Special Senses and Special Topics Flashcards
Hydrogen ion concentration elicit the taste sensation of?
A) Sweet
B) Sour
C) Salty
D) Bitter
B) Sour
The taste sensation of sour is proportional to the logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration caused by acids.
What taste sensation provides an important protective function
against many dangerous toxins in food?
A) Sweet
B) Sour
C) Salty
D) Bitter
D) Bitter
When bitter taste occurs in high intensity, it usually causes the person to reject the food. This reaction is undoubtedly an important function of the bitter taste sensation because many deadly toxins found in poisonous plants are alkaloids, and virtually all of these alkaloids cause intensely bitter taste followed by rejection of the food.
Glutamate is the chemical believed to elicit this taste sensation?
A) Bitter
B) Sour
C) Salty
D) Umami
D) Umami
A taste receptor for L-glutamate may be related to one of the glutamate receptors that are also expressed in neuronal synapses of the brain. However, the precise molecular mechanisms responsible for umami taste are still unclear.
Which pathway helps control the secretion of saliva during
ingestion and digestion of food?
A) Anterior 2/3 of tongue lingual nerve to chorda tympani to facial nerve VII.
B) Circumvallate papilla to glossopharyngeal nerve to base of the tongue.
C) Tractus solitare to superior and inferior salivatory nuclei to submandibular, sublingual, parotid glands.
D) Tractus solitarius to superior and inferior salivatory nuclei to sabmandibular, sublingual, parotid glands.
D) Tractus solitarius to superior and inferior salivatory nuclei to sabmandibular, sublingual, parotid glands.
From the tractus solitarius, many taste signals are tranmitted within the brain stem itself directly into the superior and inferior salivatory nuclei, and these areas transmits signals to the submandibular, sublingual, and parotid glands to help control the secretion of saliva during ingestion and digestion of food.
What is the reason behind human being rejecting food that has an unpleasant affective sensation which in many instances protects our bodies from undesirable substances?
A) Taste sensation
B) Taste pallate
C) Taste preference
D) Taste central
C) Taste preference
Taste preference simply means that an animal will choose certain types of food in preference to others, and the animal automatically uses this preference to help control the diet it eats. Furthermore, its taste preferences often change in accord with the body’s need for certain specific substances.
Which occurs when light hits an angulated medium?
A) The beam of light accelerates
B) The beam of light decelerates
C) The beam of light is bent
D) The beam of light intensifies
C) The beam of light is bent
The phenomenon is explained by the conservation of energy and the conservation of momentum. Due to the change of medium, the phase velocity of the wave is changed but its frequency remains constant. This most commonly observed when a wave passes from one medium to another at any angle other than 0 degrees fro the normal. Refraction of light is the most commonly observed phenomenon, but any type of wave can refract when it interacts with a medium into another or when water waves move into water of a different dept
A nocturnal decrease in the visual acuity occurs due to?
A) Decrease in ambient light sources
B) Physiological ““shutting off sequence”” at the end of the work days.
C) An insufficiency of a certain carotenoid based compound
D) Human evolution driving individuals to sleep at night
C) An insufficiency of a certain carotenoid based compound
Rod cells are primarily responsible for the scotopic vision or
vision in low light conditions such as night time. These cells
contain the visual pigment Rhodopsin which is derived from
vitamin A. Insufficient vitamin A leads to less Rhodopsin which means less Rod cells, Fewer Rod cells lead to impaired night vision.
Glutamate would least likely be tonically released in the synapses
during which situation?
A) Mar Roxas ““remedied”” power crisis in Mindanao
B) Loss power in one of the NAIA terminals.
C) Mid-day at a beach in Palm Springs.
D) At night time during when the lights are off.
C) Mid-day at a beach in Palm Springs.
Glutamate is tonically released when it’s dark. Choice presents a situation with a brightly lit setting.
An inconsiderate individual decides to flash a light in your face.
What would likely occur?
A) PNS stimulation leading to pupillary dilation
B) SNS stimulation leading to pupillary constriction
C) PNS stimulation leading to pupillary constriction
D) SNS stimulation leading to pupillary dilation.
C) PNS stimulation leading to pupillary constriction
The retinal photoreceptors convert light stimuli into electric impulses. Nerves involved in the resizing of the pupil connect to the petectal nucleus of the high midbrain, bypassing the lateral geniculate nulceus and the primary visual cortex. From the pretectal nucleus neurons send axons to neurons of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus whose visceromotor axons run along both the left and the right occulomotor nerves. Visceromotor nerve axons (which constitute a portion of cranial nerve III, along with the somatomotor portion derived from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus) synapse on cilliary ganglion neurons, whose parasympathetic axons innervate the iris sphincter muscle, producing miosis.
Which individual would least likely have an inability to distinguish
some colors from others?
A) Rodrigo Duterte
B) Miriam Defensor Santiago
C) Jejomar Binay
D) Mar Roxas
B) Miriam Defensor Santiago
Color blindness is an X-linked genetic disorder. Males only posses one X-chromosome unlike females which have two.
The gross characteristic of all the different organs of the fetus
have already begun to develop.
A) Within a month after birth
B) 2 to 3 months after birth
C) Within 1 month after fertilization
D) Within 2-3 months after fertilization
C) Within 1 month after fertilization
Within 1 month after fertilization of the ovum, the gross characteristics of all the different organs of the fetus have already begun to develop, and during the next 2-3 months, most of the details of the different organs are established.
Which vitamins are necessary for the formation of RBC, nervous tissue and overall growth of the fetus?
A) Vitamin B12 and Folic acid
B) B Vitamins and Vitamin A
C) Vitamin K
D) Vitamin E
A) Vitamin B12 and Folic acid
The B vitamins, especially vitamin B12 and folic acid, are necessary for formation of RBCs and nervous tissue, as well as for overall growth of the fetus.
How long can a neonate tolerate hypoxia?
A) 4 minutes after birth
B) 10 minutes after birth
C) 15 minutes after birth
D) 1 minute after birth
B) 10 minutes after birth
In an adult, failure to breath for only 4 minutes often causes death, but a neonate often survives as long as 10 minutes of failure to breath after birth. Permanent and serious brain impairment often ensues if breathing is delayed more than 8 to 10 minutes.
Hypoxia frequently occurs during delivery because:
A) Compression of the umbilical cord and premature
separation of the placenta.
B) Excessive contration of the uterus can cut off the
mother’s blood flow to the placenta.
C) Excessive anesthesia of the mother which depresses oxygenation of her blood.
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Hypoxia frequently occurs during delivery because of the following: Compression of the umbilical cord and premature separation of the placenta. Excessive contration of the uterus can cut off the mother’s blood flow to the placenta. Excessive anesthesia of the mother which depresses oxygenation of her blood.
A condition wherein the respiratory epithelium fails to secrete adequate quantities of surfactant which decreases the surface tension of the alveolar fluid, allowing the alveoli to open easily during inspiration is called?
A) RDS
B) Hyaline membrane disease
C) Pulmonary edema
D) Tetralogy of Fallot
A) RDS
Respiratory Distress Syndrome is failure of the respiratory epithelium to secrete adequate quantities of surfactant, a substance normally secreted into the alveoli that decreases the surface tension of the alveolar fluid, therefore allowing the alveoli to open easily during inspiration.
What happens to the taste cell upon application of a taste
substance to the taste hairs?
A) Depolarize
B) Hyperpolarize
C) Hyperplasia
D) Neutralize
A) Depolarize
Application of taste substance to the taste hairs causes partial loss of this negative potential - that is, the taste cell becomes depolarized.
Substance used by psychologist for demonstrating taste blindness?
A) Phenylthiocarbamide
B) Phenylpropanolamine
C) Phenylhydrochlorthiaza
D) Phenylethanolamine
A) Phenylthiocarbamide
Some people are taste blind for a certain substance, especially for different types of thiourea compounds. A substance used frquently by psychologist for demonstrating taste blindness is phenylthoocarbamide, for which 15 to 30 percent of all people exhibit taste blindness, the exact percentage depends on the method of testing and the concentration of the substance.
What concentration shows that each taste bud usually responds mostly to one of the five primary taste (1 taste bud = 1 primary taste)?
A) High
B) Very high
C) Medium
D) Low
D) Low
Microelectrode studies from single taste buds show that each taste bud usually responds mostly to one of the five primary taste stimuli when the taste substance is in low concentration. However, at high concentration, most buds can be excited by two or more of the primary taste stimuli, as well as by a few other stimuli that do not fit into the “primary” categories.
What type of mechanism is initiated when there is increase of blood flow?
A) Heat-losing mechanism; PHSC inhibition
B) Heat-losing mechanism; PHSC stimulation
C) Heat-generating mechanism; PHSC inhibition
D) Heat-generating mechanism, PHSC stimulation
A) Heat-losing mechanism; PHSC inhibition
There is increase blood flow during vasodilation when the lumen of the blood vessels widens. Therefore, more blood is flowed to the skin, more heat will be released, a heat-losing mechanism. The central and peripheral temperature sensory signals determine that the body needs to lose heat. This happens in the Posterior hypothalamus, where the sympathetic centers are inhibited because the detected temperature is lower than the set-point temperature.
AN individual gets assaulted by a mugger. Unfortunately he has a lesion in the structure that carries fibers from the superior retina or Baum’s loop. Which of the ff. would he have trouble seeing?
A) The mugger punches from the left.
B) A nail sticking out of the floor.
C) The mugger’s punches from the right.
D) Debris falling from the sky.
B) A nail sticking out of the floor.
A damage in the Baum’s loop would cause inferior
quadrantanopsia. Things on the floor would not likely be seen.
The ff. are the basis for depth perception, except?
A) Previous familiarity
B) Stereopsis
C) Pupil diameter
D) Motion parallax
C) Pupil diameter
Previous familiarity, Stereopsis, and Motion parallax are bases for depth perception.
Which give meaning to visual stimuli?
A) BA 15
B) BA 16
C) BA 17
D) BA 18
D) BA 18
The BA 18 or the secondary visual cortex is where the visual
stimulus is analyzed and given meaning.
What lies medial to each occipital cortex?
A) BA 15
B) BA 16
C) BA 17
D) BA 18
C) BA 17
The BA 17 primary visual cortex lies medial to each occipital cortex.
Which color pigment is present in humans?
A) Blue
B) Green
C) Violet
D) Indigo
A) Blue
Blue, Yellow, and Red are the color pigments present in humans.
In hyperopia, the image focused behind the retina because of?
A) Too much refractive power of the lens.
B) Too little refractive power of the lens.
C) Too great of curvature in the cornea in one plane of the eye.
D) The eyeballs are too long.
B) Too little refractive power of the lens.
When there is too little refractive power, light is only bent slightly which makes the image focused on the area behind the retina instead of in front of it.
Blood returning from the placenta through the umbilical vein passes through the?
A) Ductus arteriosus
B) Ductus venosus
C) Foramen Ovale
D) Foramen of Monroe
B) Ductus venosus
Blood returning from the placenta through the umbilical vein passes throught the ductus venosus, mainly bypassing the liver. Then most of the blood entering the right atrium from the inferior vena cava is directed in a straight pathway across the posterior aspect of the right throught the foramen ovale directly into the left atrium. The blood entering the right atrium from the superior vena cava is directly donward through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. This blood is mainly deoxygenated blood from the head region of the fetus. It is pumped by the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery and then mainly through the ductus arteriosus into the descending aorta, then through the two umbilical arteries into the placenta, where the deoxygenated blood becomes oxygenated.
Administration of this drug blocks synthesis of the prostaglandins
leading to the closure of ductus arteriosus?
A) Indomethacin
B) Vitamin K
C) Atropine Sulfate
D) Folate
A) Indomethacin
In one of several thousand infants, the ductus fails to close, resulting in a patent ductus arteriosus. The failure of closure has been postulated to result from excessive ductus dilation caused by vasodilating prostaglandins in the ductus wall. Administration of the drug indomethacin, which blocks synthesis of prostaglandins, often leads to closure.
Which of these cells analyze visual signas before they leave the retina?
A) Bipolar cells
B) Horizontal cells
C) Amacrine cells
D) Photoreceptor cells
D) Photoreceptor cells
Amacrine cells in the inner plexiform layer analyze visual signals before they leave the retina.
Which cells converts energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds into the energy that is caused by moving electric charges?
A) Bipolar cells
B) Horizontal cells
C) Amacrine cells
D) Photoreceptor cells
D) Photoreceptor cells
Photoreceptor cells are the ones responsible for converting chemical energy to electrical energy.
Which of the ff. correctly includes both factors that affect the amount of refraction?
A) Difference in the RI of the 2 media and the
angulation of the beam.
B) Difference in the RI of the 2 media and the intensity
of the light.
C) Difference in the RI of the 2 media and the angulation
of the medium.
D) Difference in the RI of the 2 media and the
perpendicularity of the medium.
C) Difference in the RI of the 2 media and the angulation
of the medium.
The amount of refraction is affected by the difference in the
refractive index of 2 media and the angulation of the media.
Which of the ff. is not a physical characterisitic of sound?
A) Frequency
B) Intensity
C) Phase
D) Tone
D) Tone
Frequency, Intensity, and Phase are the 3 physical characteristics of sound.
Which is not true about the function of the tympanic membrane and the ossicular system?
A) Tympanic membrane functions transmit vibrations in the air to the cochlea.
B) Amplifies the signal because the area of the tympanic membrane is 18 times larger than the oval window.
C) Tympanic membrane connected to the ossicles.
D) Amplifies the signal because the area of the tympanic membrane is 17 times larger than the oval window.
B) Amplifies the signal because the area of the tympanic membrane is 18 times larger than the oval window.
The tympanic membrane & the ossicular system amplifies the signal because the area of the tympanic membrane is 17 times larger than the oval window.
Also known as the “resonator”.
A) External ear
B) Middle ear
C) Inner ear
D) None of the above
A) External ear
The external ear is called the resonator and only cause a minor increase in sound intensity with a EAC resonant frequency of approximately 3000 Hz.
This is true about the sound conduction to the cochlea:
A) Bone conduction is the main pathway for normal hearing.
̆B) Ossicular conduction is the main pathway for normal hearing.
C) Bone conduction and ossicular conduction are the main pathways for normal hearing.
D) NOTA
̆B) Ossicular conduction is the main pathway for normal hearing.
Air (ossicular conduction) is the main pathway for normal hearing, bone conduction plays a role only in the transmission of an extremely loud sound
The ff. statements refer to the otolithic organs except:
A) The location of the kinocilia is divided by the striola.
B) Half will have the same direction with other side.
C) Utricle: Towards the striola
D) Saccule: Away from the striola
B) Half will have the same direction with other side.
The otolithic organs :
Location of the kinocilia is divided by the striola.
Utricle: Towards the striola
Saccule: Away from the striola
W/c of the ff. require/s matter to transfer heat?
A) Conduction B) Convection C) Radiation D) Conduction and convection E) Convection and radiation
D) Conduction and convection
Conduction is the process which heat is directly transmitted through the material when there is difference in the tempeature. Thus, direct transfer of heat in contact with the body. Convection requires final transfer of enery, in this case in the form of heat, into the environment. in order for this to happen, conduction must first happen.
The strength of a muscle is determined mainly by:
A) Size
B) Hormonal status
C) Age
D) Gender
A) Size
The strength of a muscle is determined mainly by size of myofilaments which is often indicated by surface area of the cross-sectional muscle.
Which of the following system is used by the muscle for power surges of a few seconds?
A) Aerobic system
B) Glycogen-lactic acid system
C) Phosphagen system
D) AOTA
C) Phosphagen system
When comparing the systems for endurance, the relative values are the ff:
Phosphagen system is used by the muscles for power surges in a few seconds, and the aerobic system is required for prolonged athlethic activity.
W/c of the ff. is not expected to be observed in 12,000 feet (altitude)?
A) Mental and muscle fatigue
B) Lassitude
C) Twitchings
D) Drowsiness
C) Twitchings
At high altitude, oxygen molecules are farther apart causing decreased oxygenation and can lead to complications. At 12,000 feet, drowsiness, lassitude, mental and muscle fatigue, nausea, and euphoria can occur. At 18,000 feet, twitchings or seizures can occur. At 23,000 feet, coma and death can occur. The higher the altitude, the more serious the complications are.
What is/are the manifestations of acute mountain sickness.
A) Pulmonary vasoconstriction
B) Right-sided heart failure
C) Acute pulmonary edema
D) NOTA
C) Acute pulmonary edema
During an abrupt ascend at high altitudes, oxygen molecules are farther apart causing decreased oxygenation and can lead to complications. Hypoxia occurs causing pulmonary vasoconstriction though not all the blood vessels constrict. There will be increased capillary pressure in the unconstricted vessels causing an acute pulmonary edema.
