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applied exercise physiology > special topics > Flashcards

special topics Flashcards

1
Q

what is a humans normal resting core temperature

A

36.5-37.5 degrees C
humans are homeotherms

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2
Q

what is core temperature defined as?

A

temp of the hypothalamus, the thermoregulatory of the body

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3
Q

core temperature assessed as

A
  1. oesophageal temp
  2. rectal temp
  3. stomach temp
  4. oral temp
  5. tympanic temp
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4
Q

what should someones skin temp be

A

32-35 degrees C

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5
Q

what is temp regulation

A

the homeostatic maintenance of body temp requiring the operation of temp sensors (peripheral and central thermoreceptor) and regulated effectors (adrenal medulla, sweat glands, skin arterioles and skeletal muscles)

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6
Q

how does the control of thermoregulation work what your body temperature increases?

A
  1. afferent info to the brain (body temp increases)
  2. efferent signal from the brain
  3. causes blood vessels to dilate, sweat glands secrete fluid
  4. causes heat loss and is lost to environment
  5. causes body temp to return to normal
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7
Q

how does the control of thermoregulation work what your body temperature decreases?

A
  1. afferent info to the brain (body temp decreases)
  2. efferent signal from the brain
  3. causes blood vessels to constrict, sweat glands don’t secrete fluid
  4. causes heat gain and is retained in body
  5. causes body temp to return to normal
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8
Q

how to maintain heat balance

A
  • temp maintained by balancing heat gain and loss

-heat production: shivering thermogenesis, muscular activity, non-shivering thermogenesis

-heat loss: blood reaching skin, sweating

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9
Q

how does heat balance change during exercise

A
  • tipped more towards heat loss because heat is generated during metabolism
  • metabolic reactions during exercise lose 75% their energy as heat
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10
Q

define heat exchange

A

exchange of heat between the body and environment governed by biophysical properties

properties are dictated by surrounding temp, humidity and air motor, sky and ground radiation and clothing

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11
Q

equation of heat exchange and energy balance

A

S = M +Cv+Cd+R-E

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12
Q

what’s the most challenging environment for exercise

A
  1. extreme heat/humidity
  2. high altitudes
  3. extreme cold
  4. unstable terrain
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13
Q

exercise performance in the heat

A
  • performing aerobic exercise in a hot environment theirs a increased demand on heat loss mechanisms and a reduced gradient between core and skin so core temp increases
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14
Q

what does dehydration cause?

A
  • decreases sweat rate and plasma volume
  • decreases cardiac output, maximal oxygen uptake, muscle strength and work capacity
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15
Q

how does an increase in whole body temp affect the heart

A

systemic = increase hr, decrease SV,Q snd vo2 max

muscle = decrease blood flow near hrmax and vo2max

brain = decrease blood flow

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16
Q

how does an increase in whole body temp affect the brain

A

EEG = decrease attentional processing and arousal

CNS drive = decrease voluntary activation

perception = increase effort and exertion

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17
Q

how does an increase in whole body temp affect the skeletal muscle

A

-metabolism = increase CHO oxidation and metabolite accumulation

  • neural = increase Group III and IV muscle afferents
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18
Q

how is high intensity exercise impaired by hot environments

A

p competing g regulatory demands for blood flow between thermoreg, working muscle and CNS
- changes in skeletal muscle function and metabolism

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19
Q

heat related health impacts

A
  1. warning signs can be third, fatigue, headache, chills, cessation, dizziness, muscle cramps, rapid pulse, hot and dry skin, confusion

2, illness = heat cramps, heat exhaustion and heat stroke

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20
Q

how to mitigate heat stress

A

before = heat acclimation and aerobic training

immediately before = pre-cooling and hydration

during = hydration, clothing and cooling

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21
Q

describe hypothermia

A

below 35 degrees c

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22
Q

exercising in cold environment t

A
  • lower skin temp where shivering begins
  • maintains high hand and foot temp
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23
Q

heat acclimation and its effect

A

improved blood flow = transports of metabolic heat from deep tissues to shell

distribution of cardiac output = appropriate circulation to skin and muscles meeting demands of thermoset

increased sweat output = maximise evaporative cooling

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24
Q

physiological responses to exercise in the cold

A

reduced skin blood flow causes vasoconstriction

lower lipid mobilisation = reduced blood flow

increase central blood vol =vasoconstriction

increases submit vo2 = greater heat loss promoting heat exchange

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25
Q

what is hypoxia

A
  • low PO2 (altitude)
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26
Q

what is normoxia

A

normal PO2 (sea level)

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27
Q

hyperopia

A
  • high PO2
28
Q

what is hyperaemia

A
  • low levels of oxygen in the blood
29
Q

what are the effects of altitude on performance

A
  • lower air resistance may improve short term anaerobic performance
  • lower PO2 at altitude shouldn’t effect anaerobic performance
  • lower PO2 results in poor aerobic performance depending on O2 delivery to muscle
30
Q

what does exposure to hypoxia cause

A
  • reduction in arterial oxygen pressure. disrupts homeostasis triggering neuroendocrine responses helping to regulate important adjustments in key physiological systems
31
Q

what are short term adjustments to altitude

A
  • immediate response = get in more O2 molecules
  • ventilation changes = hyperventilation due to chemoreceptors, raises in alveolar O2, lowers alveolar CO2
  • cardiovascular changes = increases RHR and Q
32
Q

effects of high altitude on HR response to maximal exercise

A
  • cardiac strain is reduced - lactate production isn’t high at altitude
  • HRR to exercise attenuated at altitude
  • activation of parasympathetic NS limits max HR response to exercise at altitude
33
Q

effect of altitude acclimatisation

A
  • more O2 in blood improves o extraction capacity = less reliance of central delivery
34
Q

vascular and cellular changes of acclimatised env

A
  • increased capillarisation
  • increased myoglobin in muscles
  • increased aerobic enzymes
  • increased lactate consumption and oxidation by active muscle
35
Q

benefits of high altitude training

A
  • blood changes in red cell mass, cellular changes and circulatory changes
36
Q

detriments of altitude training

A
  • blood viscosity changes, cardiovascular changes, loss of training intensity, reduced muscle mass, increased ventilatory response
37
Q

solution to high altitude training

A
  • live high and train low. tents believed by many to be effective performance enhancer
38
Q

describe what the immune system is

A

consists of cellular and chemical components with 2 branches:
-innate
-adaptive

immune system governs how body defends against pathogens like viruses, bacteria and fungi

  • self vs altered self
39
Q

describe the adaptive branch

A

branch 1: cell-mediated > T-cells>killing of virus infected cells and tumour cells

branch 2: humeral > B-cells producing antibodies > killing bacteria/virus and tissue repair

40
Q

describe the innate branch

A

branch 1: humeral > complement cascade

branch 2: cell-mediates > either neutrophils monocytes or natural killer cells

branch 3: physical barriers > skin, saliva,tears,mucus,stomach > stopes microbe before it can cause infection

41
Q

physical barriers in innate immunity

A
  • physically prevent a foreign substance from reaching sit of infection (tears, saliva, coughing and sneezing skin, stomach, urine)

microbes can be:
1. trapped in skin cells or mucus
2. killed by antibodies in tear, saliva and mucus
3. removed from body by shading skin, coughing, committing, diarrhoea or urine/tears

42
Q

cell in the blood of the immune system

A
  • monocytes/macrophages
    -neurophils
    -natural killer cells
    -white blood cells
    -lymphocytes
43
Q

describe monocytes

A
  1. type of phagocyte
  2. leaves blood and from macrophages in tissues
  3. consumes microbes and dead cells by phagocytosis
44
Q

describe neutrophils

A
  1. most abundant cell in blood
  2. rapid responder to infection and stress exiting blood entering tissues
  3. engulfs microbes and kills via release of toxic molecules
45
Q

describe killer cells

A
  • destroy virus-infected cells and cancerous cells
  • produce proteins like cytokines to kill infected transformed cells
46
Q

innate immunity: humoral

A
  • complement proteins made in liver and circulation as inactive proteins in blood
  • can bind to antibodies or patterns on microbes or dead cells
  • proteins form complexes that recruit phagocytes to site via chemical gradients (complement cascade)
  • protein called cytokines can be released from innate immune cells to coordinate the immune response and signal to adaptive immune cells
47
Q

how does innate and adaptive immunity bridge

A
  • dendritic cells process parts of a foreign bodies and present the antigen to cells of the adaptive immune system in lymph nodes
  • dendritic cells called antigen presenting cells
48
Q

what are T cells (cells-mediated immunity)

A
  • type of lymphocyte developed in thymus
  • T cells release cytokines killing virus infected cells or tumors
49
Q

what are B cells (humeral immunity)

A
  • type of lymphocyte produced in bone marrow
  • B cells differentiate into plasma cells and produce antibodies
  • antibodies coat an infected cell or bacteria and trigger other immune cells to then destroy the cell
50
Q

when the body re-encounters the same antigen what happens

A

T and B cells actin an immune response based on memory

51
Q

adaptive immunity: cell mediated helper T -cells

A
  • 60-70% of T cells
  • co-ordinate immune response by recruiting other T and B cells to site of infection
  • regulatory T cells suppress activity of immune system
  • works together with cytotoxic T cells
52
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A
  • 30-40% if T cells
  • high efficient specific killers
    recognise antigens on surface of damage and infected cells/tumours
53
Q

T cells in action

A
  • strongly adhere to infected cell
  • release pore forming toxins and cytokines resulting in cell death
54
Q

B cell in action

A
  • B cells activate
  • onto plasma cells producing antibodies
  • antibodies recognise molecular shapes on infected cells and receipt phagocytes to destroy cell
55
Q

how do we measure immune function

A
  1. self-reported illness = upper respiratory tract infections report number and severity
  2. cellular level = concentration of immune cells, activation and suppression markers on cell type, measure immune cell function
  3. release of molecules reflecting immune response = antibodies with anti-microbial properties, enzymes with a role in phagocytosis
  4. in vivo immunity = antibody responses to a vaccine, wound healing and or skin thickening to mild trauma
56
Q

how does exercise evoke an immune response

A
  • moderate intensity increases number of leukocytes
  • increase is greater in minutes after intense exercise flowed by a drop below rest in hours later
  • decrease is a result of a dynamic and complex physiological response
57
Q

mechanisms driving immune cell mobilisation

A
  • exercise increases stress, sympathetic drive/vasoconstriction and adrenaline concentrations that demarginate immune cells into peripheral blood
  • response isn’t uniform with effector immune cells being preferential mobilised
58
Q

redistribution of immune cells after exercise

A
  • migrate to sites where boy may encounter damage or infection (muscles, lungs or gut)
59
Q

what is the open window hypothesis

A
  • cells mobilised into blood during exercise have high function and tissue homing potential
  • these cells have the highest capacity to leave the circulation
60
Q

innate immunity muscle damage after exercise

A
  • elicits a strong innate immune response involving neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages
  • cells release proteins initiating, mediating and terminating processes like movement of immune cells, muscle fibre breakdown and regeneration and anti-microbial defence
61
Q

direct improvements in immunity

A
  • less infections
  • less severity of infections
  • increased antibody production, response to vaccination, wound healing, surveillance of cancer cells
62
Q

indirect improvements in immunity

A
  • decreased weight loss thus less inflammation
  • improved vasculature health thus immune cell recirculation
  • increased anti-inflammatory blood profile
63
Q

how can exercise help clinical populations

A
  • offset natural decline in immunity
  • improve immunity with illnesses
  • inhibit tumour growth
  • collect cells for stem cell transplants
64
Q

affects of moderate exercise on immunity

A
  • more antiboides
  • better vaccine repsonse
  • more immune cells
  • reduced inflammation
  • better function of immune cells
65
Q

affects of heavy exercise on immunity

A
  • less antibodies
  • reduced immune cells
  • poorer redistribution of immune cells
  • reduced function of immune cells
  • less responsive immune cells

applied exercise physiology (10 decks)

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