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A&P Final Exam > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

What type of receptor arespecial senses

A

Complex

Sense organs

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2
Q

How much of eye surface is external

A

Only one sixth

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3
Q

List the accessory eye structures

A 
Eyebrows
Eyelids
Conjunctiva
Lacrimal apparatus
Extrinsic eye muscles
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4
Q

Where are eyebrows

A

Above supraorbital margins

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5
Q

What are functions of eyebrows

A

Shade eye

Prevent sweat from reaching eye

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6
Q

What depresses eyebrow

A

Contraction of obicularis oculi

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7
Q

What is another term for eyelid

A

Palpebrae

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8
Q

What are canthi

A

Medial and lateral angles of eyelids

Called commisures

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9
Q

What are tarsal plates

A

Connective tissue that support eyelids internally

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10
Q

What muscle closes the eye

A

Obicularis oculi

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11
Q

What muscle gives eyelid motility

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

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12
Q

What initiates the blink reflex

A

Eyelashes

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13
Q

What are tarsal meibomian glands

A

Secrete oil to lubricate eyelid

On eyelid edge

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14
Q

Describe lacrimal caruncles

A

Mass of soft tissue with glands that produce white oily secretion

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15
Q

Describe ciliary glands

A

Sebaceous glands in eyelash follicles

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16
Q

What does bulbar conjunctiva cover

A

Only the whites of eye

Not the cornea

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17
Q

Describe the conjunctiva

A

Transparent mucous membrane that lines eyelids and eye
Palpebral conjunctiva
Bulbar conjunctiva

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18
Q

What do tears contain

A

Mucus
Antibodies
Lysozyme

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19
Q

Describe the route tears take

A

Produced in lacrimal glands
Enter eye via superolateral excretory ducts
Exit eye by lacrimal punctum
Drain into nasolacrimal duct

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20
Q

Where do the 4 rectus eye muscle originate from

A

Annular ring

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21
Q

Where do they oblique eye muscles move the eye to

A

Into vertical plane

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22
Q

What nerve controls lateral rectus

A

Abducens

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23
Q

What nerve controls superior oblique

A

Trochlear

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24
Q

What are the 3 layer of the wall of eye

A

Fibrous
Vascular
Sensory

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25
Q

What separates the interior cavity into segments

A

The lens

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26
Q

What is the fibrous layer composed of

A

Opaque sclera

Cornea

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27
Q

What is role of sclera

A

Protect the eye

Anchor to muscles

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28
Q

What make up the vascular layer

A

Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris

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29
Q

What does choroid region do

A

Prevent light from scattering

Supply blood to eye tubics

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30
Q

What does choroid form

A

Posterior portion of uvea

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31
Q

What is ciliary body made of

A

Smooth muscle bundles

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32
Q

What is the role of the ciliary body

A

To anchor suspensory ligaments to hold lens

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33
Q

What are the 2 portions of the iris

A

Sphincter pupillae

Dilator pupillae

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34
Q

What does the iris do

A

Regulate amount of light entering eye by changing pupil size

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35
Q

Describe the sensory layer

A

The retina

Made of two layers

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36
Q

What are the 2 retina layers

A

Pigmented layer
Prevents light scattering
Inner neural layer

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37
Q

What is in the neural layer of retina

A

Photoreceptors
Bipolar cells
Ganglion cells

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38
Q

What do axons of ganglion cells do

A

Form the optic nerve

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39
Q

Where do the ganglion axons run

A

Along inner surface of retina

Leave eye as optic nerve

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40
Q

Describe the optic disk

A

Blind spot
No photoreceptors
Where optic nerve leaves eye

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41
Q

Where are cones found

A

In macula lutea

Concentrated at fovea centralis

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42
Q

Basic info about rods

A

Don’t see color
Highly sensitive
For dim light
Peripheral vision receptors

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43
Q

Basic info about cones

A

See in color
Sharp image
Require bright light

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44
Q

Where are rods located

A

Around periphery retina

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45
Q

What are the two blood sources of te neural retina

A

Outer from choroid

Inner from central artery and vein

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46
Q

How can you see the vessels in the eye

A

With a ophthalmoscope

Radiate from optic disk

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47
Q

What is posterior segment filled with

A

Vitreous humor

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48
Q

What is anterior segment filled with

A

Aqueous humor

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49
Q

What is function of vitreous humor

A

Transmit light
Support lens
Hold neural retina against pigmented layer
Contribute to intraocular pressure

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50
Q

What is anterior segment divided into

A

Two chambers
Anterior from cornea to lris
Porterior from iris to lens

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51
Q

What is function of aqueous humor

A

Support
Nourish
Remove waste

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52
Q

What is aqueous humor like

A

Plasma

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53
Q

Where does aqueous humor go

A

Drains to scleral venous sinus

Via the canal of schlemm

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54
Q

What happens if aqueous humor can’t drain

A

Pressure builds up
Optic nerve is damaged
Causes glaucoma

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55
Q

What does lens allow

A

Precise focusing of light on retina

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56
Q

What is lens made of

A

Epithelium differentiate into fibers

Lens fiber

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57
Q

Describe lens fibers

A

Cells filled with transparent proteins

Called crystalins

58
Q

What is a cataract

A

A cloudy lens

59
Q

Where is visible light spectrum

A

Between UV and infrared

60
Q

What responds to different light wave lengths of visible spectrum

A 
Different cone types
3 kinds
Blue 
Green
Red
61
Q

What happens as light passes through. Convex lens

A

Bends to converge at focal point

Image is upside down and reverse

62
Q

What 3 places do light refraction occur in eye

A

Cornea
Entering lens
Leaving lens

63
Q

Describe far point f vision

A

Beyond point lens does t need to change shape to focus

64
Q

What three things does close vision require

A

Accommodation
Construction
Convergence

65
Q

Describe accommodation

A

Changing lens shape by ciliary muscle to increase refractory power

66
Q

Describe constriction

A

Pupillary reflex constricts pupils to prevent scattered light rays from entering eye

67
Q

Describe convergence

A

Medial rotation of eye toward object

68
Q

What is an emmetropic eye

A

Normal eye

Light focused

69
Q

What is another term for nearsighted

A

Myopic eye

70
Q

What is another term for farsighted

A

Hyperopic eye

71
Q

Describe myopic eye

A

Too long

Focal point in front of reriba

72
Q

Describe Hyperopic eye

A

Too short

Focal point is behind retina

73
Q

How do you correct myopic

A

Concave lense

Radial keratotomy

74
Q

How do you correct Hyperopic

A

Convex lense

75
Q

What is photo transduction

A

Process of light energy into graded potential

76
Q

What do both Rods and cones contain

A

Photopigments
In stacks of disclike plasma membrane folds
Change shape as they absorb light

77
Q

What wavelengths of light to rods absorb

A

All wavelengths of visible light

78
Q

How does input from rod reach ganglion cell

A

Converging circuit

Fuzzy images

79
Q

How does visual input reach ganglion from cone

A

One cone synapse with one ganglion
Higher resolution
Colir

80
Q

What is retinal

A

A light absorbing molecule

81
Q

How does retinal work

A

Combines with opsin proteins to form visual pigments

Isomerization initiates electrical impulses in optic nerve

82
Q

What are the 2 shapes of retinal

A

Bound to opsin 11 cis

When activated by light all trans

83
Q

What is the visual pigment in Rods

A

Rhodopsin

84
Q

How is rhodopsin formed

A

11 cis retinal combined with opsin

85
Q

What occurs when rhodopsin absorbs light

A

Retinal changes shape to all trans isomer
Retinal and opsin separate
Pigment is bleached
Opsin activated

86
Q

What is retinal made from and similar to

A

Vitamin A

87
Q

How many types of visual pigments are there

A

4 types

88
Q

How is rhodopsin regenerated

A

All trans retinal to 11 cis using ATP

11 cis and opsin recombine to form rhodopsin

89
Q

What occurs during light phase

A

Pigment bleached

Rhodopsin break down

90
Q

What happens during dark phase

A

All trans converted back to 11 cis

Rhodopsin regenerated

91
Q

How are colors perceived

A

Activation of multiple cones

92
Q

How are cones activated

A

Similar to rods
More energy required
Same visual pigments

93
Q

What causes color blindness

A

Lacking one cone type
X linked
Common to be missing red or green

94
Q

What occurs in the dark

A

Ca and Na channels open
Depolarized to -40
Glutamate is released to bipolar cell
Bipolar cells are hyperpolarized and don’t release anything to ganglion

95
Q

What occurs in the light

A 
Light splits rhodopsin
Opsin activated
Channels close
Membrane hyperpolarized
No neurotransmitters released
Bipolar cells depolarize
Depolarize ganglion
96
Q

What happens when all rhodopsin is bleached

A

In high light Rods can’t function
Don’t receive anymore stimuli
Cones still respond

97
Q

Adaption from light to dark

A

Both rods and cones don’t work
Cones don’t have enough light
Ross already bleached
Retinal sensitivity restored as rods accumulate rhodopsin

98
Q

Adaption from dark to light

A

Both Rods and cones dazzled
Rod function is lost all are bleached
Cones activated

99
Q

What forms optic nerve

A

Retinal ganglion

100
Q

What decussates at optic chaisma

A

Medial optic nerve fibers

101
Q

Where do fibers go after chiasm

A

The thalamus

102
Q

Where do optic fibers go after thalamus

A

Visual cortex via internal capsule

For conscious perception

103
Q

Where do fibers for visual reflexes end

A

Superior colliculi

104
Q

What does melanopsin do

A

Respond to light independent of vision
Mediates pupillary light reflexes
Sets biorhythm via hypothalamus

105
Q

What causes three dimensional vision

A

Cortical fusion of different images

Depth perception lost when only using one eye

106
Q

Description of thalamic visual processing

A 
Lateral geniculate nuclei info on: 
Movement 
Segregate retinal axons for depth perception
Emphasis on high cone region
Sharpen contrast
107
Q

What is the primary visual cortex called

A

Striate cortex

Fibers from leteral geniculate nuclei

108
Q

What are visual association areas called

A

Prestriate cortices
Form
Color
Motion

109
Q

What are the chemical senses

A

Gustatory

Olfactory

110
Q

What do chemireceptors respond to

A

Chemical in solution
Saliva
Nasal fluid

111
Q

What is organ of smell

A

Olfactory epithelium

On roof of nasal cavity

112
Q

What are olfactory receptor cells like

A

Bipolar neurons with cilia

113
Q

What happens when olfactory receptors have ligand bound

A

Proteins initiate g protein camp second messenger system
Camp opens channels
Depolarization of receptor causes action potential

114
Q

Why do olfactory receptors adapt

A

Ca channels allow it

Decrease response

115
Q

Where do olfactory receptors synapse

A

In gonerular with mitral cells

116
Q

What do gomerular mitral cells produce

A

Process odor signals before sending to olfactory cortex via thalamus
Or to hypothalamus

117
Q

What are the types of tongue papillae

A

Filliform
Fubgiform
Curcumvallate

118
Q

What do filliform do

A

Give tongue roughness

119
Q

What do fungiform do

A

Give tongue redish color

Contain taste buds

120
Q

What do circumvallate do

A

Form v

Contain taste buds

121
Q

What are cell types in taste buds

A

Insulating cells
Basal cells stem
Taste cells

122
Q

What causes sour taste

A

Hydrogen ions

123
Q

What causes bitter taste

A

Alkaloids

Glucosinolates

124
Q

What causes umami taste

A

Amino acid glutamate

125
Q

What causes salt taste

A

Metal ions

126
Q

What mut happen for something to be tasted

A 
Dissolve in saliva
Contact gustatory hairs
Depolarize taste cell
Release neurotransmitter
Graded potential to AP
127
Q

What converts Taste energy to nerve impulse

A 
Increased intracellular Ca
Ca released for bitter
Na
H
Closure of K for sweet
128
Q

What nerves carry impulses of taste to medulla

A

7 and 9

Facial and glosso

129
Q

What receptors influence taste

A

Chemo
Thermo
Mechano
Nocic

130
Q

What is tympanic membrane made of

A

Connective tissue

131
Q

What is bony labyrinth fille with

A

Perilymph

132
Q

What is membranous labyrinth filled with

A

Endolymph

133
Q

What inside vestibule

A

Static equilibrium of maculae

134
Q

What is housed in ampulla

A

Dynamic equilibrium receptors of crista ampullaris

135
Q

What does oval window move

A

Perilymph in scala vestibuli

136
Q

What stimulates cochlear nerve

A

Moving hair cells

137
Q

Where do high frequencies short cut through

A

Cochlear duct

Buldges round window

138
Q

Where do inadible sounds travel

A

Around the helicotrema

139
Q

What does exciting cilia in organ of corti cause

A

Mechanical gates open
Graded potential
Impulses to brain

140
Q

Where are hairs of organ of corti

A

Into endolymph

Touch the tectorial membrane

141
Q

What is auditory pathway to brain

A 
Cochlea to spiral ganglion
To cochlear nuclei
Then to olivary nucleus
Inferior colliculi
Then to auditory cortex

A&P Final Exam (2 decks)

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