Specific Response - Humoral Flashcards
1
Q
What is the key factor the humoral and cell mediated responses use?
A
Antigen presentation
2
Q
Summarise the humoral response
A
- Phagocyte engulfs and destroys bacteria
- Antigen from bacteria goes to surface of phagocyte on major histocompatibility complexes
- Antigen is presented to T helper cell, binding with CD4 receptors
- T helper cell activated (produces t memory cells)
- B cell finds an antigen matching its receptors
- B cell is activated by a T helper cell, binding to it and producing cytokines
- B cell divides to produce plasma and memory cells
- Plasma cells produce antibodies, attaching to invader
- Macrophages identify marked cells and engulf. Antibodies clump together and can neutralise toxins
- Memory cells help immune system activate on reinfection
3
Q
What are B cells?
A
- B produced in bone marrow, mature in bone marrow
- Target microorganisms and insoluble toxins
- Some become plasma cells to secrete antibodies
4
Q
What are T cells?
A
- Produced in bone marrow, and mature in thymus
- T Killer destroy body cells with foreign proteins on surface (infected by virus or abnormal cancer cells)
- T helper cells stimulate specific responses
5
Q
What is an antigen?
A
Anything that causes an immune response (usually foreign proteins or glycoproteins)
6
Q
What do antibodies do?
A
Work to rid the body of antigen carrying structures such as microorganisms
7
Q
What is opsonisation?
A
Particles are coated with antibodies and marked for phagocytosis
8
Q
What is precipitation?
A
Soluble toxins are made insoluble and inactive
9
Q
What is agglutination?
A
Microorganisms are clumped together to make phagocytosis easy
10
Q
What is lysis?
A
Breaking open of bacterial cells
11
Q
Summarise clonal selection of B cells?
A
- Only B cells with complementary receptors bind to antigen
- B cell becomes APC
- T cell binds to B cell, produces cytokines and activates B cell to produce clones
- Effector cells differentiate into plasma cells
