Fosfomycin

A

G+ve cocci (E. faecalis)

G-ve rods (E. coli)

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16
Q

Polymyxins

Polymyxin B, Colistin [Polymyxin E]

A

G-ve rods (including P.aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp.)

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17
Q

Tetracyclines

Tetracycline, Doxycycline, Minocycline, Demeclocycline

A

G+ve cocci (MSSA and MRSA, S. pneumoniae)
G+ve bacilli (B. anthracis)
G-ve rods (Brucella spp., V. cholerae, Y. pestis)
Anaerobes (C. perfringens, C. tetani)
Spirochetes (B. burgdorferi, L. interrogans, T. pallidum)
Mycoplasma (M. pneumoniae)
Chlamydia (Chlamydia spp.)
Others (Rickettsia rickettsii)

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18
Q

Glycylcyclines

Tigecycline

A

Broad spectrum activity that includes MRSA, multi-drug resistant streptococci, VRE, extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing G-ve bacteria, Acinetobacter baumannii, and many anaerobes.
But its not active against Morganella, Proteus, Providencia or Pseudomonas spp.

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19
Q

Aminoglycosides

Amikacin, Gentamicin, Neomycin, Streptomycin, Tobramycin

A

G+ve cocci (Enterococci, S. agalactiae)

G-ve rods (Acinetobacter baumannii, Brucella spp., Francisella tularensis, Klebsiella spp., P. aeruginosa, Y. pestis)

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20
Q

Macrolides/Ketolides

Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Erythromycin, Telithromycin

A

G+ve cocci (S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae)
G+ve bacilli (C. diphtheriae)
G-ve cocci (M. catarrhalis, N. gonorrheae)
G-ve rods (B. pertussis, C. jejuni, H. influenzae, Legionella pneumophila)
Spirochetes (T. pallidum)
Mycoplasma (M. pneumoniae, U. urealyticum)
Chlamydia (C. pneumoniae, C. psittaci, C. trachomatis)
Others (Mycobacterium avium)

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21
Q

Fidaxomicin

A

G+ve aerobes and anaerobes but mainly used against C. difficile

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22
Q

Clindamycin

A

G+ve organisms including MRSA and also anaerobic bacteria

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23
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

Active against many types of organisms including Chlamydia, Rickettsia, Spirochetes, and Anaerobes.

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24
Q

Quinupristin/Dalfopristin

A

G+ve cocci including MRSA and VRE, but its not effective against E. faecalis

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25
Q

Linezolid

A

G+ve cocci (including MRSA, VRE)
G+ve bacilli (C. diphtheriae, L. monocytogenes)
Anaerobes (C. perfringens)
Others (M. tuberculosis)

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26
Q

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Nalidixic acid, Norfloxacin, Ofloxacin

A 
G+ve cocci (S. pneumoniae)
G+ve bacilli (B. anthracis)
G-ve rods (Enterobacter spp., E.coli, H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae, L. pneumophila, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa, S. marcescens, Shigella spp.)
Anaerobes (only Moxifloxacin)
Atypical organisms
Others (M. tuberculosis)
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27
Q

Sulfonamides

Mafenide, Silver sulfadiazine, Sulfasalazine, Sulfadoxine

A

Enterobacteriaceae in the urinary tract and Nocardia. Sulfadiazine+pyrimethamine for toxoplasmosis.
Sulfadoxine+pyrimethamine for malaria

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28
Q

Trimethoprim and pyrimethamine

A

G+ve cocci (Staph. spp. except S. aureus [Cotrimoxazole including MRSA], S. pneumoniae)
G+ve bacilli (L. monocytogenes [Cotrimoxazole])
G-ve rods (Enterobacter spp., E. coli, H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis) Cotrimoxazole (S. typhi, L. pneumophila, Shigella spp.)
Others (Pneumocystis jirovecii, toxoplasomosis, malaria [only pyrimethamine])

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29
Q

Methenamine

A

Most bacteria except Proteus spp.

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30
Q

Nitrofurantoin

A

G+ve cocci (S. saprophyticus)

G-ve rods (E. coli)

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31
Q

Isoniazid

A

M. tuberculosis and M. kansasii

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32
Q

Rifamycins

Rifampin, Rifabutin, Rifapentine

A

M. tuberculosis, non tuberculosis mycobacteria, M. leprae, many G+ve and G-ve organisms

33
Q

Pyrazinamide

A

M. tuberculosis

34
Q

Ethambutol

A

M. tuberculosis

35
Q

Para-aminosalicylic acid (4-Aminosalicylic acid)

A

M. tuberculosis

36
Q

Capreomycin and Viomycin

A

M. tuberculosis

37
Q

Cycloserine

A

M. tuberculosis

38
Q

Ethionamide

A

M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. segmatis

39
Q

Clofazimine

A

M. leprae, M. tuberculosis, and non tuberculosis mycobacteria (especially M. avium)

40
Q

Dapsone

A

M. leprae, P. jirovecii

41
Q

Bedaquiline

A

Active against many types of mycobacteria (especially multi-drug resistant M. tuberculosis)

42
Q

Polyenes

Amphotericin B, Nystatin

A

Wide range of fungi, including Candida albicans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Cryptococcus neoformans, Coccidioides immitis, Blastomyces dermatiditis, and many strains of Aspergillus

43
Q

Flucytosine

A

Candida, Cryptococcus, Blastomyces

44
Q

Azoles

Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Posaconazole, Voriconazole

A

Fluconazole (C. neoformans, certain Candida strains)
Itraconazole (Blastomycosis, Sporotrichosis, Paracoccidioidomycosis, and Histoplasmosis)
Posaconazole (Invasive Candida and Aspergillus, also invasive infections by Scedosporium and Zygomycetes)
Voriconazole (Invasive Candida and Aspergillus, also invasive infections by Scedosporium and Fusarium)

45
Q

Echinocandins

Caspofungin, Micafungin, Anidulafungin

A

Aspergillus and most Candida spp.

46
Q

Squalene epoxidase Inhibitors

Terbinafine, Natifine, Butenafine, Tolnaftate

A

Terbinafine (Trichophyton)
Natifine (Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton)
Butenafine (Trichophyton rubrum, Epidermophyton, Malassezia)
Tolnaftate (Epidermophyton, Microsporium, Malassezia furfur)

47
Q

Griseofulvin

A

Dermatophytosis of the scalp and hair

48
Q

Imidazoles (Azole derivatives)
(Butoconazole, Clotrimazole, Econazole, Ketoconazole, Miconazole, Oxiconazole, Sertaconazole, Sulconazole, Terconazole, Tioconazole)

A

Epidermophyton, Microsporium, Trichophyton, Candida, and Malassezia

49
Q

Ciclopirox

A

Epidermophyton, Microsporium, Trichophyton, Candida, and Malassezia

50
Q

Nitroimidazoles

Metronidazole, Tinidazole, Mebendazole, Ornidazole, Megazol, Azanidazole, Benznidazole, Thiabendazole, Albendazole

A

Metronidazole (Giardia, Trichomonas, Entamoeba, Anaerobes, Gardnerella, H. pylori)
Tinidazole (Giardia, Trichomonas, Entamoeba, H. pylori)
Mebendazole (Nematodes, Giardia, Hydatid disease)
Ornidazole (Anaerobes, Entamoeba, Giardia, T. vaginalis)
Magazol (T. brucei and T. cruzi)
Azanidazole (Trichomonal infections)
Benznidazole (T. cruzi)
Thiabendazole (topical for cutaneous larva migrans [creeping eruption])
Albendazole (Nematodes and Cestodes)

51
Q

8-Aminoquinolines

Primaquine, Pamaquine, Tafenoquine, Iodoquinol [halogenated hydroxyquinoline]

A

Primaquine (P. vivax and P. ovale)
Pamaquine (P. vivax and P. ovale and erythrocyte stage of all four types)
Tafenoquine (P. vivax and P. ovale)
Iodoquinol (E. histolytica)

52
Q

Paromomycin (aminoglycoside)

A

E. histolytica (intestinal forms)

53
Q

4-Aminoquinolines

Amodiaquine, Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine

A

Chloroquine (All plasmodium except falciparum, and amoebic liver abscess)

54
Q

Dehydroemetine

A

Amoebiasis

55
Q

Atovaquone-proguanil

A

Chloroquine resistant strains of P. falciparum

56
Q

Mefloquine

A

Multi-drug resistant forms of P. falciparum

57
Q

Quinine

A

Chloroquine resistant malarial strains

58
Q

Artemisinin

A

Multi-drug resistant forms of P. falciparum

59
Q

Pentamidine

A

T. brucei gambiense, P. jirovecii

60
Q

Suramin

A

T. brucei rhodesiense

61
Q

Melarsoprol

A

T. brucei rhodesiense

62
Q

Eflornithine

A

T. brucei gambiense

63
Q

Nifurtimox

A

T. brucei gambiense and T. cruzi

64
Q

Sodium Stibogluconate

A

Leishmania

65
Q

Miltefosine

A

Visceral Leishmaniasis

66
Q

Pyrantel Pamoate

A

Nematodes

67
Q

Ivermectin

A

Nematodes (cutaneous larva migrans, strongyloidiasis, onchocerciasis)

68
Q

Diethylcarbamazine

A

Nematodes (W. bancrofti, Brugia malayi)

69
Q

Praziquantel

A

Trematodes (all forms of schistosomiasis), also Cetode infestation such as taeniasis

70
Q

Niclosamide

A

Taeniasis, diphyllobothriasis, and other cestode infestations

71
Q

Neuraminidase Inhibitors

Oseltamivir, Zanamivir

A

Influenza A and B viruses

72
Q

Adamantane antivirals

Amantadine, Rimantadine

A

Influenza A virus

73
Q 
Nucleoside Analogs 
Guanosine (Ribavirin, Entecavir, Acyclovir, Ganciclovir, Penciclovir, Famciclovir)
Cytosine (Lamivudine, Cidofovir)
Thymidine (Telbivudine, Trifluridine)
Non-specific (Adefovir, Foscarnet)
A

Ribavirin (Broad spectrum against RNA and DNA viruses), Entecavir (HBV), Acyclovir (Herpes simplex, VZV, and some EBV), Ganciclovir (CMV), Penciclover (HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV), Famciclovir (CMV, VZV, HSV-2)
Lamivudine (HBV, HIV), Cidofovir (CMV)
Telbivudine (HBV), Trifluridine (HSV-1, HSV-2, Vaccinia)
Adefovir (HBV), Foscarnet (CMV)

74
Q

Nucleoside or Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs)
Guanosine (Abacavir[ABC])
Cytosine (Emtricitabine[FTC])
Thymidine (Stavudine[d4T])
Adenosine (Tenofovir[TDF])
Non-specific (Zidovudine[AZT], Didanosine[ddl])

A

HIV

75
Q

Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs)

Nevirapine[NVP], Delavirdine[DLV], Efavirenz[EFV], Etravirine[ETR], Rilpivirine[RPV]

A

HIV

76
Q 
Protease Inhibitors (PIs)
(Boceprevir/Telaprevir, Ritonavir[RTV], Saquinavir[SQV], Indinavir[IDV], Nelfinavir[NFV], Fosfamprenavir[FPV], Lopinavir[LPV/r], Atazanavir[ATV], Tipranavir[TPV], Darunavir[DRV])
A

Boceprevir/Telaprevir (HCV)

All others are for HIV

77
Q 
Entry Inhibitors
(Enfuvirtide, Maraviroc)
A

HIV

78
Q

Integrase Inhibitors

Raltegravir, Elvitegravir, Dolutegravir

A

HIV

79
Q

Interferons

A

HBV, HCV, condylomata acuminata, hairy cell leukemia, and Kaposi sarcoma

Chemotherapy (4 decks)

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