specimen 1a

Question 1

sigmoidoscopy (normal) has mucosa lined by what epithelium?

Answer 1

simple columnar epithelium with simple tubular glands

Question 2

anal skin epithelium?

Answer 2

stratified squamous keratinising epithelium

Question 3

what enzyme splits the two DNA strands apart

Answer 3

helicase

Question 4

what does single stranded nucleic acid contain that double doesn’t?

Answer 4

uracil

Question 5

what enzyme to amplify DNA?

Answer 5

DNA polymerase

Question 6

what phase of cell cycle:

nuclear membranes are absent, chromatids are present at opposite poles of the cells

Answer 6

anaphase

Question 7

stable hepatocytes enter would re-enter the cell cycle at what phase?

Answer 7

G1

Question 8

unconjudated bilirubin binds to this compound in the blood

Answer 8

albumin

Question 9

free bilirubin is reduced to this before excretion in the urine

Answer 9

urobilinogen

Question 10

increased levels of this cause the yellow coloration in the skin and eyes in obstructive jaundice

Answer 10

conjugated bilirubin

Question 11

what sub is produced by the pancreas and buffers the stomach contents on entering the duodenum?

Answer 11

bicarbonate ions

Question 12

this hormone stimulates the production of pancreatic juice after eating

Answer 12

secretin

Question 13

elevated levels of this enzyme are commonly found in patients with acute pancreatitis

Answer 13

amylase

Question 14

swollen abdomen and legs and no cardiac disease

Answer 14

low serum albumin

Question 15

chest pain behind lower end of sternum, usually at night when flat in bed or bending over

Answer 15

gastroesophageal reflux

Question 16

line joining the 6th rib in the mid-clavicular line, the 8th rib in the mid-axillary line and the 10th rib in the back

Answer 16

edge of the lungs

Question 17

part of the heard you’d feel just to the left and alongside the sternum and feel a strong diffuse impulse that is inline with the arterial pulse

Answer 17

right ventricle

Question 18

the production of four cells each with 23 chromosomes, from a single cell

Answer 18

meiosis

Question 19

father passes the affected chromosome to his daughters and to none of his sons

Answer 19

X-linked inheritance

Question 20

physical properties observed in a single individual, either male or female

Answer 20

phenotype

Question 21

inhaling chlorine gas by accident, what factor induces a cough?

Answer 21

stimulation of the carnia

Question 22

route by which the CNS is stimulated following inhalation of the chlorine gas

Answer 22

parasympathetic nerve activity

Question 23

initial muscular response prior to coughing

Answer 23

abdominal muscle contraction

Question 24

18 year old has tooth taken out, and still bleeds profusely for ages, deficient in what?

Answer 24

factor VIII

Question 25

kid trips and grazes knee, bleeds then stops. what mechanism is at play?

Answer 25

vascular constriction