Special Topics Flashcards
Causes of lung cancer
tobacco
asbestos fibers
radon gas
genetics
How lung cancer starts/spreads
starts in the cells lining the bronchi and parts like the bronchioles or alveoli, also can start in the lymph system
Types of lung cancer
non-small cell
small cell
lung carcinoid tumor
Non-small cell lung cancer
Most common
3 subtypes: squamous cell (epidermoid) carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell (undifferentiated) carcinoma
Treatments: surgery, radiofrequency ablation,, radiation therapy, chemotherapy
Small cell lung cancer
AKA oat cell cancer, oat cell carcinoma and small cell undifferentiated carcinoma Not to common
Spreads extremely fast and in the early stages
Treatments: chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery
Lung carcinoid tumor
The least common (less than 5%) but generally cured by surgery
Lung cancer statistics
27% of all cancer deaths, mainly in older people; average age at time of diagnosis is about 70
Colorectal Symptoms
change in bowel habits bleeding cramping or stomach pain tiredness jaundice
Colorectal cancer screening tests
flexible sigmoidoscopy colonoscopy double contrast barium enema CT colonography Fecal blood test Stool DNA test
Colorectal High Risk
Ashkenazi jews of eastern european descent African Americans Family History Type 2 diabetes Smoking Consumption of Alcohol Body Mass
Colorectal cancer reduce risk
diet
exercise
vitamins
family history
Carcinomas v. Sarcomas
Invasive ductal carcinoma: most common, starts in milk duct
Invasive lobular carcinoma: starts in the milk producing glands
Sarcomas: a malignant tumor of connective or other nonepithelial tissue. Originates in blood vessels, fat, muscle, bone, cartilage, or other tissue
Symptoms of breast cancer
a lump in the breast or underarm, swelling in the armpit, pain or tenderness of the breast, a noticeable flattening or indentation of the breast, any change in size , contour or texture
nipple changes and discharge
discoloration
marble like area under the skin
Treatment for breast cancer
mastectomy radiation therapy other treatments to destroy cancer cells all over the body: chemotherapy, meds, etc* hormone therapy* targeted therapy *
Risk factors for breast cancer
gender aging genetic family history race and ethnicity menstraul periods
Lifestyle related risk factors
having children birth control drinking alcohol breast feeding physical inactivity
Skin cancer
most common cancer
abnormal growth of skin cells
curable
Types of skin cancer: Melanoma
less common (3%)
More severe
Leading cause of cancer deaths in women aged 25-30
Types of skin cancer: Nonmelanoma
opposite stats of nonmelanoma, develops deep in the epidermis or main cells of the epidermis
ABCD rule
Asymmetry
Border
Color
Diameter
Treatment of skin cancer
surgery
topical medications
chemotherapy
radiation
Risk factors of skin cancer
women have higher rates than men at younger ages
people with fair skin who freckle or sunburn easily
Prostate cancer statistic
1990’s - prostate cancer 29% of all cancers;
death rates from prostate cancer in men are second to lung cancer
Prostate cancer symptoms
problems urinating , including a slow or weak urinary stream or the need to pee more
trouble getting an erection
pain in the hips, back, chest, or other areas
weakness or numbness in the legs or feet or even loss of bladder or bowel control
Prostate cancer screen
digital rectal exam: exam sticks his finger in the patients ass
prostate specific antigen blood test: psa levels are tested
should start being tested around age 50
Prostate cancer surgery
surgery radiation therapy hormone therapy chemotherapy vaccine therapy bone-directed therapy
Prostate cancer preventions
eat few calories or exercise keep down red meat and dairy consumption watch calcium intake eat more fish avoid smoking
Testicular cancer stats
One of the most common cancers in men, 90% being in men 20-54,
Symptoms of testicular cancer
lumps, pain and swelling in the ball region. can be detected through routine self exams
Testicular cancer treatment
surgery
radiation therapy
chemotherapy
high dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplant
Uterine Cancer (2 types)
endometrial cancer (inner lining) uterine sarcoma cancer (muscles)
Uterine cancer treatment
surgery - hysterectomy radiation therapy chemotherapy hormone therapy target therapy
Uterine cancer risk factors
exposure to estrogen (tamoxifen, early menstruation, late menopause, never being pregnant)
hereditary conditions, family history, race
obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes
(african american women more likely to have it)
age (average age 60)
Uterine cancer symptoms
bleeding or discharge not related to periods
pain during sex, urination in the abs or pelvic region
Risk factors for ovarian cancer
age
hereditary
genetic mutations
have had breast, uterine or colorectal cancer
have never given birth or problems getting pregnant
