Specifying Quaity Flashcards
most people, seem to mean “high quality”
“QUALITY”
hard concept to pi down.
“QUALITY”
does not object high quality.
service provider
embodied in its characteristics
service’ quality
may take
the form of quality policy statement.
end product of managerial decisions
involves not only the finished product but also the
whole production process.
Quality control in production
method checking manufacturing operations to determine how well
these operations adhere to blueprint specifications or dimensions, tolerance, surface
finish and the life, as well as processing, testing, and manufacturing
Quality control
possibility that a
product will perform without failure when operated under reasonable conditions through
its normal life.
Reliability,
The reliability program is divided into four phases:
- Design
- Testing
- Production
- Services
Should take into account the intended function of the part, the environment, the stresses to which the
product will be subjected, and the financial capabilities of the customer.
Design
case of car manufacturing, durability tests are made on cars on the production line under severe
conditions to deteremine their suitability to the cuntry and to detect areas where impprovements could be made.
Testing
the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials, or the process of being so
manufactured.
Production
The last phase of reliability takes place when the car comes into the possession of the customer who spots weaknesses missed in design and testing.
Services
A firm that manufacturing shoes may either produce shoes that fit exceedingly well,
Rationale
very stylish, or it can produce satisfactory shoes that give good service and wear moderately well.
Rationale
Can products be manufactured based on qualitative properties?
YES, but products will be
inefficiently produced (like trial and error which is costly).
operationalize manufacturing.
- Products within specifications, qualitative such as physical and chemical properties and a definition of
min and max limits for said properties. - Clear, qualitative processing instructions
- Formulas for mixed items
- Tools, equipment, methods, system
- Engineering plans and drawings, for fabricated items requiring dimension
- Operating conditions, temperature, pressure, flow rates, and other conditions needed
The primary control implemetation activity on a day-to-day basis is inspection.
INSTRUCTION
specific kind of inspection
TESTING
broader term than testing
Inspection
METHODS OF CHECKING PRODUCT QUALITY
- Inspection
- Testing
Inspection
Visual, Judgemental Broad, Tasting, dealing w/ properties termed as attributes
ex. Garments, Foods
Tasting
Specific, Quantified, Involves establishing and chemical properties, deals with properties termed variables
Tasting
- Raw or purchased materials. For those suppliers with ISO I(international Organization for Standardization founded in 1946) certification, normally attract and maintain big clients.
- Work-in-process
- Finished products
all purchased items should be inspected to see that they are of the right kind
and quantity and so that damaged or unsatisfactory items can be returned to the supplier and new
ones obtained quickly.
INSPECTING PURCHASED ITEMS
Regardless of the method used to inspect work in process, the finals inspection of the
product should probably have done by an independent department which does not report to
production supervisors.
INSPECTING WORK IN PROCESS
PRACTICAL STAGES AT WHHICH IN BEST TO CHHECK QUALITY
- After a critical operationbecause that’s here trouble is bound to be encountered.
- Inspect before a costly operation to prevent unncessary cost on already detective inputs
- Inspect before operations that will cover up defects because it will be difficult to see these defects
after covering up - Inspect before assembly operations which cannot be undone (due to mistake, defects) such aas
welding parts or mixing paints. - Inspect before storage (including purchased items)
- Inspect before operations where faulty material/products may break/jam the machines.
- Inspect finished parts/components
- Inspect and test finished products
- On automatic and semiautomatic machines, inspect first an last pieces of items
METHODS OF DISPOSING REJECTED MATERIALS
- Sell them as “seconds”. Ex. Slightly defectives textile, tires
- Salvaged by reworking or re-blending. Ex. Batch types (petroleum)
- Non-critical qualities are defective. “accepted” or “passed”
- Downgrade. Sell it as lower quality product
- “Work away”
a. Dishonest methods
b. Combine with good quality ones, a little at a time
HOW MANY SAMPLES TO CHECK?
Will depend on the economic balance between:
a. Cost of testing vs. risks involved in taking less samples than necessary
b. Ex. There are items which need to be 100% tested like electric wires.
- Probability analysis is important because in most cases inspection can and should be done only by
sampling.
WHERE TO INSPECT?
Inspection can take a place either at the job or in a central inspection crib.
WHERE TO INSPECT? Inspection can take a place either at the job or in a central inspection crib.
- Floor Inspection
- Central Inspection
“patrolling”, “roving”, or “first piece” inspection where inspectors move from machine to machines to approve setups
Floor Inspection
Materials are trucked to a central inspection crib, where they are left to be inspected
Central Inspection
involved in almost all inspections, even when mechanical devices as
micrometers, gauges, or components are used, because there are always boredline.
Judgment
REDUCING INSPECTION AVTIVITY
- Repetitive manual jobs, including inspection can often be mechanized.
- Sometimes it is necessary to know a part’s exact size but only that it is between two
limits and not beyond - Improves the machine or set them properly so that it does not get out of adjustment.
- Install a sense of pride in workmanship in each worker, and, within reason, let them
be responsible for checking their own work and reporting problems as they occur.
different approach to the problem of mechanized inspection is to build machines
which check their own work. This is called process control.
PROCESS CONTROL
sorting inspected parts by size so that over-and undersize parts can be
matched. This is important where parts have to fit together and work as mating parts.
SELECTIVE INSPECTION
operations is connected at all times to a central computer or has “satellite” or
“distributed” mini or microcomputers located at several key operations which are tied to
the central controlling computer.
ONLINE AND ONLINE-REAL-TIME QUALITY MANAGEMENT
THREE REASONS WHY THE EMPHASIS ON QUALITY
- More satisfied customers, customers are happy.
- Promotes repeat and increased business, customers buy again.
- Contributes to firm’s profitability which translate to job security and makes firm profitable (more
volumes and less wastage)
STEPS IN BASIC QUALITY PROCESSES
- Quality Planning
- Controls
- Improvement
Controls
a. Choose control subject
b. Choose units of measurement
c. Establish measurement
d. Establish standards of performance
e. Interpret the difference (actual vs. standards)
f. Take action on the difference
Improvement
a. Prove the need for improvement
b. Identify specific projects for improvement
c. Organize to guide the projects
d. Organize for diagnosis, for discovery of cause
e. Diagnose to find the causes
f. Provide remedies
g. Prove that the remedies are effective under operating conditions
h. Provide for control to hold the gains
Quality Planning
a. Identify the customers, both internal and external
b. Determine customer needs
c. Develop product features that respond on customer needs.
d. Establish quality goals that meet the needs of customer and suppliers alike, and do so at a
minimum combined costs.
e. Develop a process that can produce that need product features.
f. Prove product capability, prove that the process can meet the quality goals under
operating conditions.
Imperfection of systems, how well they re implemented and their suitability and
appropriateness.
PRACTICAL APPROACHES REGARDING QUALITY SYSTEMS
PRACTICAL APPROACHES REGARDING QUALITY SYSTEMS
- People implementing and monitorig the Basic Quality Systems (BQS) may not be
reliable. - Fads
- Do not be “fashion managers” (lacking ease of expression such resistance to
change, “yes men”
Fads
a. MBO (Management By Objectives)
b. QC (Quality Circles)
c. TQM (Total Quality Management)
d. Business re-engineering
e. ROQ (Return on Quality)
MBO
Management By Objectives
QC
Quality Circles
TQM
Total Quality Management
ROQ
Return on Quality
Quality Circle
- Small group.
- Same working unit or work area.
- Voluntarily identify and solve problems.
- Areas of responsibility.
always the cheapest and the flimsiest of
all.
Japanese-made products
originated the fishbone diagram.
Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa,
cause and effect diagram which is a
sample graphical tool for organizing a collection of ideas.
Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa,
Objectives of QCs
- Reduces errors and enhances quality
- Inspires more effective teamwork
- Promotes job environment
- Increases employee motivation
- Creates problem solving capability
- Builds problem prevention attitude
- Improves company communication
- Develops harmonious manager-worker relationship
- Promotes personal and leadership development
- Develops greater safety awareness
STEPS IN QC OPERATION
- Problem identification
- Problem selection
- Problem Analysis
- Management recommendation
ISO 9000
series of quality management and assurance standard which define the elements needed to achieve a quality system.
WHAT PROMOTED ISO 9000
Suppliers had a hard time to justify and explain how products were manufactured to convince buyers.
BENEFITS OF ISO 9000
- Saves money
- Ensures satisfied customers
- Reduces waste and time-consuming reworking of design and procedures.
- Motivates staff because it give job satisfaction
remains to be an elusive dream.
Quality education
Quality education
a. Lack of classroom
b. Lack of facilities
c. Lack of teachers
d. Lack of a faculty development program
e. Inadequate pay for teachers and other education personnel
f. A host of other inadequacies
