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GEOG0020: Ecological Patterns and Processes > Species Interactions & Ecosystems > Flashcards

Species Interactions & Ecosystems Flashcards

1
Q

name 2 species interactions where both species benefit

A

Mutualism,

Proto-cooperation

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2
Q

name 4 species interactions where 1 species benefits and 1 species is hindered

A

Predation,
Parasitism,
Herbivory,
Disease

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3
Q

name a species interaction where both species are hindered

A

competition

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4
Q

define ammensalism

A

species interaction where 1 species is harmed and the other is unaffected

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5
Q

define neutralism

A

a species interaction where neither species is affected

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6
Q

define commensalism

A

a species interaction where one species benefits and the other is unaffected

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7
Q

what is direct competition

A

species competing for the same essential resource e.g. plants for sunlight

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8
Q

what is indirect competition

A

competition by altering the micro-habitat, and thus affecting other individuals

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9
Q

what is monopoly of space

A

first arrivals prevent establishment of late arrivals

krebs 2001

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10
Q

what is asymmetrical competition

A

one species impairs the performance of another (s)

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11
Q

what is reciprocal competition

A

performance of both/all species is reduced

also known as diffuse competition

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12
Q

what is diffuse competition

A

performance of both/all species is reduced

also known as reciprocal competition

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13
Q

what is complete competition

A

species do not occur together – spatial exclusion, zonation along gradients of resources, disturbance etc

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14
Q

what is exploitative competition

A

utilising the same resource that is in short supply

also known as resource competition

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15
Q

what is resource competition

A

utilising the same resource that is in short supply

also known as exploitative competition

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16
Q

what is interference competition

A

Organisms harm each
other directly while using the same resource – although
the resource may not be in short supply

also known as contest competition

17
Q

what is contest competition

A

Organisms harm each
other directly while using the same resource – although
the resource may not be in short supply

also known as interference competition

18
Q

what is apparent competition

A

Species of the same trophic level not using the same resources may influence the other species via regulation of common predator densities

here the competition is not for a resource, but for predator-free space

19
Q

how does character displacement enable avoidance of direct competition

A

differences among similar species whose distributions overlap geographically are accentuated in regions where the species co-occur, but are minimized or lost where the species’ distributions do not overlap to enable occupation of different niches (evolve slightly differently morphology when occuring with other species in similar niches)

20
Q

give 2 examples of character displacement

A

Darwin finches Geospiza fortis and G. fuliginosa differ in beak sizes when occurring together.
(Krebs 2001)

giant rhinozeros beetles (Chalcosoma spp.) vary in body size where occurring together, whereas no significant difference is detected between body sized where only one species occurs.
(Begon et al 2006)

21
Q

what are the 4 forms of predation within the food web hierarchy

A

herbivores

parasites

carnivores

parasitoids

22
Q

which forms of predation involve killing the prey

A

carnivores and parasitoids

23
Q

what are herbivores

A

animals preying on (parts of) green plants – often not killing the plant

24
Q

what are parasites

A

plants/animals living on a host, depending on itshost for nutrition – normally without killing the host

25
Q

what are carnivores

A

animals (or plants) preying on other animals – normally killing the prey

26
Q

what are parasitoids

A

Parasitoids – laying eggs into insects which are subsequently
eaten alive from within and finally killed

27
Q

what is the common growth response to predation in plants

A

Compensatory growth and
increased fitness – clipping at some stages increased the number of fruits, whereas it had a negative effect at other times.

28
Q

how do carnivores select prey?

A

In carnivores, common prey is often favoured and

eaten in over-proportionally high numbers, with predators becoming increasingly specialised on one prey

29
Q

what is batesian mimicry

A

mimicry in which an edible animal is protected by its resemblance to one avoided by predators.

30
Q

example of batesian mimicry

A

moths, beetles, hoverflies etc have evolved to resemble the common wasp

31
Q

what is mullerian mimicry

A

a form of mimicry in which two or more harmful or unpalatable animals develop similar appearances as a shared protective device.

32
Q

example of mullerian mimicry

A

many Heliconius butterflies have identical morphology

33
Q

which interaction takes place between coral polyps and zooxanthellae

A

mutualism

Coral polyps live in close association with algae (Zooxanthellae), which provide them with oxygen and carbohydrates, receiving CO2, nutrients and protection in exchange. If the algae die / are „ejected“ from polyp, the coral “bleaches“ and (after a while) the polyps die

34
Q

what is a community

A

A collection of co-ocurring individuals of different

species (i.e. being in the same place at the same time).

35
Q

what is an ecosystem

A

an organism and its surroundings, any one of the parts of which constantly acts
on the rest, in so far as they at the same time act on it
(Haldane 1884)

36
Q

characteristics of an ecosystem

A
  • interacting system of organisms and their environment
  • no clear boundaries
  • homogeneous in relation to biogeochemical cycling
  • including all fluxes of energy and matter above and below the soil surface
37
Q

how do mountains effect biomes

A

Mountains form specific oro-biomes which may differ greatly from the surrounding environment

38
Q

what is a biome

A

major terrestrial ecosystem

with unique and specific climatic conditions, soils, organisms, and location

generally following a latitudinal distribution

GEOG0020: Ecological Patterns and Processes (9 decks)

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