Special Senses Flashcards by Maya White

Name some causes of sensorineural hearing loss in children

Genetic
Congenital infection
Pre-term
HIE
Hyperbilirubinaemia
Meningitis/encephalitis 
Head injury 
Aminoglycosides and furosemide
Neurodegenerative disorders

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How can we manage a sensorineural hearing loss?

Amplification
Cochlear implant
Education for home and school

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What are the causes of conductive hearing losses in children?

Otitis media with effusion
Eustachian tube dysfunction - Downs, cleft palate
Wax

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What is the medical term for a squint?

Strabismus

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Give some causes of squints in children?

Refractive errors
Cataracts
Retinoblastoma
Intraocular causes

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Which kind of refractive error is more common in children?

Hypermetropia

Long sightedness

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What is amblyopia?

A potentially permanent decrease in the visual acuity in an eye that has not received a clear image

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Name some genetic causes of visual impairment in children

Cataracts
Albinism
Retinal dystrophy
Retinoblastoma

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What are the commonest organisms causing otitis media?

Strep pneumoniae
H. Influenzae
Viruses

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What is seen on examination of otitis media?

Red, inflamed, bulging tympanic membrane

Loss of light reflex

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What is the management of otitis media?

Most resolve spontaneously
Paracetamol
Amoxicillin if needed

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What are the complications of otitis media?

Conductive deafness
Mastoiditis
Glue ear

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How does retinoblastoma present?

White pupillary reflex

Squint

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What is the cure rate for retinoblastoma?

98%

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What is the most common type of bone cancer in children?

Osteosarcoma

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Osteosarcoma tends to affect which bones?

The long bones

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What is the survival rate for osteosarcoma in children?

65%

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What is the management of osteosarcoma in children?

Surgery and chemotherapy

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How many days after exposure will a child present with symptoms of chickenpox?

14 to 17 days

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How does the child with chickenpox present?

Fever then rash
Rash is macules, vesicles and crusting
Sometimes mucosal involvement

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What are the complications of chickenpox?

Pneumonia
Secondary infection
Encephalitis

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What is the management of chickenpox?

Supportive management

Do not give ibuprofens

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How do we prevent immunosuppressed children from getting complications of chickenpox?

Zoster immune globulin after exposure

Aciclovir if any signs of infection

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What is another name for Ritter’s syndrome?

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome

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What is staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome?

Triggered by staph infection | Can cause systemic illness and shock symptoms

How do we manage staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome?

IV Antibiotics | Systemic support

What is scarlet fever?

Group A strep tonsillitis | Erythematous rash, sandpaper-like skin and inflamed, strawberry tongue

What are the complications of scarlet fever?

Glomerulonephritis | Rheumatic fever

What is the management of scarlet fever?

Penicillin

How soon after exposure does one develop measles symptoms?

10-14 days

Describe the rash seen in measles

Morbilliform | Macular lesions, red, 2-10mm diameter

Apart from the rash, what are the other symptoms of measles?

Cough Fever Conjunctivitis Irritability

What are Koplik’s spots?

White spots that appear in the mouth with measles

Describe the lesions of impetigo

Sticky, heaped up, golden coloured crusts

What is the most common bacterial cause of impetigo?

Staph aureus

What is the management of impetigo?

Oral flucloxacillin or erythromycin | Abx cream if <5 lesions

What is the medical term for headlice?

Pediculosis capitis

What is the management of head lice?

Regularly comb out eggs with extra fine comb | Anti-pediculosis shampoo

Describe what is seen on examination of eczema

Erythematous Wet ‘weeping’ areas Dry scaly Thickened skin

Which organisms are likely to cause a secondary infection with eczema?

Herpes zoster | Staph

How do we treat eczema in children?

``` Emollients Ointment Wet wraps Topical steroids Immuno modulators (topical or oral) ```

Describe what is seen in psoriasis

Erythematous plaques with a silvery or white scale on the extensor surfaces

Guttate psoriasis is linked to which condition?

Strep tonsillitis

What distinguishes the lesions of guttate psoriasis?

Drop shaped

What is the management of psoriasis?

Emollients Ointments Topical vitamins D analogues Coal tar

What are the symptoms of Kawasaki disease?

Fever for greater than five days Macular erythematous rash Peeling skin typically at fingers and toes Lymphadenopathy Mucosal changes: cracked lips and strawberry tongue Conjunctivitis

What is the severe risk associated with Kawasaki disease?

Coronary artery aneurysms

How do we manage Kawasaki disease?

Immunoglobulin | Aspirin

What is the management of allergic conjunctivitis?

Topical anti-inflammatory drops | Topical antihistamines

What is the management of allergic rhinitis?

Allergy avoidance Antihistamines Topical steroids

What are the common organisms causing tonsillitis?

EBV | Group A beta haemolytic strep

What are the components of the fever pain score?

``` Fever Purulent tonsils Attends rapidly Inflamed tonsils No cough ```

Which antibiotic should be given for bacterial tonsillitis and for how long?

Penicillin V or erythromycin | 10 days

How does Scarlet fever occur?

A group A strep infection can result in scarlet fever | Most common in 5 to 12-year-olds

What are the symptoms of scarlet fever?

``` Fever Headache Sandpaper-like maculopapular rash Flushed cheeks with perioral sparing White tongue ```

What are the complications of scarlet fever?

Glomerulonephritis | Rheumatic fever

What tends to proceed a preseptal cellulitis?

Upper respiratory tract infection or sinusitis

What investigation is needed if someone presents with preseptal cellulitis?

CT scan to rule out orbital involvement

What is the management of preseptal cellulitis?

Oral Co-amoxiclav

What are viral exanthems?

Skin rashes or eruptions caused by a viral infections