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Assessment > Special Tests > Flashcards

Special Tests Flashcards

1
Q

Straight Leg Raising Test

A

Technique: lay on back relaxed, adduct and internally rotate LE with knee straight, flex hip to 70˚ (pain = positive)

Correlates: radiculopathy (discogenic or nerve root pathology)

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2
Q

1-Leg (Stork Standing) Lumbar Extension Test

A

Technique: stand on one foot and actively extend lumbar spine (pain = positive), rotation toward support leg (pain = positive)

Correlates: spondylopathies - spondylolisthesis (slipped vertebrae) or spondylolysis (fracture)

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3
Q

Adam’s Forward Flexion (Bend) Test

A

Technique: patient stands and bends forward at hips (rib hump = positive)

Correlates: scoliosis (rib hump on convex side of curve)

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4
Q

Apley’s Scratch Test

A

Technique: touch fingers together behind back

Correlates: functional tri-planar shoulder ROM
reaching above = flexion + abduction + external rotation
reaching below = extension + adduction + internal rotation

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5
Q

Load & Shift Test

A

Technique: patient seated upright, hand on thigh, shoulder relaxed; grasp humeral head and apply force A-P to displace humeral head in glenoid

Correlates: GH joint laxity / instability
Translation of humeral head:
<25% = normal
26-50% = grade 1
>50% and humeral head pops back = grade 2
>50% humeral head does not pop back = grade 3

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6
Q

Sulcus Sign

A

Technique: patient stands with arm relaxed at side; apply downward force at elbow

Correlates: GH multi-directional instability
<1cm = 1+
1-2cm = 2+
>2cm = 3+
bilaterally equal is not clinically significant

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7
Q

Hawkins-Kennedy Impingement Test

A

Technique: flex shoulder and elbow to 90 deg each, internally rotate shoulder (pain = positive)

Correlates: subacromial impingement (esp. supraspinatus tendon)

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8
Q

Speeds Test

A

Technique: patient resists downward force on forearm with elbow flexed to 90 (pain = positive)

Correlates: biceps tendonitis

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9
Q

Supraspinatus (Empty Can) Test

A

Technique: shoulder abducted to 90 and set to 30-45 deg horizontal adduction, resist downward force at wrist (weakness and/or pain = positive)

Correlates: supraspinatus or subscapular nerve injury

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10
Q

Milking Maneuver

A

Technique: elbow flexed to 90 and supinated, stabilize humerus and pull thumb to impart valgus stress to elbow (pain or laxity = positive)

Correlates: MCL injury at elbow

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11
Q

Varus Stress (elbow) Test

A

Technique: elbow flexed 20-30 deg, stabilize humerus and apply lateral directed force at elbow and medial directed force at distal forearm (pain or laxity = positive)

Correlates: LCL injury at elbow

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12
Q

Tinel’s Sign (elbow)

A

Technique: elbow slightly flexed, tap ulnar nerve at elbow (tingling along ulnar nerve = positive)

Correlates: ulnar nerve entrapment

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13
Q

Finger Ligamentous Instability Test

A

Technique: apply medial and lateral directed forces across each IP joint (pain or laxity = positive)

Correlates: collateral ligament laxity

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14
Q

Thumb UCL Laxity Test

A

Technique: extend IP/MCP at thumb and apply valgus stress (can also flex MCP to 30)

Correlates: ulnar collateral ligament sprain
valgus degree:
<30-35˚ = partial UCL tear
>30-35˚ = complete UCL tear

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15
Q

Finklestein’s Test

A

Technique: make fist holding thumb, passively deviate wrist in ulnar direction ( (pain along abductor pollicis and extensor pollicis brevis = positive)

Correlates: DeQuervain’s tenosynovitis

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16
Q

Tinel’s Sign (wrist)

A

Technique: firmly tap anterior fprearm over carpal tunnel (tingling or pain along median nerve = positive)

Correlates: median nerve compression / carpal tunnel syndrome

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17
Q

Phalen’s Test

A

Technique: flex wrist and push back of hands together for 1 minute (tingling or pain along median nerve = positive)

Correlates: median nerve compression / carpal tunnel syndrome

18
Q

Froment’s Sign

A

Technique: patient grabs piece of paper using lateral prehension, examiner tries to pull it away (IP flexes to maintain grip = positive)

Correlates: ulnar nerve lesion and/or paralysis of adductor pollicis

19
Q

Patrick’s (Figure 4 / FABER) Test

A

Technique: patient lies on back with legs in number “4” position, slowly lower knee of test leg toward table (cannot reach at least parallel to opposite leg = positive)

Correlates: limitation in hip joint ROM

20
Q

Trendelenburg Sign

A

Technique: stand on one leg (pelvis on contralateral side drops when standing on affected leg = positive

Correlates: hip abductor weakness / hip instability of stance leg

21
Q

Craig’s Test (Ryder Method)

A

Technique: lie on stomach w/knee flexed to 90, palpate greater trochanter and position parallel to exam table - measure tibial crest relative to vertical

Correlates: femoral anteversion or retroversion
normal 8-15˚
medial femoral torsion = anteversion (in-toe)
lateral femoral torsion = retroversion (out-toe)

22
Q

True Leg Length Test

A

Technique: measure legs ASIS to distal medial malleolus

Correlates: leg length discrepancy
measurement discrepancy 1.5cm or less = WNL

23
Q

Thomas Test

A

Technique: patient lies on back, check for excessive lordosis, flex one hip bringing knee to chest (straight leg does not remain flat on table = positive)

Correlates: hip flexion contracture

24
Q

Ober’s Test

A

Technique: patient lies on side, examiner passively abducts and extends upper leg with knee straight or flexed to 90 (top leg cannot lower to table behind bottom leg = positive)

Correlates: tensor fascia lata / IT band tightness or inflammation

25
Q

Ortolani’s Sign

A

Technique: on back, hips flexed, abduct thighs with pressure to greater trochanters (click, clunk, jerk felt = positive) - sublux hips

Correlates: congenital hip dysplasia

26
Q

Barlow’s Test

A

Technique: on back, hips flexed, apply pressure to inner thigh to relocate (reduce) hips (relocate hips = positive)

Correlates: congenital hip dysplasia, stable vs unstable

27
Q

Galeazzi Sign

A

Technique: patient on back, hips and knees flexed (knees different heights = positvie)

Correlates: congenital hip dysplasia / leg length discrepancy

28
Q

Valgus Stress Test (knee)

A

Technique: apply valgus stress to knee (push knee medially) with knee slightly flexed (laxity or pain = positive)

Correlates: MCL laxity

29
Q

Varus Stress Test (knee)

A

Technique: apply varus stress to knee (push knee laterally) with knee slightly flexed (laxity or pain = positive)

Correlates: LCL laxity

30
Q

Lachman’s Test

A

Technique: patient on back, knee held 0-30 deg flexion, femur held stable and tibia moved forward (motion of tibia anteriorly = positive)

Correlates: ACL injury

31
Q

Anterior Drawer Sign

A

Technique: patient on back, hips flexed to 45, knees flexed to 90, foot held on table, draw tibia forward on femur (motion >6mm = positive)

Correlates: ACL injury

32
Q

Godfrey (Gravity) Test

A

Technique: patient on back, passively flex hips and knees to 90 (posterior sag of tibia = positive)

Correlates: PCL injury

33
Q

McMurray Test

A

Technique: patient on back with knee completely flexed (heel to butt), passively medially rotate tibia and extend knee

Correlates: meniscus lesion

34
Q

Q-Angle

A

Technique: angle between quadriceps and patellar tendon (ASIS to mid-patella and tibial tubercle to mid patella)

Correlates: patellar syndromes
normal 13˚ (M), 18˚ (F)
<13˚ may be associated w/chondromalacia patellae or patella alta
>18˚ often associated w/chondromalacia patellae, subluxing patella, increased femoral anteversion, genu valgum, lateral tib torsion, lateral tibial tubercle

35
Q

Anterior Drawer Test (ankle)

A

Technique: stabilize tib/fib, hold foot at 20 deg PF, passively draw talus forward in ankle mortise (forward translation = positive)

Correlates: ATF ligament laxity

36
Q

Talar Tilt Test

A

Technique: foot held at 90, talus passively tilted side to side (inversion tests calcaneofibular ligament/ATF and eversion tests deltoid ligament) (laxity = positive)

Correlates: ATF and/or deltoid ligament laxity

37
Q

Squeeze Test

A

Technique: squeeze tib/fib at mid-calf down toward ankle (pain = positive)

Correlates: syndesmosis, compartment syndrome, tib/fib fracture, contusion

38
Q

Thompson’s Test

A

Technique: lie on stomach and squeeze calf muscle (absence of PF when squeezed = positive)

Correlates: Achilles tendon rupture

39
Q

Morton’s Test

A

Technique: squeeze foot around met heads (pain = positive)

Correlates: Morton’s neuroma, stress fx

40
Q

Feiss Line

A

Technique: line from apex of medial malleolus to plantar aspect of 1st MPJ non-weight bearing, patient stands and location of navicular relative to line is identified

Correlates: flat foot
navicular falls 1/3 distance to floor = 1st degree flat foot
falls 2/3 distance to floor = 2nd degree
rests on floor = 3rd degree

41
Q

LEAP Exam

A

Technique: neuropathic/diabetic foot screening
5-step: annual foot screen, patient education, daily self inspection, management of simple foot problems, proper footwear

Correlates: risk for neuropathic ulceration

Assessment (5 decks)

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