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speciation > speciation > Flashcards

speciation Flashcards

learn about speciation

1
Q

species

A

A group of organism that normally interbreed in nature to produce fertile offspring

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2
Q

speciation

A

The formation of one or more a new species results from a group becoming reproductively isolated and gene flow no longer exists

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3
Q

cline

A

species that show a gradual change in phenotype over a geographical area

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4
Q

deme

A

a local population that has little or no gene flow with members of other populations

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5
Q

bottle neck effect

A

when a large population is reduced to large numbers, the result of a catastrophic environmental event

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6
Q

founder effect

A

when a small group of individuals move away and become isolated from the original population

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7
Q

genetic drift

A

change in allele frequency due to chance rather than natural selection

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8
Q

ring species

A

a special type of cline which has a circular or looped geographical distribution

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9
Q

stabilizing selection

A

extreme phenotypes are chosen against and the average phenotype is favoured

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10
Q

directional selection

A

a single phenotype is selected for and the allele frequency shifts in one direction

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11
Q

disruptive selection

A

individuals at both extremes of the distribution are selected for whereas the average phenotype is selected against

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12
Q

selection pressures

A

are factors that affect fitness / reproductive success and include limits on resources (food, habitat, space, and mates) and the existence of threats (predators, disease, climate change)

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13
Q

Reproductive isolating mechanisms

A

a mechanism or a factor which prevents successful reproduction between 2 species (prevents gene flow between 2 gene pools)

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14
Q

Pre-zygotic RIM

A

prevents successful reproduction between two species before fertilization

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15
Q

Post-zygotic RIM

A

prevents successful reproduction between 2 species after fertilization

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16
Q

Geographical isolation

A

results from physical barriers (ed rivers, mountains, oceans) separating populations

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17
Q

Temporal isolation

A

Activity, mating, breeding seasons or flowering occur at different times of the day, month or year

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18
Q

Ethological/ behavioural isolation

A

differences in behaviour, courtship rituals, calls or colouration

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19
Q

Ecological isolation

A

occupy and exploit different habitats in the same geographical area so that populations rarely come into contact with each other (different herbivore insects feed and mate of different species of plant)

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20
Q

Structural (morphological) isolation

A

difference in the structure of the external reproductive sexual organs do not allow for sperm transfer

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21
Q

Gamete incompatibility isolation

A

gametes are incompatible and are unable to fuse and produce a viable zygote

22
Q

Allopatric species

A

(closely) related species that live in different geographic locations

23
Q

Sympatric species

A

(closely) related species that live in the same geographic location

24
Q

Hybrid inviability

A

embryo or offspring is inviable (unable to survive or develop normally) so dies early in its development

25
Q

Hybrid sterility

A

hybrid reaches maturity but is infertile so cannot breed

26
Q

Hybrid breakdown

A

hybrid reaches maturity and is able to breed but the next generations are infertile or have reduced reproductive capactiy

27
Q

polyploidy

A

results when cells contain three or more copies of each chromosome. a result of non-dis junction during meiosis

28
Q

Autopolyploidy

A

involves the multiplication of the entire genome within a single species

29
Q

Allopolyploidy

A

where two different species produce an infertile hybrid

30
Q

Allopolyploidy

A

where two different species produce an infertile hybrid

31
Q

Advantage of polyploids

A
  • larger cells = larger, more resistant plants with better characteristics (bigger seeds or larger flowers)
  • polyploidy with uneven numbers of chromosomes are sterile so any resulting fruit will have no seeds
  • greater advantages to grow in various habitats and contain a range of adaptations from both species
32
Q

Advantage of polyploids

A
  • larger cells = larger, more resistant plants with better characteristics (bigger seeds or larger flowers)
  • polyploidy with uneven numbers of chromosomes are sterile so any resulting fruit will have no seeds
  • greater advantages to grow in various habitats and contain a range of adaptations from both species
33
Q

Analogous structures

A

unrelated species have structures or traits that have a similar function but do not have a common ancestor

34
Q

Homologous structures

A

species with a common ancestor have the same basic structure but have adapted to use it for different purposes

35
Q

Vestigial structures

A

an organ, tissue or bone that is function-less in an organism but were used by the species ancestor

36
Q

Divergent evolution

A

when two or more related groups evolve into new species because they occupy different niches

37
Q

Coevolution

A

reciprocal evolutionary change in which a change in a feature of one species acts as a selection pressure for a change in a feature of an unrelated species

38
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

a type of divergent evolution which involves the rapid evolution of a large number of species

39
Q

Convergent evolution

A

when unrelated species occupy similar niches and evolve similar adaptations (subject to similar selection pressures)

40
Q

Molecular clock

A

using rates of mutations in mitochondrial DNA to provide evidence in evolutionary patterns

41
Q

Parallel evolution

A

similar features evolve in related or unrelated species because both have been subjected to similar selection pressures

42
Q

Parallel evolution

A

similar features evolve in related or unrelated species because both have been subjected to similar selection pressures

43
Q

Five fingers of evolution

A

little finger-small population (founders or bottleneck effect)
Ring finger- mating selection
middle finger- mutation
pointing finger- movement (emigration and immigration)
Thumb- natural selection

44
Q

micro evolution

A

small change in a species

45
Q

macro evolution

A

a large change that can lead to speciation

46
Q

evolution

A

a change in the gene pool of a population over time

47
Q

Mutation

A

a permanent change in the base sequence of DNA which leads to new alleles

48
Q

gene pool

A

the total set of alleles that are present within a population

49
Q

Allele frequency

A

the number of times a gene shows up in a population

50
Q

Migration

A

a set, mass movement of a species to another predetermined location

51
Q

immigration

A

moving into a population

52
Q

emigration

A

leaving a population

speciation (1 decks)

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