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Neurology- Physiology > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Which neurotransmitter do cells of the inner ear release, in order to cause an AP to fire?

A

Glutamate

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2
Q

When a K+ channel opens in the hair cells of the inner ear, what happens?

A

The K+ moves into the cell

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3
Q

Complete the sentence: the labyrinth has a ? exterior, what a smaller but similarly shaped ? labyrinth within it

A

Bony / membranous

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4
Q

What type of fluid fills the space between the bony and membranous labyrinths? What is this composed of?

A

Perilymph - plasma and CSF

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5
Q

The membranous labyrinth is filled with what type of fluid? What differentiates this from the fluid found between the bony and membranous labyrinths?

A

Endolymph / it has a higher K+ concentration

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6
Q

Sound causes vibration of the air, which in turn causes vibration of which structures?

A

The tympanic membrane and the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

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7
Q

What structures in the inner ear work to attenuate the movement of the tympanic membrane and stapes respectively to protect against excessive noise damage?

A

Tensor tympani and stapedius muscles

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8
Q

Complete the sentence: vibration of the cochlea causes movement of the ? situated within an endolymph filled spiral organ, the ?, within the cochlea

A

Basilar membrane / Organ of Corti

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9
Q

Where in the inner ear is vibration of air converted to movement/vibration of fluid?

A

In the cochlea

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10
Q

Complete the sentence: vibration of fluid within the cochlea causes the ? within the Organ of Corti to bend against the ? which results in ?, generating an AP

A

Cilia of hair cells / tectorial membrane / depolarisation

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11
Q

After an action potential is generated in the Organ of Corti, what happens?

A

Physical vibration is converted into neural energy, and the AP is carried along the auditory nerve (part of CNVIII)

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12
Q

From the auditory nerve (part of CNVIII), information is passed into where?

A

The auditory cortex in the temporal lobe

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13
Q

Which structure of the inner ear can discriminate between different pitches?

A

Basilar membrane

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14
Q

The hair cells within the Organ of Corti are actually what?

A

Auditory receptors with stereocilia

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15
Q

What happens when the Organ of Corti is displaced?

A

The hair cells are displaced, resulting in the opening of K+ channels and the release of glutamate

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16
Q

Complete the sentence: the neurotransmitter released from the hair cells of the Organ of Corti are captured in nerve fibres which synapse on ? neurones with their cell bodies in the ?

A

Bipolar / spiral ganglion

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17
Q

The more hair cells in the Organ of Corti bend, the more they what?

A

Fire APs

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18
Q

Complete the sentence: the ? hair cells in the auditory system are more numerous and can be known as the ?

A

Outer / cochlear amplifier

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19
Q

Sensory afferents travelling in CNVIII project to which nuclei in the brainstem?

A

Cochlear and olivatory nuclei

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20
Q

After reaching the cochlear and olivatory nuclei, sensory afferents in CNVIII travel via where to where?

A

Inferior colliculus and thalamus / medial geniculate body

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21
Q

Where are the final destinations of sensory afferents in CNVIII?

A

Auditory cortex and association areas in the sensory cortex

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22
Q

What happens to right and left ear information at the brainstem?

A

The information is mixed

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23
Q

Which structure(s) of the vestibular system are responsible for detecting head angular acceleration, and hence head rotation?

A

The semicircular canals

24
Q

Which structure(s) of the vestibular system are responsible for detecting head linear acceleration, and hence translational motion and gravity (tilt)?

A

Saccule and utricle

25
Q

What are the 3 main components of the vestibular system?

A

Peripheral sensory apparatus / central processing system / motor output system

26
Q

Complete the sentence: the peripheral sensory apparatus (vestibular organ) detects and relays information to the ? nucleus about head angular and linear velocity to a central processing system. This orientates the head with respect to ?

A

Vestibular / gravity

27
Q

Complete the sentence: in the vestibular system, the central processing system processes information in conjunction with other ? inputs for position and movement of head in space

A

Sensory

28
Q

Complete the sentence: in the vestibular system, the motor output system generates compensatory ? movements and compensatory ? movements during head and postural adjustments

A

Eye / body

29
Q

Complete the sentence: in the semicircular canals are ? fluid filled canals at ? angles to each other, 1 for each major ?

A

Three / right / plane

30
Q

Complete the sentence: within the dynamic labyrinth of the semicircular canals, the ? detect acceleration and angular head changes. Each ? contains a ? which is fluid filled and contains a gel like ? within which lie the ? of sensory cells. When the head moves, movement of the fluid bends the ? and this activates the hair cells

A

Ampullae / ampulla / crista ampullaris / cupula / cilia / cilia

31
Q

Which structure in the semicircular canals gets displaced to cause displacement of the cilia of sensory cells?

A

The cupula

32
Q

Complete the sentence: the otolith organs contain the ?, specialised epithelial hair bearing cells that protrude into a gel like substance which contains ? embedded on its surface.

A

Macula /otoconia (ear stones)

33
Q

What happens when the ear stones are moved by gravity?

A

The gel which they are embedded in moves, and this activates the hair cells

34
Q

What are otoconia made of? Where are they found?

A

Calcium carbonate / otolithic membrane

35
Q

Sensory afferents from the dynamic and static labyrinths form what structure? This merges with the cochlear nerve to form what?

A

Vestibular nerve / CNVIII

36
Q

From a vestibular aspect, CNVIII travels to which nucleus, where?

A

The vestibular nuclei in the brainstem

37
Q

Complete the sentence: from the vestibular nerve, the ? carry information via the ? to the ? and ? for proprioceptive integration

A

Vestibulospinal tracts / thalamus / parietal cortex / cerebellum

38
Q

What clinical sign can be seen due to alternating slow and fast eye movements induced by excessive head rotation in the vestibulo-ocular reflex?

A

Nystagmus

39
Q

Nystagmus in the absence of what would be abnormaL?

A

Head rotation

40
Q

What are some drugs which can cause ototoxicity?

A

Aminoglycosides e.g. gentamycin and some chemotherapy agents

41
Q

Complete the sentence: in the eye, light is focussed onto the ? which is a multi-layered structure containing ?

A

Retina / photoreceptors

42
Q

What are the two types of photoreceptors in the eye?

A

Rods and cones

43
Q

Cone photoreceptors are centred where?

A

In the macula and fovea

44
Q

What is the macula and fovea?

A

The centre point of the retina where light is focussed

45
Q

Complete the sentence: visual vascular supply and sensory afferents converge at the ? - this part of the retina contains no rods or cones so it is termed the ? - this lies ? to the macula

A

Optic disc / blind spot / medial

46
Q

What is the direction of the signals in the retina?

A

Photoreceptors, bipolar neurones, ganglion cells

47
Q

Describe the 3 different colours picked up by the cones in the retina, from shortest wavelength to longest wavelength?

A

Blue, green, red

48
Q

How is colour blindness usually inherited?

A

X linked

49
Q

Which nerve FIBRES cross over at the optic chiasm?

A

Nasal fibres (temporal fields)

50
Q

Complete the sentence: nerve fibres from the ? half of each retina cross over at the ? - the resulting two ? allow right and left visual fields to reach the right and left ? respectively

A

Nasal / optic chiasm / optic tracts / hemispheres

51
Q

The entire visual field is mapped precisely onto where?

A

The primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe

52
Q

The visual pathways carry sensory information from where to where?

A

Retina to the visual cortex

53
Q

Complete the sentence: afferent neurones exiting the optic disc form the ? which travels to the ?

A

Optic nerve / optic chiasm

54
Q

The optic tracts project from where to where?

A

Optic chiasm to the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus

55
Q

The optic radiations project from where to where?

A

The thalamus to the visual cortex

56
Q

What structure is involved in producing the accomodation reflex?

A

The ciliary muscles (controlling the lens)

Neurology- Physiology (7 decks)

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