Species and Ecosystems (should be in Bio colder)

Question 1

Ecotone

Answer 1

Where 2 Ecosystems interact

Question 2

Intra vs. Inter species Competition

Answer 2

Intra: same species competing over food.
Inter: different species competing over food.

Question 3

Resource Partitioning

Answer 3

Members of the same species sharing a food source.

Question 4

Strata

Answer 4

Layers

Question 5

Biomes

Answer 5

Desert: extreme temps, no rainfall.
Grassland: in NA and Asia, grass.
Savannah: Africa, Australia, and SA, dryer than grassland.
Tropical Rainforest: highest rainfall and biodiversity.
Temperate Deciduous: northern hemisphere.
Coniferous (Taiga): largest biome, cold.
Tundra: coldest

Question 6

4 major rainforest zones

Answer 6

Canopy
Understory
Forest Floor
Soil

Question 7

Freshwater Zones

Answer 7

Literal: from shore to where plants stop growing
Limnetic: area of open water with sunlight
Profundal: no light

Question 8

Soil layers

Answer 8

Litter: decaying material. The better the litter the better the layers under.
Topsoil: humus, rock, air pockets, nutrients.
Subsoil:more rock, less organic matter. Water table ends here.
Bedrock: end of soil. Impermeable.

Question 9

Types of Freshwater environments

Answer 9

Oligotrophic: mountain lakes. New, clear, deep, low nutrients, high O2, fast fish.
Eutrophic: grassland lakes. Old, muddy, shallow, high nutrients, low O2, slow fish.

Question 10

Lake stratification

Answer 10

Occurs in summer and winter. Due to temp change. Warm water is more dense than cold water.

Question 11

Layers of Freshwater

Answer 11

Summer: Epilimnion: Less O2, 22-18 Celsius, warmest.
Thermocline: thin layer of cooling water. 8 Celsius.
Hypolimnion: more O2, 4 Celsius, coldest.

Winter: Ice: less than 0 Celsius. Thin.
Rest starts at 2 then goes to 4 Celsius always.

Question 12

Lake turnover

Answer 12

Occurs in spring and fall. All water reaches 4 Celsius and water mixed, scattering nutrients everywhere.

Question 13

Biotic Potential

Answer 13

Max number of offspring a female could have given unlimited resources. Calculated by:
Birth Potential: max babies per birth.
Cap for Survival: # of offspring that live to reproduce.
Breeding Frequency: # of reproductive events in a given time/year.
Length of Reproductive Success: age of sexual maturity and # of years organism can reproduce.

Question 14

Carrying Capacity

Answer 14

Max number of species that can be supported by the environment. Determined by two laws

Question 15

Law of Minimum

Answer 15

Nutrients in least supply is one that limits pop. Growth.

Question 16

Law of Tolerance

Answer 16

All organisms have an optimal range of abiotic factors for survival (pH, temp, calories).

Question 17

Law of Tolerance graph/Bell Curve

Answer 17

Optimal range: in middle, where species prosper.
Zone of intolerance: on either side, species don’t prosper.
Area between: stress on population.

Question 18

Two factors that determine population

Answer 18

Density Independent: don’t depend on size (fire, climate, storm).
Density Dependent: depend on density/size (disease, water, food).

Question 19

3 Domains

Answer 19

Eubacteria: produce asexually. Live everywhere.
Archaebacteria: no peptidoglycan. Live in extreme environments.
Eukaryota: most/all are multicellular. Have nuclei.

Question 20

Dichotomous Key

Answer 20

Ask multiple questions to determine a organisms species.

Question 21

Evidence of Evolution

Answer 21

1. Fossil evidence
2. Radiometric Dating: using radioactive isotopes to create a timeline of earth.
3. Biogeography: tells us all continents were one (Pangea) and species moved between them.
4. Anatomy: suggest common ancestors.
5. Biochemistry: DNA evidence.

Question 22

Types of features in anatomy

Answer 22

Homologous feature: similar structure, different function (hands across all species).
Analogous feature: same structure and function but no evolutionary origin (wings in bats, birds, flys).
Vestigial feature: rudimentary features that serve no purpose, will eventually be lost (hip bones in whales).

Question 23

Phylogenetic tree

Answer 23

Tree diagram that shows species’ common ancestors.

Question 24

Greek Theory

Answer 24

Believe everything was created an never has or will change.

Question 25

Buffon’s Theory stuff (1700s)

Answer 25

Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon notes similarities between humans and apes. Suggested a common ancestor and that earth is over 6000 years old.

Question 26

George Cuvier (1800s)

Answer 26

Developed Palaeontology. Said that lower strata of rock held evidence of old organisms and extinctions.

Question 27

Charles Lyells

Answer 27

Says earth was over 20 million years old due to time took for sediment layers to form.

Question 28

Jean Baptist’s Lamarck

Answer 28

Two theories

1. Spontaneous generation: living things spawned from non-living things.
2. Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics: over one lifetime organisms could evolve (Lamarck’s giraffe Theory long neck boi).

Question 29

Darwin

Answer 29

2 theories
1. Natural Selection: individuals with more favourable variations are more likely to survive and pass them on.
2. Survival of the Fittest: Individuals of a species are in a constant struggle to survive.
Big Idea: individuals with more favourable traits contribute more to gene pool, and their trait becomes more prevelent.

Question 30

Causes of Mutations (mutagens)

Answer 30

Chemicals
UV light
Other radiation

Question 31

Types of mutations

Answer 31

Neutral: no immediate effect on organisms ability to be successful.
Harmful (99.9% of all mutations).
Beneficial (how species evolve).

Question 32

Asexual reproduction

Answer 32

Create exact copy of a single parent’s DNA. Used by archaebacteria, eubacteria, protists, some plants.

Question 33

Sexual reproduction

Answer 33

Use gametes (ova and sperm) to make a zygote. Require more energy but have more genetic variation.

Question 34

Speciation

Answer 34

The creation of new species through evolution.

Question 35

Pre-zygotic isolation

Answer 35

1. Habitat (difference in where species live).
2. Behavioural (mating rituals).
3. Temperal (seasonal).
4. Physical (size).
5. Gametic (gametes won’t work).

Question 36

Post-zygotic isolation

Answer 36

1. Viability (more susceptible to disease, etc).

2. Fertility (unable to reproduce).

Question 37

Allopathic Speciation

Answer 37

A population is geographically separated (continental drift) and adapt to new environment. Become new species.

Question 38

Sympatric Speciation

Answer 38

Evolution of a species while they both live in the same area

Question 39

Rates of Evolution

Answer 39

1. Gradualism: speciation occurs over long period of time.

2. Punctuated Equilibrium: world sees large explosions of speciation that slow down over time.

Question 40

Types of Evolution

Answer 40

1. Divergent: spread out from 1 common ancestor.

2. Convergent: species with no similar ancestors evolve in similar ways.