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A&P 2 Lab > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Lacrimal apparatus

A

Protects the eye by keeping it moist. Blinking spreads the lacrimal fluid.

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2
Q

Lacrimal sac

A

Allows lacrimal fluid to drain into the nasolacrimal duct

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3
Q

Extrinsic eye muscles

A

Control the movement of the each eyeball and hold the eyes in the orbits

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4
Q

Conjunctivae

A

Secrete mucus to lubricate the eye

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5
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

Pink eye. Inflammation of conjunctiva

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6
Q

Lateral rectus

A

Moves eye laterally

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7
Q

Medial rectus

A

Moves eye medially

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8
Q

Superior rectus

A

Elevates eye and turns it medially

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9
Q

Inferior rectus

A

Depresses eye and turns it medially

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10
Q

Inferior oblique

A

Elevates eye and turns it laterally

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11
Q

Superior oblique

A

Depresses eye and turns it laterally

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12
Q

Optic disc

A

Where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball. Also called the blind spot in the fundus (posterior wall)

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13
Q

Sclera

A

Helps to maintain the shape of the eyeball and provides an attachment point for the extrinsic eye muscles

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14
Q

Cornea

A

Forms a clear window that is the major light bending (refracting) medium of the eye

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15
Q

Fovea centralis

A

A tiny pit in the center of the macula lutea, which contains only cones and is the area of greatest visual acuity

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16
Q

Ciliary body

A

Contains the ciliary muscle and the ciliary process

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17
Q

Suspensory ligaments

A

Attaches the lens to the ciliary process

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18
Q

Anterior segment/ cavity

A

Segment anterior to the lens

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19
Q

Anterior chamber

A

Division of the anterior cavity and is located before the iris

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20
Q

Posterior chamber

A

Division of the anterior cavity and is

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21
Q

Posterior chamber

A

Division of the anterior cavity and is located after the iris

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22
Q

Ciliary process

A

Capillaries here continually form aqueous humor

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23
Q

Aqueous humor

A

Helps maintain intraocular pressure of the eye and provides nutrients for the avascular lens and corenea

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24
Q

Scleral venous sinus

A

Drains the aqueous humor

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25
Q

Posterior segment/ cavity

A

Segment behind the lens and is filled with a gel- like substance called the vitreous humor

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26
Q

Vitreous humor

A

Gel like substance within the posterior cavity. It provides the major reinforcement for the posterior side of the eyeball and helps to keep the retina pressed firmly against the wall of the eyeball. It is formed only before birth and is not renewed. Functions in light bending as well

27
Q

Bipolar cells

A

A cell of the retina in the inner neural layer. Photoreceptors synapse here. Then bipolar cells synapse onto ganglion cells

28
Q

Ganglion cells

A

A cell of the retina in the neural layer where bipolar cells synapse.

29
Q

Optic nerve

A

Where axons leave the retina in the tight bundle of fibers

30
Q

Optic chiasma

A

Where fibers from the medial side of each eye cross over to the opposite side

31
Q

Optic tract

A

Fiber tracts leave optic chiasma to form optic tracts. Each optic tract contains fibers from the lateral side of the eye on the same side and from the medial side of the opposite eye

32
Q

Lateral geniculate body

A

The optic tract synapses with neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

33
Q

Optic radiation

A

The axons of the lateral geniculate nucleus form the optic radiation

34
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

The optic radiations terminate in the primary visual cortex

35
Q

Refraction

A

The bending of light as it passes through a medium and changes speed

36
Q

Accomodation

A

The ability of the eye to focus deferentially for objects of close vision

37
Q

Emmetropic

A

The normal eye; is able to accommodate

38
Q

Color Blindness

A

Color blindness is due to deficiencies in the cones or color photoreceptors

39
Q

Convergence

A

Medial eye movements, which is essential for near vision. This is able to occur because of the extrinsic eye muscles

40
Q

Compare and contrast rods with cones, in as much detail as possible.

A

The two type of photoreceptors are the rods and cones. Rods are responsible for vision of low light while cones are responsible for bright light. Cones are capable of color vision while rods are not. Visual interpretation of rods are in gray tones. The fovea centralis contains only cones, and the macula lutea contains mostly cones. From the edge of the macular to the retina periphery, cone density declines and rod density increases

41
Q

a. In farsightedness, the light is focused ____________ the retina, causing _________ vision to be fuzzy.

A

Behind; near

- Convex lens focuses objects on retina properly

42
Q

b. In nearsightedness, the light is focused __________ the retina, causing __________ vision to be fuzzy.

A

Before reaching; far

- Concave lens focuses objects on retina properly

43
Q

c. The “near point” increases with age because the ____________ of the lens decreases, as we get older, causing ______________.

A

Elasticity; presobyia

- Presobyia literally means old vision

44
Q

Explain why there is a retinal blind spot.

A

The optic disc is where the optic nerve and retinal vessels enter and exit the eyeball. Because of this, there are no photoreceptors here (no cones or rods). Bilateral vision and saccade (involuntary, quick) muscle movements allow our brain to correct for this blind spot/

45
Q

Glaucoma

A

When intraocular pressure reaches dangerously high levels, the retina and optic nerve are compressed, resulting in pain and possible blindness

46
Q

Be able to list the cells of the retina, in the order in which they interact to generate a nerve impulse.

A

The inner neural layer is composed of three major populations of cells. These are, from outer to inner aspect, the photoreceptors (rods and cones), the bipolar cells, and the ganglion cells. Light enters the eye and passes through the ganglion cells and the bipolar cells in order to excite the photoreceptors. This in turn excites the bipolar cells which then excite the ganglion cells. Their axons then leave the retina through the optic nerve to generate the nerve impulse

47
Q

Explain the difference between astigmatism and cataracts.

A

Astigmatism is a blurred vision problem caused from irregularities in the curvatures of the lens and/or the cornea.
Cataracts is a clouding of the lens inside the eye which leads to a decrease in vision.

48
Q

Explain why reading a computer screen tires your eyes?

A

During accommodation, the lens becomes:

Flatter to focus the image of a distant object- sympathetic input relaxes the ciliary muscle, tightening the ciliary zonule, and flattening the lens; not tiring

Rounder to focus the image of a nearby object – Parasympathetic input contracts the ciliary muscle, loosening the ciliary zonule, allowing the lens to bulge; potentially tiring for eyes

49
Q

Be able to explain in detail, the relationship between the frequency of a sound, and our perception of its pitch

A

Frequency - The number of waves that pass a given point in a given time
Pitch is our perception of different frequencies
Normal sound range is from 20–20,000 Hertz (Hz)
The higher the frequency, the higher the Pitch (the shorter the wavelength)
Wavelength
The distance between two consecutive crests
Wavelength is inversely related to frequency (and PITCH)
Amplitude - The height of the crests (determines VOLUME)
Subjective interpretation of sound intensity (determined by energy content)
Normal range is 0–120 decibels (dB)

50
Q

Pinna (auricle)

A

Collects and directs sound waves into the external acoustic meatus

51
Q

External auditory canal

A

Transmits sound waves from the auricle to the tympanic membrane. Acts as a funnel to collect sound waves

52
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Vibrates at exactly the same frequency as the sound wave hitting it and transmits vibrations to the auditory ossicles

53
Q

Malleus, Incus, and Stapes

A

Malleus (hammer)- transmits and amplifies vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the incus
Incus (anvil)- Transmits and amplifies vibrations from the malleus to the stapes
Stapes (stirrup)- transmits and amplifies vibrations from the incus to the oval window

54
Q

Oval window

A

Transmits vibrations from the stapes to the perilymph of the scala vestibuli

55
Q

Pharyngotympanic tube

A

Equalizes the pressure in the middle ear cavity with the external air pressure so that the tympanic membrane can vibrate properly

56
Q

Cochlea

A

Hearing; receptors in spiral organ

57
Q

Vestibule

A

Static equilibrium- linear acceleration of the head; receptors in maculae

58
Q

Semicircular canals

A

They monitor the rotational acceleration of the head (Dynamic equilibrium). Planes include horizontal, frontal, and sagittal

59
Q

Vestibular apparatus

A

The equilibrium receptors of the internal ear

60
Q

Ampulla

A

Enlargement located at the base of each semicircular duct. Within each ampulla is a receptor region called a crista ampullaris

61
Q

What responds to dynamic equilibrium?

A

Crista ampullaris

62
Q

Maculae

A

Within the membranous utricle and saccule containing other sets of hair cells

63
Q

Hair cells

A

Receptors that monitor head position and acceleration in a straight line

A&P 2 Lab (1 decks)

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