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Biology Level 3 > Speciation > Flashcards

Speciation Flashcards

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1
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature to produce fertile offspring and belong to the same gene pool (total number of alleles that occur in population)

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2
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Speciation occurring where organisms are initially capable of actually interbreeding but cannot because they are geographically separated

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3
Q

Prezygotic , Postzygotic

A

Two type of reproductive isolating mechanism (RIMs).
Pre - act before egg fertilised (geographical, structural, ecological, temporal, behavioral, gametic)
Post - act after egg fertilised (hybrid in-viability, hybrid sterility, hybrid breakdown)

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4
Q

Hybrid inviability

A

A zygote is forms but does not develop properly

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5
Q

Ring species

A

Two apparently distinct species that are connected by a series of intermediate geographical and structural subspecies between which interbreeding can occur.

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6
Q

Convergent evolution

A

The development of superficially similar structures in unrelated organisms, usually because the organisms live in the same kind of environment (results in analogous structures)

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7
Q

Analogous structures

A

Structures that are superficially similar but have evolved in different ways, e.g. wings of birds, bats and insects

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8
Q

Divergent evolution

A

The type of evolution where a common ancestor divides into two or more lines with dissimilar characteristics due to the environments they live in (results in homologous structures)

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9
Q

Parallel evolution

A

The development of related organisms along similar evolutionary paths due to strong selective pressure acting on all of them in the same way

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10
Q

Hybrid sterility

A

A hybrid forms but is sterile e.g. a sterile mule

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11
Q

Evolution

A

The gradual process by which the present diversity of plants and animals arose from the earliest and most primitive organisms

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12
Q

Cline

A

A gradual variation in the characteristic of a species or population over its geographical range

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13
Q

Homologous structures

A

Structures that have similar evolutionary history but have developed to suit different functions, e.g. wing of bat, flippers of dolphins, arms of humans

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14
Q

Postzygotic

A

Isolating mechanism that acts after fertilization to prevent the exchange of genes between populations, by impairing development or fertility of the offspring

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15
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

This is a form of divergent evolution in which there is a rapid proliferation of forms from an ancestral type because of the sudden availability of niches

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16
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

Speciation occurring where organisms living within the same area are theoretically capable of interbreeding, but cannot because of difference in behaviour, flowering times etc.

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17
Q

Instant speciation

A

Formation of a new species through autopolyploidy or allopolyploidy, because the chromosome numbers of new “instant’ species do not match that of the original species, they cannot interbreed

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18
Q

Founder effect

A

A chance change in allele frequency which occurs when a small group of individuals become detached from the main population

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19
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

There are long periods of little evolutionary change (stasis) interrupted by short bursts of rapid speciation

Often involves adaptive radiation

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20
Q

Hybrid breakdown

A

The hybrid offspring are fertile but produce infertile or non-viable offspring

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21
Q

Geological record

A

Fossils preserved in sedimentary rock layers that can be used to trace the evolutionary history of a species

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22
Q

Stabilising selection

A

Natural selection acting against the extremes of a range of variation, resulting in resistance to change in allele frequencies

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23
Q

Macro-evolution

A

The formation of a completely new species, genera etc.

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24
Q

Natural Selection

A

The process that brings about new species by the elimination of the less adapted individuals and the survival of the organisms which are better adapted.

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25
Q

Vestigial organ

A

Any part of an organism that has diminished in size during its evolution because the function it serves has decreased in importance, e.g. appendix in humans

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26
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

A barrier to breeding that exists due to differences in mating seasons or mating organs

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27
Q

Polyploidy

A

Mutation producing more than twice the normal haploid number of chromosomes

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28
Q

Micro-evolution

A

The accumulation of (through mutation) new characteristics in a species

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29
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Natural selection acting against the middle of a range of variation

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30
Q

Prezygotic

A

Isolating mechanism that acts to prevent the fusion of gametes from different populations

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31
Q

Gradualism

A

Evolution proceeds slowly but continuously. Eventually the accumulated changes result in speciation

Slow changes between populations that occur as a result of different selection pressures

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32
Q

Genetic Drift

A

The change in allele frequency due to the accumulated effects of chance

The important random fluctuation in the frequencies of alleles due to chance events

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33
Q

Directional selection

A

Natural selection against one end of a range of variation, resulting in a progressive change in allele frequency

34
Q

Endemic

A

Found only in that country

35
Q

Biogeography

A

The study of the geographic distribution of organisms

36
Q

Co-evolution

A

When one species or group changes its genetic composition in response to a genetic change in another

37
Q

Embryology

A

The study of how embryos develop, looking at which genes are turned on and when

38
Q

Geographic or topographic barrier

A

A physical barrier (for the species) that prevents gene flow. e.g. a mountain ridge may be a barrier for an insect

39
Q

Hybrid

A

An individual formed by mating between genetically different populations or species

40
Q

Isolating mechanism

A

Any mechanism that prevents interbreeding of hybrids

41
Q

Parallel Evolution

A

The development of related organisms along similar evolutionary paths due to strong selective pressures acting on all of them in the same way

42
Q

Selection pressure

A

The environmental factors that favour certain phenotypes

43
Q

Speciation

A

Formation of new species, the result of reproductive isolation.

44
Q

Sympatry

A

Speciation within the same area by natural selection; there are a number of niches and groups move into the niches best suited to them

45
Q

Temporal barrier

A

When gene flow is prevented due to the populations or species having different mating times of day, month or year

46
Q

Deme

A

Local population that has no or limited gene flow with members of other populations

47
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

Occurs when a large population is suddenly reduced in size, the result of a catastrophic environmental events or human impact

Small bottleneck population subject to genetic drift (as well as inbreeding) which may reduce diversity

48
Q

Hybrid vigour

A

The offspring produced from outbreeding display hybrid vigour when they contain a variety of alleles from their genetically different parents

49
Q

Inbreeding has three important effects:

A
  1. Increases the proportion of homozygotes (similar to self fertilisation)
  2. Rare recessive alleles being expressed
  3. Genetically less variable population because repeated inbreeding forces all alleles to be subject to selection so only those of intermediate benefit remain in pool
50
Q

Sexual Selection

A

Special type of natural selection in which males/females compete for partners with heritable characteristics of winners being passed on

51
Q

Recombination

A

Recombination of genetic material occurs dying meiosis as a result of independent assortment and crossing over. It explains variation within species but new alleles only come about due to mutations

52
Q

Base substitution is a gene mutation and has three forms:

A

Same sense mutation (nothing much changes because redundancy)

Mis-sense mutation because different amino acid (altered protein but may retain biological function)

Non sense mutation results in termination of protein synthesis (depends where it occurs)

53
Q

Base insertion/deletion are gene mutations and cause

A

Frame shift

54
Q

Beneficial mutations and deleterious mutations….

A

Respectively increase and decrease an individual’s fitness

55
Q

Macro evolution

A

The evolution of new species (speciation)

56
Q

Chromosome mutations

A

Block mutations: duplicated chromosomes, inverted/fused/translocated chromosomes, or deleted chromosomes

Deletions are very serious, duplications not so much because genes involve loss of significant genetic material

57
Q

Deletion in one member of a pair of homologous chromosomes may…

A

Result in duplication of partner as a result of unequal crossing over in meiosis……such duplications allow two loci to evolve independently.

58
Q

Haploid

A

Number of chromosomes in gametes (n)

59
Q

Diploid

A

Number of chromosomes in a zygote (2n)

60
Q

Monoploid

A

Number of chromosomes in each set (x)

61
Q

Aneuploidy

A

An individual has more or fewer chromosomes than the normal diploid set

62
Q

Types of aneuploidy

A

Monosomy 2n - 1
Trisomy 2n + 1
Tetrasomy 2n + 2

63
Q

What does Aneuploidy result from?

A

Non-disjunction during meiosis or mitosis (failure of chromosomes to disjoin during devision)

64
Q

Nullisomic

A

2n - 1

Happens when n -1 both mate

65
Q

Euploidy

A

Variation in chromosome number involves the entire genome

66
Q

Polyploidy

A

An individual has multiple sets (more than 2n) of chromosomes

67
Q

Auto polyploidy

A

When a polyploid individual results from within the same species

Multiplication of the entire genome within a single species

68
Q

Somatic doubling

A

In mitosis, each replicated chromosome separates but call itself doesn’t divide so tetraploid cell

69
Q

Allopolyploidy

A

When a polyploid individual results from different species

Chromosomes derived from more than one species (hybridisation between species)

70
Q

Angiosperm

A

Flowering plants

71
Q

Geographical Isolation

A

Results from physical barriers separating (prezygotic)

72
Q

Structural Isolation

A

Differences in structural of the external reproductive organs do not allow transfer of sperm between sexes (prevents hybridization)

73
Q

Ecological Isolation

A

Differences in habitat with same geographical area so pops rarely come into contact

74
Q

Temporal Isolation

A

Results from breeding behaviour occurring at different, non-overlapping times

75
Q

Behavioral Isolation

A

Differences in behaviour, typically mating behavior such as courtship

76
Q

Hybrid Inviability

A

Zygote or offspring is inviable so dies in early development

77
Q

Hybrid sterility

A

Hybrid reaches maturity but is infertile because eg not even number of chromosomes

78
Q

Hybrid breakdown

A

Hybrid reaches maturity and is able to breed but the nest generation (subsequent generations) are infertile or have reduced reproductive capacity

79
Q

Instant speciation

A

Most common form of speication and is usually due to polyploidy in plants

80
Q

Vicariance

A

Large-scale allopatric speciation of a taxonomic group or whole biota by significant event (eg Gondwana splitting up)

81
Q

Gradualism

A

Gradual transition from one form to another (transitional forms in fossil records in response to natural selection)

82
Q

Mutagens

A

External factors that induces mutations

Biology Level 3 (3 decks)

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