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biology > speciation > Flashcards

speciation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

adaptive radiation

A

the evolution of several different species of plant or animal from one ancestral species to occupy different ecological niches.

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2
Q

allopatric speciation

A

speciation occurring where organisms are initially capable of interbreeding but cannot because they are geographically isolated

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3
Q

analogous structures

A

structures that are superficially similar with the same job but have evolved in different ways and have no common ancestor leading to different bone makeup

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4
Q

biogeography

A

the study of the geographic distributions of organisms and ecosystems though geographical space and time

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5
Q

cline

A

gradual variation in the characteristics of a species or population over a geographical range

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6
Q

coevolution

A

occurs when two or more species reciprocally affect each other’s evolution. organisms change genetic composition in response to genetic change in another

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7
Q

convergent evolution

A

different species living in the same environmental niche look similar due to similar selection pressures with no shared common ancestor.

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8
Q

deme

A

population of organisms within which the exchange of genes is completely random. eg all mating combinations between individuals of opposite sexes have the same probility of occuring

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9
Q

divergent evolution

A

one species branches to form two or three. the accumulation of changes in the gene pooles of two or more populations leading to the formation of races, sub-species, species etc

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10
Q

evolution

A

the gradual process by which the present diversity of plants and animals arose from the earliest and more primitive organisms

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11
Q

endemic

A

only found naturally in a certain area

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12
Q

fossil records

A

document history, remains or imprints of organisms from earlier geographical periods presevered in sedimentary rock used to show evolution

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13
Q

founder effect

A

new population established by a very small number of individuals that have become reproductively isolated from a larger population

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14
Q

gene pool

A

the total number of genes of every individual in a population

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15
Q

gene flow

A

movement and exchange of genes or alleles from one population of species to another

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16
Q

genetic driift

A

the change in the frequency of existing alleles in a population due to random change alone and not natural selection.
random fluctuations in frequency of alleles due to change events

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17
Q

geographical isolation

A

physical barrier that physically prevents gene flow, separates organisms stopping them from exchanging genetic material with one another

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18
Q

geographical record

A

the fossils preserved in sediment rock layers used to trace the evolutionary history of a species

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19
Q

gradualism

A

slow changes between populations that occur as a result of different selection pressures

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20
Q

homologous structures

A

structures that have a similar evolutionary history but developed to suit different functions. common ancestor

21
Q

hybrid

A

offspring of a mating where parents differ in characteristics like different varieties or species

22
Q

hybridisation

A

offspring resulting frmo combining of qualities of two organisms of different breeds, varities or species through sexual reproduction

23
Q

instant speciation

A

formation of new species through autopolyploidy or allopolyploidy cause chromosome numbers of new instant species do not match original species and they cannot interbreed

24
Q

macroevolution

A

formation of completely new species

25
Q

microevolution

A

acculutation of new characteristics in a species through mutation

26
Q

mtDNA

A

dna located in the mitochondria inherited from the mother. used to trace maternal lineage far useful to study evolutionary relationships

27
Q

mutation

A

permanent change in bases on the DNA, only way of creating new alleles

28
Q

natural selection

A

process that brings new species by eliminating individuals that are less well adapted to their current environment from a population showing variation, allowing mainly individuals with advantageous adaptations to survive and reproduce

29
Q

nondisjunction

A

the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate during cell division resulting in cells with more than two copies of each chromosomes eg 3n instead of 2n

30
Q

parallel evolution

A

development of related organisms along similar evolutionary paths due to strong selection pressures acting on all of them in the same way

31
Q

polyploidy

A

when cells have more than 2n chromosomes, common in plants

32
Q

population bottleneck

A

an event that drastically reduces the size of a population. event could be environmental disaster. decreases the gene pool of population as many alleles lost what is left is the surviving organisms

33
Q

postzygotic isolating mechanisms

A

prevents formation of fertile offspring. includes hybrid inviability, sterility and breakdown

34
Q

prezygotic isolating mechanisms

A

prevents fertilization of egs between species. spatial, temporal, mechanical, gametic, behavioural isolation

35
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

theory that states evolution occurs primarily through short bursts of instense speciation followed by lengthy periods of little change

36
Q

reproductive isolation

A

barrier to breeding exists due to differnes in mating season or organs. mechanism that keeps species from mating with each other

37
Q

ring species

A

2 apparently distinct species that are connected by a series of intermediate geographical and structural subspecies between which interbreeding can occur

38
Q

sexual selection

A

a special case of ns, acts on an organisms ability to obtain or successfully copulate with a mate. often powerful enough to produce feature that are harmful to an individual’s survival. peacock etc

39
Q

selection pressure

A

the extent to which organisms possessing a particular characteristic are either eliminated or favoured by environmental demands. environmental factors that favour certain phenotypes

40
Q

speciation

A

development of one or more species from an existing species occuring sympatric or allopatric populations diverge so much from parents population that interbreeding cannot occur

41
Q

species

A

catergory used in classification of organisms consists of a group of organisms that can usually breed together and produce fertile offspring

42
Q

sub-species

A

group of individuals within a species that breed more freely among themselves that other members of the species and resemble e/o in more characteristics

43
Q

sympatric speciation

A

speciation occuring when organisms living within the same area are theretically capable of interbreeding but cannot due to differences in behaviour

44
Q

sympatry

A

describes groups of organisms that live in the same geographical area

45
Q

temporal isolation

A

prezygotic reproductive barrier is temporal isolation. “isolated in time”, mechanism that prevents species from mating cause they breed at different times. differences can be time of day, season or even different year

46
Q

vestigal organ

A

any part of an organism that has diminished in size due to evolution cause the function it serves has decreased in importance eg appendix in humans

47
Q

vestigal structures

A

structure in an organism that has lost all or most of its original function in the course of evolution eg human appendix

48
Q

y chromosomes

A

one of two sex chromosomes (allosomes) in mammals. y chromosome passed only from father to son and can be used to demonstrate relatedness

biology (2 decks)

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