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Bio > Speciation > Flashcards

Speciation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Natural Selection

A

Individuals that have adaptations/phenotypes best stuited for the environment, have greater chance to survive and reproduce therefore pass their alleles onto the next generation.

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2
Q

Selection Pressures

A

External factors that affect an organisms’ ability to survive in a given environment

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3
Q

Speciation

A

The process of forming a new species

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4
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms that can breed and produce viable offspring

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5
Q

Allopatric

A

members of the same species are separated due to a geographical barrier/physical barrier

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6
Q

sympatric

A

members of the original species are in the same geographical location

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7
Q

Gene flow

A

The movement of genes from one population to another via breeding

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8
Q

post-zygotic

A

a reproductive isolating mechanism that prevents reproduction after fertilisation

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9
Q

prezygotic

A

a reproductive isolating mechanism that prevents mating and fertilisation

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10
Q

temporal

A

a RIM that prevents breeding due to differences in timing

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11
Q

ethological

A

a RIM that prevents breeding due to behavioural differences

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12
Q

hybrid inavailability

A

the reproductive failure of a hybrid organism of two different species due to gene incompatibility

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13
Q

hybrid breakdown

A

a hybrids inability to mature and grow into a healthy adult

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14
Q

cline

A

the gradual change of a phenotype over an environmental gradient

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15
Q

ring species

A

an interconnected series of populations around a geographical barrier; adjacent populations can breed while the extremes cannot

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16
Q

polyploidy

A

an organism with more than two sets of chromosomes

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17
Q

diploid

A

two sets of chromosomes; 2n

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18
Q

triploid

A

three sets of chromosomes; 3n, sterile

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19
Q

nondisjunction

A

the failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis

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20
Q

hybrid vigour

A

improved or increased function in offspring compared to their parents

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21
Q

adaptive radiation

A

a type of divergent evolution when manu new species form from a common ancestor

22
Q

divergent

A

two or more species evolve from a common ancestor

23
Q

convergent

A

when 2 or more unrelated species evolve to have similar phenotypes due to similar selection pressures in their environment

24
Q

co-evolution

A

When the relationship between two species causes each to evolve in response to the other

25
Q

homologous structures

A

structural similarities between organisms due to a common ancestor, which have adapted to suit a purpose

26
Q

analogous structures

A

structures that have the same function and often appearance, but they arose from different origins

27
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

periods of gradual change (stasis) with short bursts of rapid evolution that produces new species quickly

28
Q

phylogeny

A

the history via lines of descent

29
Q

comparative embryology

A

using similarities and differences in embryo development to determine relatedness

30
Q

reproductive isolation

A

two organisms which are not able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

31
Q

stabilising selection

A

the type of natural selection where the middle variety is favoured over the extremes

32
Q

gradualism

A

the gradual change in a species over time

33
Q

evolution

A

the change in the allele frequency of a gene pool of a population over successive generations which leads to formation of new species.

34
Q

biogeography

A

the study of the distribution of species across geographical areas over time

35
Q

molecular biology

A

the study of the structure and function of genes, proteins and chromosomes

36
Q

endemic

A

a plant or animal that is only found in that location

37
Q

disruptive selection

A

the type of natural selection where both extremes are selected for in an environment

38
Q

direction selection

A

the type of natural selection where one extreme is selected for over the others in an environment

39
Q

allele

A

a different form of a gene

40
Q

founder effect

A

the movement of few individuals from a population that colonise a different location with no gene flow with the original population

41
Q

hybrid sterility

A

a hybrids inability to produce offspring

42
Q

Genetic drift

A

The loss or change of alleles of a gene pool in a small population due to chance or random events

43
Q

sexual selection

A

When some species show physical differences amongst the males and females.

44
Q

mutation

A

the creation of totally new alleles upon which the mechanisms of natural selection can act

45
Q

gametic mutation

A

gametic mutations can be inherited. Testes of males, ovaries of females

46
Q

somatic mutation

A

in normal body cells occuring beyond zygote formation, not inherited but may affect the person during their lifetime

47
Q

reproductive isolating mechanisms (RIM)

A

Barriers that keep the populations apart, therefore preventing individuals of the population from breeding (no gene flow)

48
Q

types of prezygotic RIMs

A
  • geographical isolation
  • habitat preference
    -temporal isolation
    -behavioural isolation
    -structural incompatibility
  • gamete mortality
49
Q

types of postzygotic RIMs

A
  • zygote mortality
  • poor hybrid fitness
  • hybrid sterility
50
Q

autopolyploidy

A

polyploids that arise from parents of the same species

51
Q

allopolyploidy

A

this occurs when two species interbreed to produce a new hybrid with chromosomes from each of the parent species

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