Special Senses

Question 1

Coding

Answer 1

Stimulus E into relevant info for CNS

Question 2

Stimulus characteristics

Answer 2

Intensity, location of body it affects, type of input

Question 3

Stimulus Modality

Answer 3

Stimulus Type

Question 4

Examples of stimulus

Answer 4

Heat, cold, pressure, light, sound, there is a specialized receptor for each

Question 5

Sensory receptors

Answer 5

At ends of afferent neurons

Question 6

Receptor Potential

Answer 6

Initiate action potentials that travel to CNS

Question 7

5 major classes of sensory receptors

Answer 7

Mechano, pressure
Thermo, temp
Photo, light
Chemo, taste
Noci, pain

Question 8

Receptor potential

Answer 8

Changes in ion flow change membrane potential, Stronger the stimulus, the greater the reaction potential

Question 9

Sensory Adaptation

Answer 9

Repeated stimuli lead to less sensitivity

Question 10

Lateral Inhibition

Answer 10

Enable localization of a stimulus site for some sensory systems
Higher contrast between center and outside

Question 11

Lateral inhibition enhances…

Question 12

Sensory signals are subject to mods

Answer 12

Yup!
From other ascending neurons, pathways from the brain, synapse from afferent neurons, interneurons

Question 13

Divergence

Question 14

Convergence

Question 15

Association cortex

Question 16

Areas that are more sensitive have…

Question 17

Factors that affect perecption

Question 18

Meissners corpuscle

Question 19

Merle’s corpuscle

Question 20

Pacinian corpuscle

Question 21

Ruffini corpuscle

Question 22

Free neuron ending

Question 23

Reffered pain

Question 24

Free neuron ending

Question 25

Hyperalgesia

Question 26

Can pain be altered by past experiences/emotion?

Answer 26

Yup! It can also be altered by suggestion and simultaneous activation

Question 27

Analgesia

Answer 27

Selective suppression of pain without effects of consciousness or other sensations

Question 28

Pain relief

Answer 28

Stim, las drogas, opioids, acupuncture, TENS

Question 29

The eyes are composed of two things

Answer 29

Optical (focuses image) and neural (transforms visual image)

Question 30

Sclera

Question 31

Pupil

Question 32

Iris

Question 33

Lens

Question 34

Cornea

Question 35

Ciliary muscle

Question 36

Lacrimal gland

Question 37

Retina

Question 38

Rods

Answer 38

Shades of gray in dim light Contains (rhodopsin which absorb dim light) Gray Roblox rod

Question 39

Cones

Answer 39

Allow us to see bright light Contain photopsin (absorb bright colored light)

Question 40

Frequency

Question 41

Wavelength

Question 42

Amplitude

Question 43

Higher frequency light

Answer 43

Shorter wavelengths higher E

Question 44

Lower freq light

Question 45

Refraction

Question 46

Corrective lenses…

Question 47

Ganglion cells

Question 48

Bipolar cells

Question 49

Photoreceptor cells

Question 50

Pigment epithelium

Question 51

Visual info to the brain

Answer 51

Light reaches eye Lens refracts light and projects onto retina Retina converts to neural signal down optic nerve Optic nerves from each eye converge to optic chiasma Optic chiasma sorts info (left info sent to right side of brain and v.v)

Question 52

Some visual info goes to occipital lobes, but not all…

Answer 52

Brain stem and cerebellum

Question 53

Light perceived as white…

Answer 53

Mixture of all wavelengths while black is the absence of all light

Question 54

The Organ of Corti

Answer 54

Converts sound E to neural impulses using cilia

Question 55

Why does an object appear the color it does?

Answer 55

It absorbs some light and reflects the color that it is

Question 56

Audition (hearing)

Answer 56

Based on physics of sound and physiology of the ear, air is the most common media

Question 57

There is no sound in a vacuum

Answer 57

True

Question 58

How does the body determine the position of the head?

Answer 58

The cochlea is filled with fluid that moves around

Question 59

Cochlear nerve fibers synapse with inter neurons in the…

Answer 59

Brain stem

Question 60

Neural pathway in hearing

Answer 60

Cochlear nerve fibers>brain stem>thalamus>auditory cortex(temporal lobe)

Question 61

How do we know our position? (Laying down, sitting etc)

Answer 61

Orientation of semicircular canals (vestibular system)

Question 62

Vestibular information is used…

Answer 62

Control eye movement Posture and balance Body position awareness/spatial info

Question 63

Vestibular Pathway

Answer 63

Vestibular nerve fibers> Brain stem> thalamus > vestibular centers in parietal lobe

Question 64

Chemical senses

Answer 64

External chemicals bind to chemoreceptors for taste and smell

Question 65

Gestation

Answer 65

Tasting by taste buds

Question 66

Purpose of microvilli

Answer 66

Increase surface area and transducer chemicals into receptor portential

Question 67

Basal cells

Answer 67

At bottom of taste buds and divide to continuously replace taste cells

Question 68

To enter taste buds, food..

Answer 68

Is dissolved in liquid, saline or otherwise

Question 69

Olfactory Epithelium

Answer 69

Location of olfactory receptor neurons in nasal cavity

Question 70

How long do olfactory nerves live?

Answer 70

2 months

Question 71

Where do odor molecules bind?

Answer 71

Receptor proteins on cilia

Question 72

Olfactory nerve

Answer 72

Axons of the neurons from nasal cavity