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Special Senses > Special Senses Part 1 > Flashcards

Special Senses Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The ______ is a multi-layered sensory tissue that lines the back of the eye. It contains millions of photoreceptors that capture light rays and convert them into electrical impulses. These impulses travel along the optic nerve to the brain where they are turned into images.

A

Retina

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2
Q

The ______ lies between the retina and sclera. It is composed of layers of blood vessels that nourish the back of the eye.

A

Choroid

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3
Q

The _______ is the opening in the center of the iris. The size of the _____ determines the amount of light that enters the eye. The _____ size is controlled by the dilator and sphincter muscles of the iris. Doctors often evaluate the reaction of ______ to light to determine a person’s neurological function.

A

Pupil

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4
Q

The ________ is a thick, transparent substance that fills the center of the eye. It is composed mainly of water and comprises about 2/3 of the eye’s volume, giving it form and shape. The properties of the ________ allow the eye to return to its normal shape if compressed.

A

Vitreous Humor

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5
Q

The ________ is the thin, watery fluid that fills the space between the cornea and the iris (anterior chamber). It is continually produced by the ciliary body, the part of the eye that lies just behind the iris. This fluid nourishes the cornea and the lens and gives the front of the eye its form and shape.

A

Aqueous Humor

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6
Q

The ________ transmits electrical impulses from the retina to the brain. It connects to the back of the eye near the macula. When examining the back of the eye, a portion of the ________ called the optic disc can be seen.

A

Optic Nerve

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7
Q

_________ glands are located on the lateral end of each eye.

A

Lacrimal

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8
Q

the “anvil” is actually the: a) malleus b) incus c) stapes d) bony labyrinth e) cochlea

A

b

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9
Q

“Eye shine” in nocturnal mammals is different from the “red eye” seen in some flash photographs. Eye shine is the reflection of light off the tapetum lucidum. What visual mechanism might explain red eye?

A

Due to the bright light reflecting off the back of the retina

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10
Q

The “stirrup” is also referred to as the stapes

A

TRUE

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11
Q

“White of the eye”

A

sclera

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12
Q

Accommodation by the lens*

A

contraction of the ciliary muscles causes the lens to become more spherical, change in the lens shape enables the eye to focus on objects that are less than 20 ft. away

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13
Q

Constriction of the pupil*

A

increases the depth of the focus

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14
Q

3 layers of the eyeball

A

Fibrous layer (no blood, dense CT), vascular layer (pigmented), inner layer (retina)

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15
Q

Convergence of the eyes*

A

Medial rotation of the eyes

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16
Q

The pigmented portion of the eye that has a rounded opening through which light passes is the:

A) cornea B) sclera C) iris D) lens E) retina

A

C) Iris

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17
Q

accommodation is: a) contraction of the pupil due to bright light b) adjustment of the thickness of the lens to make close vision possible c) dilation of the pupil due to dim light d) adjustment of the lens for distant vision e) stimulation of the retina by light rays

A

b

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18
Q

Action potential is sent from:
1._______and_______ –>_________–>__________whose axons converge and leave the retina at the________–>_______–>________–>_________–>________–>______________

A
  1. rods and cones, bipolar layer, ganglion cells, optic disk, optic nerve, optic chaisma, optic tract, thalamus, visual cortex of occipital lobe
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19
Q

Adjustment of the lens by the ciliary body

a. ) Accommodation
b. ) Refraction
c. ) Binocular vision
d. ) Photophobia
e. ) Amblyopia

A

a. Accommodation

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20
Q

Alkaloids

A

bitter receptors

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21
Q

Amino acid glutamate

A

umami receptors

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22
Q

Anterior chamber

A

located between the cornea and the iris

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23
Q

Aqeous humor

A

fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye, supports, nourishes, and removes wastes for the cornea, which has no blood vessels, produced by the ciliary processes as a blood filtrate, returned to the circulation through the sclera venous sinus (watery)

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24
Q

Aqueous humor is contained within the ______ chamber of the eye

A

anterior

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25
Q

Aqueous humor is reabsorbed into venous blood at the sclera-cornea conjunction through the __________.

A

scleral venous sinus or canal of Schlemm

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26
Q

The aqueous humor of the eye is reabsorbed into venous blood through the:

A) inferior larimal canal
B) pupil
C) nasolacrimal duct
D) scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm)
E) ciliary body
A

D) scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm)

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27
Q

Area of greatest visual acuity

A

fovea centralis

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28
Q

The area of sharpest visual acuity that normally contains only cones is the __________.

A

fovea centralis

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29
Q

Astigmatism

a. Localized purulent infection of the eye
b. Atrophy of the retina
c. Esotropia
d. Exotropia
e. Defective curvature of the cornea or lens

A

e. Defective curvature of the cornea

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30
Q

An astigmatism results from unequal curvatures of the cornea or lens.

A

TRUE

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31
Q

The auditory ossicle called the “anvil” is also called the

A

incus

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32
Q

The auditory ossicle called the ?anvil? is also called the:

A) incus
B) stapes
C) malleus
D) bony labyrinth
E) cochlea
A

A) incus

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33
Q

the auditory ossicles are located within the: a) external ear b) middle ear c) inner ear d) bony labyrinth e) membranous labyrinth

A

b

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34
Q

Auditory tube

A

links the middle ear and the throat

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35
Q 
The transparent central anterior portion of the sclera through which light eneters the eye is called:
A.)pupil
B.)cornea
C.)choroid
D.)iris
E.)retina
A

B

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36
Q 
The middle coat of the eyeball that contains pigment which prevents it from collapsing inward is the:
A.)sclera
B.)choroid
C.)pupil
D.)cornea
E.)retina
A

B

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37
Q

The bacterial infection known as “pinkeye” is caused by irritation of the: a) choroid b) conjunctiva c) cornea d) retina e) sclera

A

b

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38
Q

Bacterial infection of the middle ear

a. serous obtitis media
b. cholesteatoma
c. mastoiditis
d. barotitis
e. suppurative otitis media

A

e. suppurative otitis media

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39
Q

located in the retina, can modify information sent to the brain

A

Bipolar and ganglion cells

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40
Q

Bitter receptors on the tongue’s taste buds respond to __________.

A

alkaloids

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41
Q

small physiological blind spot in each eye (no rods or cones overlying it)

A

optic disc

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42
Q

A blind spot; area of depressed vision surrounded by an area of normal vision

a. nyctalopia
b. exotropia
c. scotoma
d. esotropia
e. strabismus

A

c. scotoma

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43
Q

Blood-rich tunic that contains dark pigment

A

choroid

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44
Q

Blurry images due to unequal curvatures of the cornea or lens

A

astigmatism

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45
Q

The bony labyrinth of the internal ear consists of the cochlea, vestibule, and the semicircular canals.

A

TRUE

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46
Q 
Equilibrium receptors are located in the:
A.)ossicles
B.)external ear
C.)inner ear
D.)middle ear
E.)tympanic membrane
A

C

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47
Q 
The only special sense that is NOT fully functional at birth is:
A.)smell
B.)taste
C.)vision
D.)hearing
E.)touch
A

C

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48
Q 
What structure of the eye focuses light on the retina:
A.)sclera
B.)optic chiasma
C.)lens
D.)choroid
E.)iris
A

C

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49
Q

cataracts result from changes in the: a) cornea b) choroid c) lens d) iris e) pupil

A

c

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50
Q

Channel between the middle ear and the nasopharynx

a. organ of corti
b. semicircular canal
c. labyrinth
d. eustachian tube
e. oval window

A

d. eustachian tube

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51
Q

a vascular network, many melanin containing pigment cells, appears black in color, prevents the reflection of light inside the eye (in vascular tunic)
-between the retina and the sclera. Provides nourishment to the outer portion of the retina

A

Choroid

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52
Q

Ciliary body composed of

A

Ciliary ring: a thickened ring of tissue surrounding the lens, composed of smooth muscle bundles (ciliary muscles), anchors the suspensory ligament that holds the lens in place, changes shape of the lens

Ciliary process: produces aqueous humor ring of muscle behind the peripheral iris that controls the power of the lens,

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53
Q

The ciliary body is a smooth muscle structure to which the lens is attached

A

TRUE

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54
Q

Circularly and radially arranged pigmented smooth muscle fibers

A

iris

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55
Q

Cochlea

A

snail-like subdivision of the osseous labyrinth

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56
Q

The cochlear nerve transmits impulses to the auditory cortex located in the _____

A

temporal lobe

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57
Q

Color in the eyes is determined by

A

the amount of melanin present, large amounts of melanin (Brown or black eyes) less melanin (light brown, green, or grey eyes) even less melanin (blue eyes)

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58
Q

The colored part of the eye is called the _____. It controls light levels inside the eye similar to the aperture on a camera.

A

Iris

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59
Q

A condition in which ear ossicles fuse is known as __________.

A

otosclerosis

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60
Q

The condition of increasing pressure inside the eye, resulting from blocked drainage of aquous humor is _______

A

glaucoma

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61
Q

The condition resulting from hardening and opacity of the lens, in which vision becomes hazy and eventually causes blindness

A

cataracts

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62
Q

Responsible for color vision, visual acuity.
Three types: each type has a different type of iodopsin photopigment, pigments are most sensitive to blue, red, and green light, perception of many colors results from mixing the ratio of the different types of cones that are active at a given moment

A

Cones

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63
Q

Cones enable vision in dim light

A

FALSE

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64
Q

The congenital condition of “crossed eyes” is also known as:

A

strabismus

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65
Q

Conjunctiva

A

mucous membrane covering of inner eyelids & outer eye

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66
Q

The conjunctiva is another name for the sclera

A

FALSE

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67
Q

conjunctivitis

A

Inflammation of the conjunctiva

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68
Q

Contains millions of photoreceptors

A

retina

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69
Q

clear/transparent, anterior part of the eyeball covering the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber that functions to refract (bend) light to focus a visual image (admits light into the eye)

A

Cornea

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70
Q

The crystalline ______ is located just behind the iris. Its purpose is to focus light onto the retina. The nucleus, the innermost part of the ________, is surrounded by softer material called the cortex. The ______ is encased in a capsular-like bag and suspended within the eye by tiny “guy wires” called zonules.

A

Lens

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71
Q 
An ear infection following an illness such as a cold can pass from the throat through the auditory ube to the:
A.)inner ear
B.)eardrum
C.)outer ear
D.)middle ear
E.)semicircular canals
A

D

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72
Q 
The three sets if color receptors within the retina are sensitive to wavelengths of visible light that are:
A.)green, yellow, and purple
B.)red, green, and yellow
C.)orange, green, and purple
D.)blue, green, and red
E.)red, blue, and yellow
A

D

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73
Q 
The gel-like substance that reinforces the eyeball and prevents it from collapsing inward is the:
A.)canal of Schlemm
B.)ciliary body
C.)aqueous humor
D.)vitreous humor
E.)choroid coat
A

D

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74
Q

Which one of the following is NOT true of color blindness:
A.)it is caused by a defect in genes on the X sex chromosome
B.)it is sex-linked, inherited homeostatic imbalance
C.)it results from lack of cones
D.)it occurs most often in women
E.)lack of red or green receptors is the most common type

A

D

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75
Q 
Which layer of the eye contains rods and cones:
A.)optic nerve
B.)sclera
C.)choroid
D.)retina
E.)iris
A

D

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76
Q 
The gland that produces tears in the eye is called the:
A.)ciliary gland
B.)ceruminous gland
C.)sebaceous gland
D.)lacrimal gland
E.)tarsal gland
A

D

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77
Q

Dark adaptation is caused by….

A

rhodopsin production

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78
Q

Deafness is defined as hearing loss ranging from slight to total loss.

A

TRUE

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79
Q

The decreased lens elasticity associated with aging that makes it difficult to focus on near objects is known as

A

presbyopia

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80
Q

the ability to judge relative distances of an object from the eyes and is a property of binocular vision (binocular vision results because slightly different images are seen by each eye)

A

Depth perception

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81
Q

Depth perception is caused by all of the following factors except which one: a) the eyes are frontally located b) there is total crossover of the optic nerve fibers at the optic chiasma c) there is partial crossover of the optic nerve fibers at the optic chiasma d) each visual cortex receives input from both eyes

A

b

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82
Q

Describe the path of the optic fibers from the optic nerve to the occipital lobe of the brain.

A

Optic fibers from each eye leave the back of the eyeball through the optic nerve. At the optic chiasma, the medial fibers of each eye cross over to the opposite side. The resultant optic tracts contain fibers from the lateral side of the eye on the same side and the medial side of the opposite eye. The optic fibers synapse with neurons in the thalamus, which then continue on to the occipital lobe of the brain.

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83
Q

Describe the pathway of light through the eyeball and the process of light refraction.

A

Light travels through the cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor before being focused on the retina during normal vision. Refraction by the cornea and humors is constant, whereas the lens changes its shape to be either more or less convex as needed. The greater the convexity, the more light is bent.

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84
Q

Describe the role of the lens in vision. Name and explain the disease caused by the hardening of the lens.

A
  1. The lens is the only structure in the eye that can change shape to refract light. The lens becomes more or less convex in order to properly focus light on the retina.
  2. Cataracts are caused when the lens becomes increasingly hard and opaque. Vision becomes hazy and blindness can occur in the affected eye.
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85
Q

Destruction of distal end of damaged axon occuring 3-5 days after injury is called

A

Wallerian degeneration

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86
Q

Dilator pupillae stimulated

A

distant vision and dim light: pupils dilate

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87
Q

Discuss the age-related disorders presbyopia and presbycusis. Identify the structures each disorder affects.

A
  1. Presbyopia literally means ? old vision? and occurs around age 40 and later. As we age, the lens of the eye becomes less elastic. As a result, we have a difficult time focusing on things close to us, such as reading a newspaper, and we essentially become farsighted.
  2. Presbycusis is a type of sensorineural deafness that often occurs as we age into our sixties. The deterioration and atrophy of the organ of Corti lead to a loss in the ability to hear high tones and speech sounds. In some cases of
    presbycusis, the ossicles of the ear fuse leading to difficulty conducting sound in the inner ear.
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88
Q

A division of the cranial nerve, the __________ transmits information to the cerebellum about equilibrium

A

vestibular nerve

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89
Q

Dynamic equilibrium receptors are found in the:

A

semicircular canals

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90
Q

Dynamic equilibrium receptors report the position of the head with respect to the pull of gravity when the body is not moving (T/F)

A

FALSE

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91
Q 
The pathway of vibrations through the ossicles from the tympanic membrane, or eardrum, to the oval window is:
A.)malleus, stapes, incus
B.)stapes, incus, malleus
C.)incus, malleus, stapes
D.)stapes, malleus, incus
E.)malleus, incus, stapes
A

E

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92
Q 
Which area of the retina lacks rods and cones and therefore does not detect images:
A.)ciliary body
B.)fovea centralis
C.)optic nerve
D.)choroid
E.)optic disc
A

E

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93
Q 
The pupil is an opening within the:
A.)sclera
B.)retina
C.)lens
D.)choroid
E.)iris
A

E

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94
Q 
Tough, white connective tissue forms this portion of the fibrous layer of the eye:
A.)conjunctiva
B.)choroid
C.)cornea
D.)retina
E.)sclera
A

E

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95
Q

An ear infection following an illness such as a cold has passed from the throat through the auditory tube to the

A

middle ear

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96
Q

Earwax is produced by __________.

A

ceruminous glands

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97
Q

Emmetropia

A

used to describe a persons vision when absolutely no refractive error or de-focus exists

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98
Q

Epilepsy

A

results from abnormal, synchronous discharge of neurons in the brain.

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99
Q

Equilibrium receptors are located in the

A

inner ear

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100
Q

Explain static and dynamic equilibrium and their interrelationships.

A

Static equilibrium is regulated by the maculae of the vestibule. The maculae report on the position of the head with respect to the pull of gravity when the body is at rest. Each macula is a patch of receptor cells embedded in the otolithic membrane. The otolithic membrane contains otoliths which roll in response to changes in the pull of gravity. This movement causes the hair cells of the membrane to bend, sending impulses along the vestibular nerve to the cerebellum, relating information regarding the position of the head in space. Dynamic equilibrium is regulated by the semicircular canals. The crista ampullaris of the membranous semicircular canal consists of a tuft of hair cells and their gelatinous cap called the cupula. Movement of the head causes the cupula to move in the opposite direction, stimulating the hair cells, which then transmit impulses up the vestibular nerve to the cerebellum. Static and dynamic equilibrium work together to provide information to the cerebellum to help control balance.

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101
Q

Explain the meaning of an “odor snapshot” and its relevance to human beings.

A

Olfactory receptor cells transmit impulses to the olfactory cortex of the brain for interpretation. An ?odor snapshot? is made, which then becomes part of our long-term memory. The olfactory pathways are closely tied to the limbic system, the emotional- visceral part of the brain. Odors elicit strong emotional responses, both positive and negative. The smell of freshly baked cookies, a certain perfume, or a dentist?s office all engender their own unique response.

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102
Q

Explain the mechanism of hearing.

A

Sound waves enter the pinna and are transmitted down the external auditory canal until they hit the tympanic membrane and cause it to vibrate. Vibration of the tympanic membrane then causes the ossicles of the middle ear to vibrate, which in turn presses on the oval window of the inner ear. Vibration of the oval window sets the fluids of the inner ear in motion. Movement of the cochlear fluids then stimulate the hair cells of the organ of Corti, which in turn transmit impulses along the cochlear nerve to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe, where interpretation of sound occurs.

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103
Q

Extrinsic eyeball uscles consist of:

A

4 rectus muscles; superior, inferione, lateral, and medial. 2 oblique muscles; superior and inferior

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104
Q

The eye condition resulting from the inability of the aqueous humor to drain from the eye is called __________.

A

glaucoma

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105
Q

An eye inflammation commonly called “pinkeye” is

a. iritis
b. conjunctivitis
c. dacryoadenitis
d. scleritis
e. uveitis

A

b. conjunctivitis

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106
Q

The eye is composed of what 3 chambers:

A

Anterior chamber, posterior chamber, vitreous chamber

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107
Q

Eyeball is “too short”

A

hyperopia

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108
Q

Function of eyebrows

A

prevent perspiration from entering the eyes and help shade the eyes, function: keeps sweat from entering eye, and shade from sun

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109
Q

Function of eyelashes

A

project from the free margin of each eyelid, initiate reflex blinking

110
Q

consist of five tissue layers, protect the eyes from foreign objects (eyelashes help), help lubricate the eyes by spreading tears over their surface, lubricating glands associated with it; meibomian glands and sebaceous glands, ciliary glands lie btw the hair follicles

A

Eyelids

111
Q

Eyes suddenly exposed to bright light experience

A

photopupillary reflex

112
Q

Fibers from the medial side of each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain at the __________.

A

optic chiasma

113
Q

Fibrous layer of clear tissue that extends over the anterior portion of the eye and is continuous with the white of the eye

a. ) Fundus
b. ) Ciliary body
c. ) Pupil
d. ) Cornea
e. ) Iris

A

d.) Cornea

114
Q

The fibrous outermost tunic seen anteriorily as the “white of the eye” is the:

A

sclera

115
Q

Fibrous tunic

A

Outer most layer, sclera & cornea
I.) Mechanical support & some physical protection
II.) Attachment site for muscles
III.) Assist in focusing

116
Q

Fine adjustments to refraction are accomplished by changing the shape of the

A

Lens

117
Q

Flexible biconvex crystal-like structure

A

lens

118
Q

Highest concentration of cones, center of macula lutea, an area of the retina where vision is the clearest and there are no rods at all (the central focus area of the retina)

A

Fovea centralis

119
Q

The function of the auditory tube is to transmit sound vibrations

A

FALSE

120
Q

Fungal infection of the ear

a. macrotia
b. salpingitis
c. otomycosis
d. cholesteatoma
e. labyrinthitis

A

c. otomycosis

121
Q

Ganglion cell axons

A

form the optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic tracts, extend to the thalamus and synapse, then to the neurons from the optic radiations that project to the visual cortex

122
Q

The gel-like substance that reinforces the eyeball and prevents it from collapsing inward is

A

vitreous humor

123
Q

The gland that produces tears in the eye is called the:

A

lacrimal gland

124
Q

glaucoma

A

The eye condition resulting from the inability of the aqueous humor to drain from the eye is called_____.

125
Q

Glaucoma is primarily diagnosed using

a. Tonometry
b. ophthalmoscopy
c. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy
d. Fluorescein angiography
e. Visual field exam

A

a. tonometry

126
Q

Gross eye movements are produced by five extrinsic eye muscles attached to the outer surface of each eye (T/F)

A

FALSE

127
Q

Gustatory hairs are to taste as olfactory hairs are to

A

smell

128
Q

Hair cells that function as hearing receptors are located within the

A

spiral organ of Corti

129
Q

the hearing receptors are located within the: a) auditory tube b) organ of Corti c) oval window d) auricle e) ossicles

A

b

130
Q

Hearing receptors within the spiral organ of Corti are called

A

hair cells

131
Q

The highly contagious bacterial infection known as “pinkeye” is caused by bacterial or viral irritation of the

A

conjunctiva

132
Q

How does vitreous humor differ from aqueous humor in terms of location and viscosity?

A

Vitreous humor is located in the posterior cavity and is more viscous (thicker) than aqueous humor. Aqueous humor is located in the anterior cavity and is more watery.

133
Q

How would you define an extrinsic muscle of the eye?

A

Attaches to the sclera and moves the eyeball

134
Q

How would you define the near point of the eye?

A

Minimum focusing distance of eye

135
Q

Hydrogen ions in solution

A

sour receptors

136
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness (eyeball is too short or the cornea has too little curvature, so light entering your eye is not focused correctly.)

137
Q

Impairment of vision due to old age

a. emmetropia
b. diplopia
c. esotropia
d. presbyopia
e. aniscoria

A

d. presbyopia

138
Q

Impulses for the sense of smell are transmitted by the ________ nerve

A

olfactory

139
Q

In close vision and bright light, the pupil will dilate. (T/F)

A

FALSE

140
Q

In order to hear sound, vibrations pass from the eardrum to the ossicles, and on to the oval window. (T/F)

A

TRUE

141
Q

The inability to see distant objects, termed “nearsighted,” is

A

myopia

142
Q

Increased pressure within the eye probably indicates

A

glaucoma

143
Q

Incus

A

“anvil”

144
Q

Inferior Oblique Muscle

A

Elevates eye and turns it laterally and is controlled by the oculomotor nerve

145
Q

Inferior Rectus Muscle

A

Depresses the eye and turns it medially and is controlled by the oculomotor nerve.

146
Q

Inflammation of the conjunctiva involves what

A

delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering the front of the eyeball

147
Q

Inflammation of the conjunctiva involves which of the following:

A) portion of the eye that contains the optic nerve
B) extrinsic eye muscles
C) circular band surrounding the pupil
D) delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering the front of the eyeball
E) glands that produce tears

A

D) delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering the front of the eyeball

148
Q

The inner ear condition in which the individual suffers nausea, vertigo, and progressive deafness, is called ______.

A

Meniere’s Disease

149
Q

Iris

A

diaphragm consisting of thin overlapping plates that can be adjusted to change the diameter of a central opening (pupil)
(is also the pigmented part of the eye when we look through the cornea.)

150
Q

The iris of the eye has what function?

A

The iris controls the size of the pupil.

Which in turn, controls the amount of light entering the eye

151
Q

Location of the lens relative to the iris?

A

posterior

152
Q

Lacrimal gland location

A

Superior and lateral to eyeball in frontal bone

153
Q

Lateral Rectus Muscle

A

Moves eye laterally and the controlling cranial nerve is the abducens

154
Q

Lens

A

a biconvex, transparent, flexible, avascular structure that allows precise focusing of light onto the retina, composed of lens epithelium and lens fibers

155
Q

The lens divides the eye into two segments, the __________ and the __________ segments.

A

anterior (aqueous); posterior (vitreous)

156
Q

Light adaption is caused by:

A

reduction of rhodopsin

157
Q

Limbus

A

The area where the sclera and cornea meet (border)

158
Q

Loss of the same side of the visual field of both eyes from damage to the visual cortex on one side only is called __________.

A

hemianopia

159
Q

Where visual image arrives, no rods,

  • a yellowish central area of the retina that is rich in cones and that mediates clear detailed vision,
  • a yellow spot on the retina that mediates the clearest, most detailed vision (responsible for central vision)
A

Macula lutea

160
Q

Macular degeneration produces

a. loss of central vision
b. hemianopia
c. retinal detachment
d. nystagmus
e. cataracts

A

a. loss of central vision

161
Q

The major occupant of the middle ear is _______.

A

ossicles

162
Q

Malleus

A

“hammer”

163
Q

Medial movement of the eyes during focusing on close objects is _______

A

convergence

164
Q

Medial Rectus Muscle

A

Moves the eye medially and the controlling cranial nerve is the oculomotor.

165
Q

Metal ions in solution

A

salty receptors

166
Q

The middle coat of the eyeball that contains pigment which prevents light from scattering in the eyeball is the

A

choroid

167
Q

movement of the ________ membrane triggers bending of hairs of the hair cells in the organ of Corti: a) tympanic b) tectorial c) basilar d) vestibular

A

c

168
Q

The muscles which produce gross eye movements and make it possible for the eyes to follow objects are the ________.

A

extrinsic muscles

169
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness (eyeball is too long or the cornea, the clear front cover of the eye, has too much curvature)

170
Q

Nasolacrimal duct

A

Delivers tears to nasal cavity

171
Q

Age-related hearing loss

a. Vertigo
b. meniere’s disease
c. acoustic neuroma
d. presbycusis
e. otopyorrhea

A

d. presbycusis

172
Q

Nervous/sensory tunic (retina)

A

Innermost layer
I.) Pigmented part
II.) Neural part
lines the posterior two-thirds of the eye. Since a significant portion of the retina is made up of nerve fibers that carry light impulses to the optic nerve it has been described as an extension of the brain

173
Q

Normal resting condition of the lens

A

relaxation of the ciliary muscles causes the lens to flatten, producing the emmetropic eye

174
Q

The normal resting eye is generally “set” for distant vision. (T/F)

A

TRUE

175
Q

The oily secretions that lubricate the eye are produced by the:

A

tarsal glands (a.k.a meibomian glands)

176
Q

The olfactory receptors are examples of: a) thermoreceptors b) mechanoreceptors c) chemoreceptors d) proprioceptors e) gustatory receptors

A

c

177
Q

One function of the _______ is the production of aqueous humor, the clear fluid that fills the front of the eye. It also controls accommodation by changing the shape of the crystalline lens.

A

Ciliary Body

178
Q

The only special sense that is NOT fully functional at birth is:

A

vision

179
Q

location through which nerves exit and blood vessels enter the eye, no photoreceptor cells, the “blind spot” of the eye

A

Optic disc

180
Q

Optic nerve

A

cranial nerve II that serves the retina;

carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

181
Q

Outer segment of photoreceptors

A

filled with stacks of membranes (like a stack of poker chips) containing the visual pigment molecules such as rhodopsins; light is absorbed here

182
Q

The overlapping of the two visual fields that provides for depth perception (3-D vision) results in __________.

A

binocular vision

183
Q

The pathway of vibrations through the ossicles from the tympanic membrane, or eardrum, to the oval window is:

A

malleus, incus, stapes

184
Q

Most of the rods are localized here

A

periphery of the retina

185
Q

Photosensitive receptor cells of the retina making the perception of color possible

a. ) Rods
b. ) Cones
c. ) Megakaryocyte
d. ) Optic nerve
e. ) Optic chiasm

A

b.) Cones

186
Q

Pinna

A

“outer ear”

187
Q

The pinna, also called the auricle, is what most people call the ?ear.? (T/F)

A

TRUE

188
Q

Place where optic nerve fibers cross in the brain

a. ) Optic disc
b. ) Opti chiasma
c. ) Retina
d. ) Olfactory lobe
e. ) Cerebral cortex

A

b.) Optic chiasma

189
Q

The portion of the bony labyrinth responsible for static equilibrium is the:

A

vestibule

190
Q

The posterior chamber of the eye is located…

A

between the iris and lens

191
Q

The predominant fluid contained within the inner ear is called ______.

A

perilymph

192
Q

Prolonged vitamin A deficiency results in deterioration of the neural retina called

A

night blindness

193
Q

Pupil

A

black adjustable circular opening in the center of the iris through which light passes as it enters the eye

194
Q

The receptors for taste and smell are classified as __________.

A

chemoreceptors

195
Q

The receptors for taste are found in clusterlike areas called ______

A

papillae

196
Q

Receptors stimulated by the physical forces that cause movement of fluid or vibration within the body are

A

mechanoreceptors

197
Q

The reflex in which the eyes of an infant tilted backward roll downward so that its gaze remains fixed is called _______.

A

doll eyes reflex

198
Q

The reflexive movement of the eyes medially when viewing close objects is called: a) photopupillary reflex b) accommodation pupillary reflex c) convergence d) adaption reflex e) projection reflex

A

c

199
Q

Refraction

A

bending of light, light striking a concave surface refracts outward (divergence), light striking a convex surface refracts inward (convergence), converging light rays meet at the focal point and are said to be focused

200
Q

Retina

A

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information (Innermost layer of eye;back wall of the eyeball) has over 126 million photoreceptor cells which respond to light

201
Q

Rhodopsin

A

Exposure to light activates rhodopsin, rhodopsin is split by light into retinal and opsin, eventually resulting in an action potential

202
Q

Rods

A

responsible for non vision, vision in low illumination (night vision), rod shaped photoreceptive part of the rods contains about 700 double layered membranous discs- discs contain rhodopsin a purple pigment consisting of the protein opsin covalently bound to a yellow photosensitive pigment called retinal (derived from vitamin A)

203
Q

salty receptors respond to: a) sugars, saccharine, and some amino acids b) hydrogen ions or acidity c) metal ions in solution d) alkaloids e) neutral ions

A

c

204
Q

Sclera

A

White of the eye; connective tissue that maintains the shape of the eyeball, provides a site for muscle attachment

205
Q

Semicircular canals

A

contains receptors for dynamic equilibrium

206
Q

Sensorineural deafness occurs when there is damage or degeneration of receptor cells of the:

A

spiral organ of Corti or cochlear nerve

207
Q

The serious inner ear condition that causes nausea, vertigo, and progressive deafness is called __________.

A

Meniere’s syndrome

208
Q

the sets of color receptors within the retina are sensitive to wavelengths of visible light that are: a) red, green, yellow b) red, blue, yellow c) green, yellow, and purple d) orange, green, and purple e) blue, green, red

A

e

209
Q

The six muscles attached to the outer surface of the eye that produce gross eye movements and make it possible for the eyes to follow objects are the __________.

A

extrinsic muscles

210
Q

Small hard mass on the eyelid; formed from a sebaceous gland enlargement

a. scleral buckle
b. blepharochalasis
c. chalazion
d. cataract
e. steatoma

A

c. chalazion

211
Q

Small-shaped, spirally wound tube in the inner ear is the

a. aurile
b. cochlea
c. auditory meatus
d. utricle
e. pinna

A

b. cochlea

212
Q

The small, peglike projections of the tongue’s surface are called __________.

A

papillae

213
Q

Smooth muscle structure attached to the lens

A

ciliary body

214
Q

Sound waves entering the external auditory canal hit the eardrum, also known as the:

A

tympanic membrane

215
Q

Sphincter pupillae stimulated

A

close vision and bright light: pupils constrict

216
Q

Stapes

A

“stirrup”

217
Q

The stapes transmits vibrations to the inner ear through the: a) tympanic membrane b) oval window c) malleus d) organ of Corti e) auditory tube

A

b

218
Q

The stirrup bone of the internal ear is also known as __________.

A

stapes

219
Q

Structure and function of Retina

A

Pigmented layer of the retina provides a black backdrop for increasing visual acuity, Rods and cones synapse with bipolar cells, bipolar cells synapse with ganglion cells, which form optic nerve

220
Q

Superior Oblique Muscle

A

Depresses eye and turns it laterally and is controlled by the trochlear nerve.

221
Q

Superior Rectus Muscle

A

Elevates eye and turns it medially and is controlled by the oculomotor nerve

222
Q

Suspensory ligaments

A

ring of fibers that radiate from the edge of the lens & attach it to the ciliary body. Help change the shape of the lens.

223
Q

Tapetum

A

is a layer of tissue in the eye of many vertebrate animals, that lies immediately behind or sometimes within the retina. It reflects visible light back through the retina, increasing the light available to the photo receptors. This improves vision in low-light conditions

224
Q

Tarsal glands associated with the edges of the eyelids are considered modified

A

sebaceous glands

225
Q

Taste receptor cells are stimulated by: a) chemicals binding to the nerve fibers supplying them b) chemicals binding to their microvilli c) stretching of their microvilli d) impulses from the sensory nerves supplying them

A

b

226
Q

Tears are secreted from lacrimal glands located on the medial end of each eye. (T/F)

A

FALSE

227
Q

There are five basic taste sensations that correspond to one of the five major types of taste buds. (T/F)

A

TRUE

228
Q

There are two varieties of cones; one responds to red light and the other responds to green light. (T/F)

A

FALSE

229
Q

The three sets of color receptors within the retina are sensitive to wavelengths of visible light that are

A

blue, green, and red

230
Q

The three subdivisions of the bony labyrinth of the internal ear are __________,
__________, and __________.

A

cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals

231
Q

Tinnitus

a. Hearing loss occuring with old age
b. Dizziness associated with nausea and sensation of whirling motion
c. Ringing sounds in ears
d. Dysphonia
e. Aural discharge

A

c. Ringing sounds in ears

232
Q

Tiny stones made of calcium salts that roll in response to changes in gravitational pull are called __________.

A

otoliths

233
Q

The transparent central anterior portion of the sclera through which light enters the eye is called the

A

cornea

234
Q

The structure that divides the outer ear from the middle ear is a membrane known as the______.

A

tympanic membrane

235
Q

Unlike the taste sensation, it is NOT necessary to have the chemicals associated with smells dissolved in body fluids. (T/F)

A

FALSE

236
Q

The upside-down image formed on the retina as a result of the light-bending activity of the lens is the __________.

A

real image

237
Q

Vascular tunic (uvea)

A

Middle layer (the part of the eye that contains the iris and ciliary body and choroid-uvea)
I.) Route for blood vessels & lymphatics
II.) Regulate amount of light
III.) Secrete & reabsorb aqueous humor within eye chamber
IV.) Control shape of lens

238
Q

contains the receptors for static equilibrium

A

Vestibule

239
Q

Visual examination of the ear

a. Audiometry
b. Otoscopy
c. Tympanometry
d. Tuning fork test
e. Ophthalmoscopy

A

b. otoscopy

240
Q

Visual Signaling Pathway

A
  1. AP from ganglion cells (optic nerve)
  2. partial crossing at optic chiasma
  3. projection as optic tract
  4. most synapse on LGH in thalamus
  5. project to primary visual cortex of occipital lobe
241
Q

much larger then the other two chambers of the eye; located posterior to the lens

A

vitreous chamber

242
Q

Vitreous humor function

A

fills the vitreous chamber, contributes to intraocular pressure, helps maintain the shape of the eyeball, holds the lens and retina in place, functions in the refraction of light in the eye(gel)

243
Q

What do the numbers 20/100 mean for visual acuity?

A

A person with this vision can see at 20 feet what an average sighted person can see at 100 feet.

244
Q

What eye structure is transparent, biconvex, and focuses light on the retina?

a. ) Conjunctiva
b. ) Lens
c. ) Vitreous body
d. ) Aqueous humor
e. ) Sclera

A

b.) Lens

245
Q

What is astigmatism?

A

Defect in cornea or lens that causes an uneven bending of the light rays in that area of the eye

246
Q

What is the consensual reflex of the pupil?

A

Increase or decrease of one pupil when the other pupil is exposed to a respective decrease or increase in light.

247
Q

What is the middle layer of the eye called?

A

Vascular tunic (includes choroid, ciliary body, lens)

248
Q

What is the name of the transparent layer of the eye in front of the anterior chamber?

A

Cornea

249
Q

What layer of the eye converts visible light into nerve impulses?

A

Retina

250
Q

What nerve takes the impulse of sight to the brain?

A

Optic nerve

251
Q

What Responsible for the most of the gross refraction of light

A

Cornea

252
Q

What structure of the eye focuses light on the retina:

A

lens

253
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for moving the eye laterally

A

cranial nerve IV trochlear

254
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for moving the eye laterally:

A) cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear)
B) cranial nerve III (oculomotor)
C) cranial nerve II (optic)
D) cranial nerve IV (trochlear)
E) cranial nerve VI (abducens)
A

D) cranial nerve IV (trochlear)

255
Q

Which of the following is a cranial nerve NOT involved in taste or smell: a) facial nerve b) vestibular nerve c) glossopharyngeal nerve d) vagus nerve e) olfactory nerve

A

b

256
Q

Which of the following is NOT a primary taste sensation: a) sweet b) salty c) pungent d) bitter e) sour

A

c

257
Q

Which of the following is NOT found on the dorsal tongue surface: a) filiform papillae b) fungiform papillae c) gustatory cells d) circumvallate papillae e) maculary papillae

A

e

258
Q

Which of the following is NOT important in providing information used to control balance to the cerebellum: a) dynamic equilibrium b) static equilibrium c) fusion of the ossicles d) proprioceptors of the muscles and tendons e) sight

A

c

259
Q

Which of the following is NOT part of the inner ear: a) cochlea b) vestibule c) semicircular canals d) ossicles e) membranous labyrinth

A

d

260
Q

Which of the following is NOT true about lysozyme: a) it is an enzyme b) it destroys bacteria c) it is found in tears d) it stimulates the rods and cones e) it cleanses and protects the eye

A

d

261
Q

Which of the following is NOT true of color blindness: a) it is sex-linked b) it results from lack of cones c) it occurs most often in women d) it is caused by a defect in genes on the X-sex chromosome e) lack of red or green receptors is the most common type

A

c

262
Q

Which of the following is most likely to be found in the fovea centralis: a) ganglion neurons b) rods c) bipolar neurons d) cones e) rhodopsin

A

d

263
Q

Which one of the following correctly lists the order of the parts through which light passes as it enters the eye:

A) vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor, cornea
B) lens, aqueous humor, cornea, vitreous humor
C) cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor
D) cornea, lens, aqueous humor, vitreous humor
E) aqueous humor, cornea, lens, vitreous humor

A

C) cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor

264
Q

Which one of the following cranial nerves is NOT involved in either taste or smell:

A) vestibular (VIII)
B) glossopharyngeal (IX)
C) olfactory nerve (I)
D) facial nerve (VII)
E) vagus (X)
A

A) vestibular (VIII)

265
Q

Which one of the following is NOT a primary taste sensation:

A) salty B) sweet C) pungent D) sour E) bitter

A

C) pungent

266
Q

Which one of the following is NOT part of the inner ear?

A) semicircular canals
B) ossicles
C) vestibule
D) cochlea
E) membranous labyrinth
A

B) ossicles

267
Q

Which one of the following is NOT true of color blindness:

A) lack of red or green receptors is the most common type
B) it is sex- linked, inherited homeostatic imbalance
C) it is caused by a defect in genes on the X (female) sex chromosome
D) it occurs most often in women
E) it results from lack of cones

A

D) it occurs most often in women

268
Q

Which one of the following nerves serves the anterior tongue:

A) cochlear
B) vestibular
C) vagus
D) facial
E) glossopharyngeal
A

D) facial

269
Q

Which retinal cells are responsible for vision in dim light?

A

Rods

270
Q

With age, the lens becomes more compact and dense and loses its _______.

A

elasticity

271
Q

Yellowish region in the retina; contains the fovea centralis

a. ) Optic disc
b. ) Posterior chamber
c. ) Macula lutea
d. ) Sclera
e. ) Choroid

A

c.) Macula lutea

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