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Spectrum of Action Flashcards

1
Q

Natural Penicillins

Penicillin G, Penicillin V

A

G+ve cocci (S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, S. viridans)
G+ve bacilli (B. anthracis, C. diphtheriae)
G-ve cocci (N. gonorrheae, N. meningitidis)
Anaerobes (C. perfringens)
Spirochetes (T. pallidum, T. pertenue [yaws])

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2
Q

Semi-synthetic Penicillins

Amoxicillin, Ampicillin

A

G+ve cocci (enterococci)
G+ve bacilli (L. monocytogenes)
G-ve rods (E.coli, H. influenzae, P. mirabilis, S. typhi, B. burgdorferi, H. pylori)

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3
Q

Anti-Staphylococcal Penicillins

Methicillin, Nafcillin, Oxacillin, Dicloxacillin

A

MSSA

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4
Q

Anti-Pseudomonal Penicillins

Piperacillin, Ticarcillin, Carbenicillin, Mezlocillin

A

G-ve rods (Enterobacter spp., E. coli, P. mirabilis, H. influenzae, P. aeruginosa)

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5
Q

First generation cephalosporins

Cefazolin, Cefadroxil, Cephalexin

A

G+ve cocci (MSSA, S. epidermidis, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, enterococci)
G-ve rods (E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis)

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6
Q

Second generation cephalosporins

Cefuroxime sodium, Cefuroxime axetil, Cefoxitin, Cefotetan, Cefaclor

A

G+ve cocci (MSSA, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, enterococci)
G-ve cocci (N. gonorrheae)
G-ve rods (E. coli, H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, Enterobacter aerogenes)
Anaerobes (only Cefoxitin and Cefotetan)

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7
Q

Third generation cephalosporins

Cefdinir, Cefixime, Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Ceftibuten

A

G+ve cocci (S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, enterococci)
G-ve cocci (N. gonorrheae)
G-ve rods (E. aerogenes, E. coli, H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens)

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8
Q

Fourth generation cephalosporins

Cefepime

A

G+ve cocci (Staphylococci [except MRSA], Streptococci)

G-ve rods (Enterobacter spp., E. coli, K. pneomoniae, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa [increased activity])

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9
Q

Fifth (Advanced) generation cephalosporin

Ceftaroline

A

G+ve cocci (including MRSA)
G-ve cocci (N. gonorrheae)
G-ve rods (E. aerogenes, E. coli, H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, Serratia marcescens)

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10
Q

Carbapenems

Imipenem, Meropenem, Doripenem, Ertapenem

A

G+ve cocci (except MRSA)
G+ve bacilli (L. monocytogenes)
G-ve cocci
G-ve rods
Anaerobes (Clostridium spp., Peptococcus spp., Peptostreptococcus spp., Propionibacterium spp., Bacteroides spp., Fusobacterium spp.)
Others (Actinomyces, Nocardia spp.)
Note: Ertapenem has no coverage for P. aeruginosa, Enterococcus spp. and Acinetobacter spp.

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11
Q

Monobactams

Aztreonam

A

G-ve cocci and rods (including Enterobacteriaceae and P. aeruginosa)

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12
Q

Vancomycin

A

G+ve cocci (including MRSA)
G+ve bacilli (L. monocytogenes, C. jeikeium)
Anaerobes (oral for C. difficile)
Others (Actinomyces)

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13
Q

Daptomycin

A

G+ve cocci (Enterococci, MSSA and MRSA, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes)
G+ve bacilli (C. jeikeium)
Also VRE (Vancomycin-resistant enterococci)

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14
Q

Telavancin

A

G+ve cocci (including MRSA)
G+ve bacilli (C. jeikeium)
Also some isolates of VRE (Vancomycin-resistant enterococci)

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15
Q

Fosfomycin

A

G+ve cocci (E. faecalis)

G-ve rods (E. coli)

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16
Q

Polymyxins

Polymyxin B, Colistin [Polymyxin E]

A

G-ve rods (including P.aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp.)

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17
Q

Tetracyclines

Tetracycline, Doxycycline, Minocycline, Demeclocycline

A

G+ve cocci (MSSA and MRSA, S. pneumoniae)
G+ve bacilli (B. anthracis)
G-ve rods (Brucella spp., V. cholerae, Y. pestis)
Anaerobes (C. perfringens, C. tetani)
Spirochetes (B. burgdorferi, L. interrogans, T. pallidum)
Mycoplasma (M. pneumoniae)
Chlamydia (Chlamydia spp.)
Others (Rickettsia rickettsii)

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18
Q

Glycylcyclines

Tigecycline

A

Broad spectrum activity that includes MRSA, multi-drug resistant streptococci, VRE, extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing G-ve bacteria, Acinetobacter baumannii, and many anaerobes.
But its not active against Morganella, Proteus, Providencia or Pseudomonas spp.

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19
Q

Aminoglycosides

Amikacin, Gentamicin, Neomycin, Streptomycin, Tobramycin

A

G+ve cocci (Enterococci, S. agalactiae)

G-ve rods (Acinetobacter baumannii, Brucella spp., Francisella tularensis, Klebsiella spp., P. aeruginosa, Y. pestis)

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20
Q

Macrolides/Ketolides

Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Erythromycin, Telithromycin

A

G+ve cocci (S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae)
G+ve bacilli (C. diphtheriae)
G-ve cocci (M. catarrhalis, N. gonorrheae)
G-ve rods (B. pertussis, C. jejuni, H. influenzae, Legionella pneumophila)
Spirochetes (T. pallidum)
Mycoplasma (M. pneumoniae, U. urealyticum)
Chlamydia (C. pneumoniae, C. psittaci, C. trachomatis)
Others (Mycobacterium avium)

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21
Q

Fidaxomicin

A

G+ve aerobes and anaerobes but mainly used against C. difficile

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22
Q

Clindamycin

A

G+ve organisms including MRSA and also anaerobic bacteria

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23
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

Active against many types of organisms including Chlamydia, Rickettsia, Spirochetes, and Anaerobes.

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24
Q

Quinupristin/Dalfopristin

A

G+ve cocci including MRSA and VRE, but its not effective against E. faecalis

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25
Linezolid
G+ve cocci (including MRSA, VRE) G+ve bacilli (C. diphtheriae, L. monocytogenes) Anaerobes (C. perfringens) Others (M. tuberculosis)
26
Fluoroquinolones | Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Nalidixic acid, Norfloxacin, Ofloxacin
``` G+ve cocci (S. pneumoniae) G+ve bacilli (B. anthracis) G-ve rods (Enterobacter spp., E.coli, H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae, L. pneumophila, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa, S. marcescens, Shigella spp.) Anaerobes (only Moxifloxacin) Atypical organisms Others (M. tuberculosis) ```
27
Sulfonamides | Mafenide, Silver sulfadiazine, Sulfasalazine, Sulfadoxine
Enterobacteriaceae in the urinary tract and Nocardia. Sulfadiazine+pyrimethamine for toxoplasmosis. Sulfadoxine+pyrimethamine for malaria
28
Trimethoprim and pyrimethamine
G+ve cocci (Staph. spp. except S. aureus [Cotrimoxazole including MRSA], S. pneumoniae) G+ve bacilli (L. monocytogenes [Cotrimoxazole]) G-ve rods (Enterobacter spp., E. coli, H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis) Cotrimoxazole (S. typhi, L. pneumophila, Shigella spp.) Others (Pneumocystis jirovecii, toxoplasomosis, malaria [only pyrimethamine])
29
Methenamine
Most bacteria except Proteus spp.
30
Nitrofurantoin
G+ve cocci (S. saprophyticus) | G-ve rods (E. coli)
31
Isoniazid
M. tuberculosis and M. kansasii
32
Rifamycins | Rifampin, Rifabutin, Rifapentine
M. tuberculosis, non tuberculosis mycobacteria, M. leprae, many G+ve and G-ve organisms
33
Pyrazinamide
M. tuberculosis
34
Ethambutol
M. tuberculosis
35
Para-aminosalicylic acid (4-Aminosalicylic acid)
M. tuberculosis
36
Capreomycin and Viomycin
M. tuberculosis
37
Cycloserine
M. tuberculosis
38
Ethionamide
M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. segmatis
39
Clofazimine
M. leprae, M. tuberculosis, and non tuberculosis mycobacteria (especially M. avium)
40
Dapsone
M. leprae, P. jirovecii
41
Bedaquiline
Active against many types of mycobacteria (especially multi-drug resistant M. tuberculosis)
42
Polyenes | Amphotericin B, Nystatin
Wide range of fungi, including Candida albicans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Cryptococcus neoformans, Coccidioides immitis, Blastomyces dermatiditis, and many strains of Aspergillus
43
Flucytosine
Candida, Cryptococcus, Blastomyces
44
Azoles | Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Posaconazole, Voriconazole
Fluconazole (C. neoformans, certain Candida strains) Itraconazole (Blastomycosis, Sporotrichosis, Paracoccidioidomycosis, and Histoplasmosis) Posaconazole (Invasive Candida and Aspergillus, also invasive infections by Scedosporium and Zygomycetes) Voriconazole (Invasive Candida and Aspergillus, also invasive infections by Scedosporium and Fusarium)
45
Echinocandins | Caspofungin, Micafungin, Anidulafungin
Aspergillus and most Candida spp.
46
Squalene epoxidase Inhibitors | Terbinafine, Natifine, Butenafine, Tolnaftate
Terbinafine (Trichophyton) Natifine (Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton) Butenafine (Trichophyton rubrum, Epidermophyton, Malassezia) Tolnaftate (Epidermophyton, Microsporium, Malassezia furfur)
47
Griseofulvin
Dermatophytosis of the scalp and hair
48
Imidazoles (Azole derivatives) (Butoconazole, Clotrimazole, Econazole, Ketoconazole, Miconazole, Oxiconazole, Sertaconazole, Sulconazole, Terconazole, Tioconazole)
Epidermophyton, Microsporium, Trichophyton, Candida, and Malassezia
49
Ciclopirox
Epidermophyton, Microsporium, Trichophyton, Candida, and Malassezia
50
Nitroimidazoles | Metronidazole, Tinidazole, Mebendazole, Ornidazole, Megazol, Azanidazole, Benznidazole, Thiabendazole, Albendazole
Metronidazole (Giardia, Trichomonas, Entamoeba, Anaerobes, Gardnerella, H. pylori) Tinidazole (Giardia, Trichomonas, Entamoeba, H. pylori) Mebendazole (Nematodes, Giardia, Hydatid disease) Ornidazole (Anaerobes, Entamoeba, Giardia, T. vaginalis) Magazol (T. brucei and T. cruzi) Azanidazole (Trichomonal infections) Benznidazole (T. cruzi) Thiabendazole (topical for cutaneous larva migrans [creeping eruption]) Albendazole (Nematodes and Cestodes)
51
8-Aminoquinolines | Primaquine, Pamaquine, Tafenoquine, Iodoquinol [halogenated hydroxyquinoline]
Primaquine (P. vivax and P. ovale) Pamaquine (P. vivax and P. ovale and erythrocyte stage of all four types) Tafenoquine (P. vivax and P. ovale) Iodoquinol (E. histolytica)
52
Paromomycin (aminoglycoside)
E. histolytica (intestinal forms)
53
4-Aminoquinolines | Amodiaquine, Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine
Chloroquine (All plasmodium except falciparum, and amoebic liver abscess)
54
Dehydroemetine
Amoebiasis
55
Atovaquone-proguanil
Chloroquine resistant strains of P. falciparum
56
Mefloquine
Multi-drug resistant forms of P. falciparum
57
Quinine
Chloroquine resistant malarial strains
58
Artemisinin
Multi-drug resistant forms of P. falciparum
59
Pentamidine
T. brucei gambiense, P. jirovecii
60
Suramin
T. brucei rhodesiense
61
Melarsoprol
T. brucei rhodesiense
62
Eflornithine
T. brucei gambiense
63
Nifurtimox
T. brucei gambiense and T. cruzi
64
Sodium Stibogluconate
Leishmania
65
Miltefosine
Visceral Leishmaniasis
66
Pyrantel Pamoate
Nematodes
67
Ivermectin
Nematodes (cutaneous larva migrans, strongyloidiasis, onchocerciasis)
68
Diethylcarbamazine
Nematodes (W. bancrofti, Brugia malayi)
69
Praziquantel
Trematodes (all forms of schistosomiasis), also Cetode infestation such as taeniasis
70
Niclosamide
Taeniasis, diphyllobothriasis, and other cestode infestations
71
Neuraminidase Inhibitors | Oseltamivir, Zanamivir
Influenza A and B viruses
72
Adamantane antivirals | Amantadine, Rimantadine
Influenza A virus
73
``` Nucleoside Analogs Guanosine (Ribavirin, Entecavir, Acyclovir, Ganciclovir, Penciclovir, Famciclovir) Cytosine (Lamivudine, Cidofovir) Thymidine (Telbivudine, Trifluridine) Non-specific (Adefovir, Foscarnet) ```
Ribavirin (Broad spectrum against RNA and DNA viruses), Entecavir (HBV), Acyclovir (Herpes simplex, VZV, and some EBV), Ganciclovir (CMV), Penciclover (HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV), Famciclovir (CMV, VZV, HSV-2) Lamivudine (HBV, HIV), Cidofovir (CMV) Telbivudine (HBV), Trifluridine (HSV-1, HSV-2, Vaccinia) Adefovir (HBV), Foscarnet (CMV)
74
Nucleoside or Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) Guanosine (Abacavir[ABC]) Cytosine (Emtricitabine[FTC]) Thymidine (Stavudine[d4T]) Adenosine (Tenofovir[TDF]) Non-specific (Zidovudine[AZT], Didanosine[ddl])
HIV
75
Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) | Nevirapine[NVP], Delavirdine[DLV], Efavirenz[EFV], Etravirine[ETR], Rilpivirine[RPV]
HIV
76
``` Protease Inhibitors (PIs) (Boceprevir/Telaprevir, Ritonavir[RTV], Saquinavir[SQV], Indinavir[IDV], Nelfinavir[NFV], Fosfamprenavir[FPV], Lopinavir[LPV/r], Atazanavir[ATV], Tipranavir[TPV], Darunavir[DRV]) ```
Boceprevir/Telaprevir (HCV) | All others are for HIV
77
``` Entry Inhibitors (Enfuvirtide, Maraviroc) ```
HIV
78
Integrase Inhibitors | Raltegravir, Elvitegravir, Dolutegravir
HIV
79
Interferons
HBV, HCV, condylomata acuminata, hairy cell leukemia, and Kaposi sarcoma

Chemotherapy (4 decks)

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