Specific Sport Injuries Flashcards
Why is a lateral ankle sprain more prevalent than medial ankle sprain
Weaker ligaments
Fibula acts as a mechanical barrier
Most people land in an inverted foot position
Lateral ankle sprain is what percentage of all sporting injuries
10-15%
Injury sequence of a lateral ankle sprain
Anterior talofibular ligament
Calcaneofibular ligament
Posterior talofibular ligament
Muscluotendinous units supporting the ankle joint
Stress fracture
Hairline or microscopic break in bone due to repetitive stress rather than trauma
Stress fracture risk factors and symptoms
Inadequate shock absorption, sudden increase in training, nutrition factors are all among risk as well as it being more common in post menopausal women.
There is pain and swelling at locality, pain at rest, can be diagnosed via a bone scan, a stress reaction may proceed, takes 6-8 weeks for the bone the heal
Achilles’ tendon bursitis
Repeated trauma/ friction causing inflammation of the bursa
Tendocaneal- irritated by shoes especially heal
Retrocaneal- irritated by calcaneous and/ or tendon
Causes pain in back of heels when running, wearing shoes or swelling
Cannot use massage but heel raise, Ice, shoe change if acute and a bursa resection if it is chronic
Plantar faciitis (muscle under foot is the plantar fascia)- causes
Inflamation caused by excessive stretching of the plantar fascia
Caused by overpronation (flat feet), reduced range in Dorsi flexion, sudden increase in activity, excessive weight, improper fitting footwear.
Plantar fasciitis symptoms
Stiffness and pain first thing in the morning
Pain upon direct pressure over site of disfunction
Pain upstairs, on tiptoes or standing for long periods
Pain sometimes lessons as exercise continues
Associated tightness if achillies and gastrocnemius
Achilles tendonitis and causes
Chronic micro tears to Achilles tendon by repetitive activity
Caused by overuse, chronic increase in training, unaccustomed activities, overpronation, excessive tension into dorsiflexion
Symptoms of Achilles tendonitis
Pain upon palpating Pain on tendon during exercise Possible creaking/ crepitus upon movement Pain and stiffness in the morning Pain when walking upstairs
What are Shin splints
Generic complain for pain in the shin area, stress fracture, compartment syndrome, medial tibial stress syndrome, periostitis of medial tibia due to attachment of soleus and it contracting eccentrically
Causes of shin splints
Overpronation
Sudden increase in training
Running in spikes and forefoot strikers and hard surfaces
Sports with repeated landing and taking off
Insufficient warmup
Tight soleus muscles
Compartment syndrome- and acute vs chronic
When the muscle becomes too big for the fascia that surrounds it
Acute compartment syndrome is a medical emergency but we can treat chronic compartment syndrome with a hands on technique
Acute- trauma, 3rd degree tear, fractures
Chronic- hypertrophy, venous/ arterial blood supply impaired, hypoxia causing pain on hard surfaces
Symptoms of compartment syndrome
Sharp pain in muscles Weakness, sensory loss, lack of pulse Swelling and tenderness Pain during exercise and goes at rest Difficulty in plantar and Dorsi flexion
Causes of ACL
Lateral blow
Trauma forcing femur backwards
External rotation and valgus strain
PCL sprain causes
Hypertension
Falling on tibial tuberosity
Trauma forcing tibia backwards
Meniscal tear
Cause by strong and sudden twisting, deep knee bends or a lateral blow and MCL damage
Causes pain inside joint and along joint line, locking clicking and giving way, inability to fully extend
Osgood schlatters disease
Inflammation of the periosteum at the attachment of the patella tendon, cause by overuse/ repeated trauma often in combination with a growth spurt.
Causes pain on palpation of tibial tuberosity, pain with resisted knee extension, tightness of quads and red and hot skin
Piriformis syndrome
Condition in which the piriformis spasms and causes buttock pain. Can also irritate the nearby sciatic nerve and cause pain, numbness and tingling along the back of the leg and potentially into the food
Causes of piriformis syndrome
Lumbar spine pathology
Overuse
Gait
Patellofemoral syndrome (chondromalciacia patella)
Degeneration of the posterior surface of the patella caused by a Q angle greater than 18-20 degrees
Tight itb and quads
Disparity between lateral and medial quads
Weak abductors
Overuse or repetitive trauma
Symptoms of patellofemoral syndrome (chondromalscia patella)
Anterior pain in knee joint and medial border of the patella
Pain downstairs, sitting, standing and squatting
Crepitus, creaking
Sometimes swelling
Illiotibial band syndrome (runners knee)
Inflamation of the ITB as it moves over the lateral femoral condyle caused by overuse
Overpronation
Tight lateral tissues, TfL and glut max specifically
Leg length discrepancy
Poor biomechanics
Symptoms of runners knee (illiotibial band syndrome)
Pain in lateral knee
Pain running downhill or climbing stairs
Click when knee bends to 30 degrees
Tenderness to oalpste
Osteoarthritis of the knee
Degeneration of the articular cartilage within the knee
Chance of development increases with heredity, gender, obesity, gender, joint overuse
Symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee
Swelling Pain and stiffness with pain at rest at advanced stages Crepitus Increased temperature Reduced mobility and X ray changes
Trochanteric bursitis
Inflammation of either the deep bursa or the greater trochanter caused by overpronation, running on cambered roads and a trauma or blow to the area
Symptoms of trochanteric bursitis
Pain on running
Swelling and inflamation
Pain on passive abductors
Radiating at night
Rotator cuff strain
75% of all shoulder pain is in the supraspinatus tendon
Weakest point is 1 cm from the attachment to the greater tuberosity of the humerous
Rotator cuff strain can be caused by
Trauma- direct fall into shoulders and lifting heavy objects
Or overuse- increase age or use decreases blood flow and elasticity
Symptoms of rotator cuff strain
Intense pain when injury occurs if acute
Pain on palpation
Pain on resisted movement
Adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder) stages
Stage 1- painful (gradual onset) 2-9 months
Stage 2- stiffening, progressive loss of motion, 4-12 months
Stage 3- thawing phase, 6-9 months, gradual motion improvement
Adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder) causes and symptoms
Caused by hormonal release, genetic component, autoimmune response to unhurt, fracture surgery
Symptoms- pain and stiffness, decreases range of movement and pain at night
Dislocated shoulder
Most common traumatic sporting injury
Male 9:1 women
Either anterior or posterior but much greater incidence of anterior dislocation
Lateral and medial epicondylitis
Tennis elbow and golfers elbow
Degenerative overuse injury to the flexor and extensor tendons
Pain on palpation and resisted movement
Weakness in movement and pain may radiate down the forearm
Subacromial burstisis
Inflammation of the bursa underneath the acromion and on top of the supraspinatus tendon. Cause by a fall or blow to the shoulder, supraspinatus tendonopathy or overuse of arm above shoulder level
Sciatica
Pressure on the sciatic nerve at a point along its course caused by prolapsed disk, spondylothesis, space occupying lesion, ostephytic growths and piriformis
Sciatica symptoms
Radiating pain down the leg, possible lower back pain dependant upon cause
Whiplash
Rapid extension followed by flexion or vice Versa
Graded 1 to 4
Grade 1- stiffness and tenderness but no physical signs and no loss of mobility
Grade 4- neck complaints, fracture, dislocation of injury to spinal chord
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Impingement on the median nerve through the carpal tunnel caused by inflamation of flexor tendons, pregnancy, fracture or hand intensive activities
