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Histo > Specialized CT > Flashcards

Specialized CT Flashcards

1
Q

Cartilage ECM has a ____ consistency

A

firm

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2
Q

Cartilage is avascular, EXCEPT?

A

fibrocartilage

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3
Q

sheath of dense connective tissue that surrounds cartilage in most places

A

perichondrium

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4
Q

What is the specific connective tissue of the perichondrium?

A

dense irregular CT

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5
Q

True or False. The perichondrium is avascular

A

FALSE. it is vascular

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6
Q

True or False. The fibrocartilage and articular cartilage of joints have perichondrium

A

False. It is present in cartilage EXCEPT fibrocartilage and articular cartilage of joints

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7
Q

What are the two layers of the perichondrium?

A

Fibrous & Chondrogenic

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8
Q

What is the outer layer of the perichondrium

A

fibrous layer

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9
Q

What is the inner layer of the perichondrium

A

chondrogenic

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10
Q

It is the process of cartilage formation

A

chondrogenesis

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11
Q

what are the three types of adult cartilage in the body?

A

hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic

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12
Q

it is a chronic condition that commonly occurs during aging and involves the gradual loss of hyaline cartilage

A

osteoarthritis

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13
Q

what is the most predominant cartilage?

A

hyaline

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14
Q

enumerate the most abundant GAG, proteoglycan, and multiadhesive glycoprotein in the cartilage matrix

A

GAG: Chondroitin sulfate
Proteoglycan: Aggrecan
Multiadhesive glycoprotein: Chondronectin

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15
Q

what are the major cells present in the hyaline cartilage?

A

chondrocytes & chondroblasts

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16
Q

Main locations of hyaline cartilage

A

upper respiratory tract, articular ends and epiphyseal plate of long bones, fetal skeleton

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17
Q

provides smooth, low-friction surfaces in joints

A

hyaline cartilage

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18
Q

what is the typical arrangement of chondrocytes in hyaline cartilage

A

isolated or in small isogenous groups

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19
Q

What do you call the basophilic staining region in the matrix of the HYALINE cartilage, which mostly contains proteoglycans?

A

territorial matrix

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20
Q

What do you call the pale staining region in the matrix of the HYALINE cartilage, which mostly contains type II collagen fibers?

A

interterritorial matrix

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21
Q

major regulator of hyaline cartilage which maintains growth

A

somatotropin

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22
Q

type of cartilage that contains elastic fibers and is yellowish in color

A

elastic cartilage

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23
Q

Main locations of elastic cartilage

A

external ear, auditory tubes, epiglottis, cuneiform cartilages of larynx

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24
Q

main function of the elastic cartilage

A

flexibility and support of soft tissues

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25
Q

major cells present in elastic cartilage

A

chondrocytes & chondroblasts

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26
Q

It is a combination of dense CT and hyaline cartilage

A

fibrocartilage

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27
Q

Main location of fibrocartilage

A

pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, attachments of certain ligaments

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28
Q

True or False. The fibrocartilage does not possess perichondrium

A

True

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29
Q

describe the arrangement of chondrocytes in fibrocartilage

A

parallel or herring bone

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30
Q

main function of fibrocartilage

A

cushion and resistance to tearing and compression

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31
Q

What are the 2 major components of intervertebral discs?

A
  1. annulus fibrosus
  2. nucleus pulposus
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32
Q

what are the 2 types of cartilage formation?

A

appositional & interstitial

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33
Q

this type of cartilage formation contributes greatly to growth

A

appositional

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34
Q

where does appositional growth occur

A

perichondrium

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35
Q

this type of cartilage formation increases bone length

A

interstitial growth

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36
Q

where does interstitial growth occur?

A

lacuna

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37
Q

The molecular basis for the shock absorbing properties of cartilage involves which of the following?

a. Electrostatic interaction of proteoglycans with type IV collagen
b. Ability of glycosaminoglycans to bind anions
c. Noncovalent binding of glycosaminoglycans to protein cores
d. Sialic acid residues in the glycoproteins
e. Hydration of glycosaminoglycans

A

e. Hydration of glycosaminoglycans

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38
Q

What distinguishes cartilage from most other connective tissues?

a. Its extracellular matrix is rich in collagen
b. Its predominant cell type is a mesenchymal derivative
c. Its predominant cell type secretes both fibers and proteoglycans
d. It lacks blood vessels
e. It functions in mechanical support

A

d. It lacks blood vessels

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39
Q

Which feature is typical of elastic cartilage?

a. Primary skeletal tissue in the fetus
b. No identifiable perichondrium
c. Found in intervertebral discs
d. Most widely distributed cartilage type in the body
e. Collagen is mainly type II

A

e. Collagen is mainly type II

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40
Q

Which area in cartilage is relatively collagen-poor and proteoglycan-rich?

a. Fibrocartilage
b. Territorial matrix
c. Epiphyseal plate
d. Interterritorial matrix
e. Perichondrium

A

b. Territorial matrix

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41
Q

What is the source of the mesenchymal progenitor cells activated for the repair of hyaline cartilage of accident-damaged costal cartilages?

a. Perichondrium
b. Adjacent loose CT
c. Bone of the adjacent ribs and sternum
d. Chondrocytes of the injured cartilage
e. Stem cells circulating with blood

A

a. Perichondrium

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42
Q

How does articular cartilage differ from most other hyaline cartilage?

a. It undergoes mainly appositional growth
b. It contains isogenous groups of chondrocytes
c. It lacks a perichondrium
d. Its matrix contain aggrecan
e. It is derived from embryonic mesenchyme

A

c. It lacks a perichondrium

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43
Q

Which step occurs first in chondrogenesis?

a. Appositional growth
b. Conversion of chondroblasts to chondrocytes
c. Formation of mesenchymal condensations
d. Interstitial growth
e. Secretion of collagen-rich and proteoglycan-rich matrix

A

c. Formation of mesenchymal condensations

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44
Q

Osteoarthritis is characterized by the progressive erosion of articular cartilage. The matrix metalloproteinases involved in this erosion primarily act on which matrix component?

a. Aggrecan
b. Link proteins
c. Network-forming collagen
d. Fibril-forming collagen
e. Chondronectin

A

d. Fibril-forming collagen

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45
Q

A 28-year old woman visits the family medicine clinic complaining of the loss of sense of smell, nosebleeds, problems with swallowing, and hoarseness. She admits to “casual, social use” of cocaine on a regular basis since her sophomore year of college. A complete examination of her nose with a speculum and otoscope shows severe rhinitis. There is also perforation and collapse of the nasal cartilage resulting in a “saddle nose” deformity. Erosions in the enamel of her front teeth are noted. The breakdown of the nasal cartilage releases collagen fibers primarily of which type?

a. Type I
b. Type II
c. Type III
d. Type IV
e. Type VII

A

b. Type II

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46
Q

A 66-year-old man who suffered from severe osteoarthritis is referred to an orthopedic surgeon for replacement of his right knee. He had been actively involved in both high school and intercollegiate football and had continued running until about the age of 45 as a form of relaxation and exercise. With the patient’s permission, the removed joint is used by investigators performing a proteomic analysis of different joint tissues. The meniscus was found to contain almost exclusively type I collagen and aggrecan was undetectable. What is the most likely explanation for this result?

a. The meniscus normally consists of dense regular connective tissue, which contains primarily type I collagen.
b. The meniscus normally consists of fibrocartilage, which contains only type I collagen.
c. The meniscus had undergone repeated rounds of repair due to wear-and-tear during which its hyaline cartilage component was replaced by dense connective tissue.
d. Osteoarthritic injury in the knee resulted in the chondrocytes of the meniscus switching from expression of genes for type II collagen to type I collagen.
e. Elastic cartilage is normally replaced by fibrocartilage during aging and this process can be accelerated by exercise.

A

c. The meniscus had undergone repeated rounds of repair due to wear-and-tear during which its hyaline cartilage component was replaced by dense connective tissue.

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47
Q

Main constituent of the adult skeleton

A

bone / osseus tissue

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48
Q

what are the CT linings of bone tissue

A

endosteum & periosteum

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49
Q

this lines the internal surface of bone that would have osteogenic cells

A

endosteum

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50
Q

this lines external surface of bone that would have osteogenic cells

A

periosteum

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51
Q

Short processes that connect one osteocyte to another

A

canaliculi

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52
Q

3 major cell types of bone tissue

A

osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts

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53
Q

found in cavities (lacuna) between bone matrix layers (lamella) with cytoplasmic processes in small canaliculi

A

osteocytes

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54
Q

growing cells which synthesize and secrete the organic components of the bone matrix

A

osteoblasts

55
Q

giant, multinucleated cells involved in removing calcified bone matrix and remodeling bone tissue

A

osteoclasts

56
Q

shape of osteoblast cells when active

A

cuboidal to columnar

57
Q

layer of unique collagen-rich material between the osteoblast layer and the preexisting bone surface

A

osteoid

58
Q

proteins secreted by osteoblasts

A

osteocalcin, osteonectin

59
Q

large, motile multinucleated cells for matrix resorption during bone growth and remodeling

A

osteoclasts

60
Q

where are osteoclasts located

A

resorption bays (howship lacunae)

61
Q

active state of osteoclast

A

ruffled border

62
Q

True or False. During bone resorption, the amount of blood calcium decreases

A

False. Bone calcium INCREASES

63
Q

what composes 50% of the dry weight of bone matrix?

A

inorganic material

64
Q

most abundant inorganic material in bone tissue

A

calcium hydroxyapatite

65
Q

other inorganic materials of bone tissue

A

HCO3, citrate, K, Na

66
Q

what composes the organic material of bone tissue

A

type I collagen & osteonectin

67
Q

Two bone types based on gross appearance

A

compact & spongy bone

68
Q

other term for compact bone

A

substantia compacta

69
Q

other term for spongy / cancellous bone

A

substancia spongiosa

70
Q

2 types of bone based on microscopical classification

A

lamellar & woven

71
Q

Penetrates bone matrix and binds periosteum to the bone

A

perforating or sharpey’s fibers

72
Q

basic functional unit of bone

A

osteon / haversian system

73
Q

concentric rings of bone matrix

A

concentric lamellae

74
Q

surrounds the whole bone matrix

A

external circumferential lamellae

75
Q

separates compact from spongy bone

A

internal circumferential lamellae

76
Q

irregularly shaped groups of parallel lamellae between osteons

A

interstitial lamellae

77
Q

small spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes

A

lacunae

78
Q

contains blood vessels and nerves and responsible for cell-to-cell communication

A

canaliculi / haversian canal

79
Q

osteon boundary

A

cement line

80
Q

type of bone that appear during embryonic development

A

woven

81
Q

type of bone that are mature

A

lamellar

82
Q

which is more organized, woven or lamellar?

A

lamellar

83
Q

which contain more type II collagen fibers, woven or lamellar?

A

woven

84
Q

type of bone that appear during repair

A

woven

85
Q

True or False. Woven bone has higher mineral content than lamellar

A

False. Lamellar has higher mineral content

86
Q

shaft / cylindrical part of long bone

A

diaphysis

87
Q

what type of bone is present in diaphysis

A

compact bone

88
Q

end of the long bone; around the central marrow cavity

A

epiphysis

89
Q

what type of bone is present in epiphysis

A

spongy / cancellous / trabecular / medullary bone

90
Q

consists 80% of all lamellar bone

A

compact bone

91
Q

consists 20% of all lamellar bone

A

cancellous bone

92
Q

growth plate; separates epiphysis from diaphysis

A

epiphyseal plate

93
Q

when bone stops growing in length

A

epiphyseal line

94
Q

What type of bone marrow is present in the medullary cavity of children

A

red marrow

95
Q

what type of bone marrow is present in the medullary cavity of adults

A

yellow marrow (EXCEPT epiphyses of long bones)

96
Q

lifelong process of bone synthesis and removal

A

bone remodeling

97
Q

bone remodeling that occurs in compact bone

A

internal remodeling

98
Q

two types of osteogenesis

A

intramembranous ossification & endochondral ossification

99
Q

bone development observed in flat bones of the skull, most of the facial bones, mandible, clavicle

A

intramembranous ossification

100
Q

bone development in which a preexisting matrix of hyaline cartilage is eroded and invaded by osteoblasts, which then begin osteoid production

A

endochondral ossification

101
Q

osteogenesis observed in flat bones of the skull

A

intramembranous ossification

102
Q

osteogenesis observed in the development of short and long bones

A

endochondral ossification

103
Q

where does bone remodeling happen?

A

resorption sites (howship lacuna)

104
Q

The _______ cone in the bone remodeling unit is formed by osteoclasts

A

cutting

105
Q

The _______ cone in the bone remodeling unit consists of osteoblasts

A

closing

106
Q

This is the site where future osteon is formed via closing cone

A

resorption cavity

107
Q

The closing cone of the bone remodeling unit is responsible for its ________ function

A

lamellar

108
Q

Enumerate the 5 zones of osteogenesis

A
  1. Zone of resting cartilage
  2. Zone of proliferation
  3. Zone of hypertrophy
  4. Zone of calcification
  5. Ossified bone
109
Q

zone (of osteogenesis) where matrix is calcified and chondrocytes die

A

zone of calcification

110
Q

zone (of osteogenesis) where chondrocytes are arranged in small clusters and there is abundant matrix

A

zone of resting cartilage

111
Q

zone (of osteogenesis) where calcified cartilage is replaced by bone

A

ossified bone

112
Q

zone (of osteogenesis) where chondrocytes mature and increase in size; cell division ceases

A

zone of hypertrophy

113
Q

zone (of osteogenesis) of mitotically active chondrocytes

A

zone of proliferation

114
Q

what are the regulatory hormones of bone mineral homeostasis?

A

PTH and calcitonin

115
Q

which regulatory hormone raises blood calcium levels?

A

PTH

116
Q

which regulatory hormone lowers blood calcium levels?

A

calcitonin

117
Q

the regulatory hormone PTH targets the ________

A

osteoblast

118
Q

the regulatory hormone calcitonin targets the ________

A

osteoclast

119
Q

True or False. The regulatory hormone PTH promotes bone absorption

A

False. It promotes bone resorption

120
Q

region where bones are capped and surrounded by CT

A

joints

121
Q

this is the chronic inflammation of the synovial membrane which causes thickening of the connective tissue

A

rheumatoid arthritis

122
Q

these joints allow very limited or no movement

A

synarthroses

123
Q

these joints permit free bone movement

A

diarthroses / synovial joints

124
Q

major subtype of synarthroses that involves bones linked to other bones and allows no movement

A

synostoses

125
Q

major subtype of synarthroses that join bones by dense connective tissue only

A

syndesmoses

126
Q

major subtype of synarthroses that have a thick pad of fibrocartilage between the thin articular cartilage covering the ends of the bones

A

symphyses

127
Q

True or False. All symphyses such as the intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis, occur in the midline of the body

A

True

128
Q

These are large symphyses between the articular surfaces of successive bony vertebral bodies

A

intervertebral discs

129
Q

What type of cartilage composes the intervertebral disc?

A

fibrocartilage

130
Q

what specialized connective tissue lines the joint cavity?

A

synovial membrane

131
Q

process of collecting synovial fluid from joints

A

arthrosynthesis

132
Q

specialized synovial membrane that removes wear-and-tear debris from the synovial fluid

A

type a cells / macrophage-like synovial cells

133
Q

specialized synovial membrane that produces the abundant hyaluronan and smaller amounts of proteoglycans

A

type b cells / fibroblastic synovial cells

Histo (1 decks)

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