Specific Facts Flashcards
1
Q
Born in 2000, how many of these children in the United States are projected to develop diabetes?
A
30%
2
Q
Out of all cases of diabetes, how many are type 1? type 2?
A
10% type 1
90% type 2
3
Q
Sweetest artificial sweetener? least Sweet?
A
Sucralose (splenda), lactose
4
Q
Kidney received how much cardiac output?
A
25%
5
Q
How much % of renal artery is urea?
A
25%
6
Q
Define eicosanoids
A
Regulate metabolism, increase or decrease CVD “lipid” version of hormone. Localized
7
Q
How many out of the 5 symptoms of metabolic syndrome must be present to have metabolic syndrome?
A
3/5
8
Q
What are the symptoms of metabolic syndrome?
A
- Visceral adipose/abdominal fat
- high blood sugar
- high blood pressure
- high LDL
- low HDL
9
Q
Blood clot time for inuits who consume lots of fish?
A
8 minutes
10
Q
Blood clot time for danes who don’t consume a lot of fish?
A
5 mins
11
Q
Lowering serum cholesterol by 1% decreases risk off heart attack by how much?
A
2%
12
Q
what is CLA?
A
Conjugated linoleum acid.
Only natural trans fat, found in milk products, made by bacteria in calfs stomach and does NOT cause harm in human body.
May promote muscle gain.
13
Q
What % of americans are overweight?
A
70%
14
Q
How does LDL become oxidized? Glycated?
A
Modified LDL .. oxidized by smoking, glycated by high blood sugar (diabetes)
15
Q
Leading cause of death in Canada?
A
Circulatory disease
16
Q
How much does cancer contribute to death in canada?
A
20%
17
Q
How much does heart disease contribute to death in Canada?
A
30%
18
Q
Examples of saturated fat?
A
Stearic acid, coconut oil, butter, palm oil, beef tallow, ghee, lard
19
Q
Examples of MUFA?
A
Oleic acid (omega 9), olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil
20
Q
Examples of PUFA?
A
Omega 3, 6, safflower oil, flaxseed oil, walnut, sunflower, corn, soybean, cottonseed
21
Q
Major risk factors for death in Canada?
A
1) Diet and Obesity
2) Tobacco and smoking
22
Q
Explain edema, what can instigate it?
A
Edema = swelling due to excess fluid in tissues. Low protein/starvation … protein in plasma will leak out of blood vessels into the tissues (between cells) proteins attract water = swelling.
- protein loss by inflammation/illness
- inadequate protein synthesis caused by liver disease
- inadequate dietary intake of protein
23
Q
making of DRI?
A
WHO, FAO, UNU
24
Q
Have we found the cystic fibrosis gene? why isn’t it beneficial?
A
Yes, genetic defect on chloride channel NUT 1200 different mutations will show that phenotype.
25
Explain humulin
Human proteins to create a synthetic insulin .. more effective and concentrated.
26
Explain rennet
synthetic enzyme used in making cheese, used to be from calf stomach and now a biotechnology
27
Genetics and nutrition interaction examples?
Cystic fibrosis - malnutrition accelerates lung infections, expresses gene for cystic fibrosis.
Production of LDL - interacts with gene expression to manufacture LDL by increase consumption of sat fat. Decrease by consumption of MUFA PUFA.
28
Source of?
Less than 30% RDA
29
Good source of/High in?
greater than or equal to 30% of RDA
30
excellent source or very high in?
greater than or equal to 50% of RDA
31
2010 dietary guidelines concluded that
- soy and veg. protein do not have unique benefits .. except diets rich in veg are higher in fibre
- Added sugars directly linked to weight gain
- replacing sat fat with mufa pufa decrease risk of HD and Type 2 diabtes
- Omega 3 over 250-300mg/day no added benefits
32
Acceptable nutrition claims?
```
Vegetable and fruit deceasing HD
Soy protein and choles lowering
Unsat fat and blood choles lowering
Vegetable and fruit decreasing cancer
**probably through gene expression**
```
33
Unacceptable nutrition claims?
Whole grains and CHD
Dietary fat and cancer
Dietary fibre, grain products and cancer
34
Predominance of what creates order of ingredients?
Predominance by weight
35
Digestibility of protein?
92%
36
Digestibility of Fat?
95%
37
Digestibility of carbohydrate?
97%
38
What is the spice of life?
Variety
39
Nutrient density equation?
% of nutrient RDA provided/% energy provided
40
Servings of fruit and vegetables for females?
7-8
41
Serving s of fruit and vegetables for males?
8-10
42
Grain products females?
6-7
43
Grain products males?
8
44
Milk and alternatives females and males?
2
45
Meat and alternatives females?
2
46
Meat and alternatives males?
3
47
Serving size of meat?
3oz
48
Serving size of cheese?
1 oz
49
Serving size of fat .. i.e. butter, oils?
1 tsp, or tip of thumb
50
Serving size of nuts, candies?
1 oz, small handful
51
Greatest growth rate of nutrient intake from 1991 to 2002
Polyunsaturated (omega 6, 3) 46%
52
Key recommendations healthy diet part 1?
- consume healthy eating pattern that accounts for all foods and beverages within appropriate calorie levels.
- variety of fruit and veg (dark orange and green)
- fruit, half whole grains, low fat dairy, variety of protein, and mufa pufa oils.
53
Key recommendation healthy diet part 2?
- Healthy eating pattern limits:
- sat fats and trans fats
- added sugars and sodiums
- < 10 % of calories from added sugars and sat fats
- < 2300mg of sodium
- one drink a day/ women
- 2 drinks a day/men
54
Key recommendations healthy diet part 3?
Meeting physics activity guidelines
55
Dietary trends in canada?
- decreasing fat, increasing CHO, slight increase in protein
- increase in fruits and vegetables
- decrease in red meats
- increase in poultry
- increase in cheese
- constant amount of fish
56
AMDR fats?
20-35%
57
AMDR CHO?
45-65%
58
AMDR protein?
10-35%
59
Anthocyanides .. example and why is it beneficial
Phytochemical -> Polyphenol -> Flavonoid -> Flavonoids in coffee, chocolate, red wine.
positive or negative interaction with gut bacteria
60
Beriberi?
Thiamin deficiency (old)
61
pellagra?
Niacin deficiency (old)
62
Scurvy?
Vit c deficiency (old)
63
Rickets?
Vit D deficiency (old)
64
Prevalent disease?
Protein malnutrition
Anemia (ion)
Xerophthalmia (Vit A)
Goiter (iodine)
65
Nutrition is the cornerstone of immunity against disease .. why?
-strengthened immunity -> optimal nutrition -> healthy appetite -> feeling of well being -> strengthened immunity
66
Downwards spiral of malnutrition and infection?
Leads to progression of disease -> appetite loss -> impaired nutritional status -> weakened immunity -> worsened disease + further loss of appetite
67
What is Canada most concerned about?
Long term health pertaining to cancer, CVD, diabetes, obesity ... functional foods, eating disorders, GMOS, eating local
68
Example of cross sectional epidemiological study?
Mediterranean diet consumed in region, have lower incidence of heart disease than north americans (variation amongst regions)
69
example of case-control epidemiological study?
Compare people who do and do not have a conditon, matching them with same age, gender, conditions etc so they can pick out manipulated variable. I.e people with loiter lack iodine in their diet, not related by age, gender, location etc.
70
Example of cohort epidemiological studies ?
Data collected over past several decades ... Framingham Massachusetts have revealed that risk of heart attack increases as blood cholesterol increases (1% decrease in BC decrease HA risk by 2%)
71
Example of lab based animal experimental study?
Mice fed a high fat diet eats less food than mice given a low fat diet, same amount of calories but the mice eating fat-rich diet becoming severely oversee (nutritional genomics ...)
72
Example of lab based in-vitro experimental study?
Lab studies find that fish oils inhibit growth and activity of bacteria implicated in ulcer formation.
73
example of clinical trials in experimental studies?
Heart disease risk factors improve when men receive orange juice daily for two months compared to those who did not .. both followed a diet high in SAT fat.
74
pH of blood?
7.4
75
Where are bile acids reabsorbed?
Transporters in terminal ileum -> back to liver.
76
How much saliva secreted/day?
1.5L
77
How much gastric secretions/day?
1.5L
78
How much intestinal secretions/day?
2L
79
how much bile secreted/day?
1L
80
How much pancreatic juice secreted/day?
1L
81
How much water does SI reabsorb? Colon?
7.8L, 1.25L
82
How much water lost in feces?
150mL
83
Fat vs lean tissue males?
15% fat, 85% lean
84
Fat vs lean tissue females?
25% fat, 75% lean
85
Protein body composition males? females?
20% males
| 15% females
86
Underweight BMI?
Less than 18.5
87
Overweight BMI?
Greater than 25, 35 is obese
88
BMI formula?
=weight (kg) / height^2 (m)
89
waist circumference that puts men at risk for obesity?
greater than 102cm (40in)
90
waist circumference that puts females at risk for obesity?
greater than 88cm (35 in)
91
What makes visceral adipose tissue so bad?
Fat inside is more metabolically active and is associated with more insulin resistance
92
Which hormone instigates cravings?
Neuro peptide Y-CHO
93
BMR contribute how much to total energy expenditure?
67%
94
DIT contributes how much do total energy expenditure?
10%
95
Activity including neat and exercise contribute how much to total energy expenditure?
23%
96
Adaptive thermogenesis contributes how much to total energy expenditure?
1%
97
BMR for women?
0.9kcal/kg/h
| ~~1200kcal/day
98
BMR for men?
1.0 kcal/kg/hr ~~ 1700kcal/day
99
% healthy body weight prevalence ?
39%
100
% overweight prevalence?
34.5%
101
% Obesity Class I?
15%
102
% Obesity Class II?
5.8%
103
% Obesity, class III?
3.1%
104
% of population with type 2 diabetes?
9%
105
How much overweight/obese in the states?
70%
106
Which provinces accelerated in terms of obesity ?
Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Quebec ,Territories, Maritimes
107
Goal for decreasing obesity?
Decrease by 20%
108
Most successful losing strategies for weight loss? study.
Exercise, increase NEAT,
| Reduce food intake
109
Definition of success in terms of obesity treatment?
- lose 10% of body weight and maintain loss for 1 year
| - After 2-5 years, chances for long term success greatly increase.
110
What can synthesize acetly coa?
All nutrients
111
Can glucose synthesis AA?
Yes, by contributing to pyruvate -> acetyl coa -> amino acid intermediates in TCA cycle
112
RQ anabolism?
1
113
RQ short term fast?
0.8
114
RQ long term fast?
0.7
115
2 ways to produce ketone bodies?
Fatty acids
Ketogenic carbon backbone
*oxidation of glucose may lead to acetyl coA but does not produce ketone bodies*
116
What contributes to glucose? All via gluconeogenesis
-pyruvate (from glycogenic AA)
- precursors in TCA cycle (i.e OAA)
-glycerol
-lactate (anaerobic pyruvate oxidation)
NEVER ACETLY COA, NEVER FATTY ACIDS
117
Acetyl coa -> fat?
Addition of 2 acetyl coa -> fat
| Lipogenesis in liver
118
Synthesis of AA in TCA cycle can only occur for ?
Non essential amino acids
119
CCPOK
Carbs metabolism
120
MEGE(CCB)
Protein
121
ACNE + K,G
Lipid
ketones, acetyl coa (fatty acid)
glucose (glycerol)
