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MBBS Block 2 > Special sense > Flashcards

Special sense Flashcards

understand hearing/vestibular system, vision and taste

1
Q

What is a possible cause of unilateral anosmia?

A

Meningioma or anterior cranial fossa trauma

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2
Q

Outline the route of CN I fibres

A

CN I fibres pass from the olfactory mucosa to the olfactory bulb via the cribiform plate

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3
Q

What is anosmia?

A

Lack of smell due to viral infections, Parksinson’s disease, Alzeheimers or meningioma

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4
Q

outline route of the olfactory tract

A

Carries sensory neurons to orbital and piriform cortexes

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5
Q

outline the location of the olfactory tract

A

adjacent to the limbic system, where it is associated with memory and taste

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6
Q

where are taste receptors located?

A

most taste receptors are found on the tongue, and some are found in the palate and pharynx

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7
Q

what are the types of taste receptors?

A 
sweet
sour
salty
bitter
umami (savoury)
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8
Q

WHAT sensory nucleus do the cranial nerves carrying TASTE synapse on when they come into the brainstem?

A

Nucleus Solitarius

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9
Q

which nerves are involved in taste?

A

CN VII via the chorda tympani provides sensation to the anterior 2/3rds

CN IX (glossopharyngeal) provides sesnation to the posterior 1/3rd

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10
Q

what is the sulcus terminalis?

A

a groove that separates the tongue into a superior oral surface and a posterior pharyngeal surface

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11
Q

path of taste sensation from the tongue

A

travels via CN VII & CN IX

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12
Q

Why does the tongue has different nervous innervations?

A

it develops from different pharyngeal arches during embryological development

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13
Q

what is the path of somatic sensory innervation to the tongue?

A

Travvels via CN III & CN IX

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14
Q

what are the layers of the eye?

A

1) retina
2) Choroid
3) Sclera

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15
Q

what is the fovea centralis?

A

a structure that sits in the middle of the macula. it is the area of greastes visual acuity

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16
Q

what can lead to total blindness?

A

central occlusion of CN2

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17
Q

what is the location of the pituitary gland?

A

sella turcica

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18
Q

what is meyer’s loop?

A

the most anterior extension of the optic radiation in the temporal horn

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19
Q

what is the optic radiation?

A

axons from the neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus to the primary visual cortex

20
Q

what happened to an image as it passes through the lens of the eye

A

it is inverted and flipped

21
Q

what are the retinal fields?

A

refer to the region of the retina that is named according to its position relative to the nose or temporal region

22
Q

how does information end up once it reaches the visual cortex?

A

By the time the visual information reaches the cortex, the left side of the visual field ends up on the right side with the image flipped. The right optic tract carries the visual information of the contralateral visual field.

23
Q

what is the result of a lesion in meyer’s loop

A

Lesion in the Meyer’s loop results in a deficit of the upper portion of the right visual field

24
Q

what is the clinical significance of loss of the central macula vision?

A

can indicate a problem at the striate area in the central occipital pole

25
Q

what is the result of a vascular lesion of the occipital lobe?

A

can damage top and bottom visual fields on same side and spare a central circle. this is known as homonymous hemianopia

26
Q

what is homonymous hemianopia?

A

visual deficit on one side of the visual field in both eyes

27
Q

what is the result of a lesion in just one of the macula?

A

central scotoma

28
Q

what is bilateral central scotoma

A

two dots in the middle fo the eyes. The most common causes of central scotomas are disorders of the optic nerve, choroid or retina, such as macular degeneration.

29
Q

what is upper quadrontopia

A

an anopia affecting the upper quarter of the field of vision. It can be associated with a lesion of an optic radiation.

30
Q

what is binasal hemianopia?

A

partial blindness where vision is missing in the inner half of both the right and left visual field

31
Q

what are the causes of visual field defects?

A

1) glaucoma - reduces visual fields

2) retinal issues such as retinitis can cause tunnel vision

32
Q

what is fundoscopy?

A

use of an opthalmoscope to examine the retina/back of the eye

33
Q

what are the causes of reduced acuity?

A

1) optic neuritis
2) refractive lens error
3) parasympathetic issues

34
Q

how can you assess CN II function?

A

1) visual acuity test
2) visual fields test
3) pupil light reflex
4) accommodation
5) fundoscopy

35
Q

what is accomodation?

A

enables us to look at and focus upon objects that are CLOSE to the eye. it utilises CN II and CN III

36
Q

what is the location of the vestibular and cochlear apparatus?

A

housed in the petrous temporal bone within a BONY labyrinth

37
Q

what is the vestibular system?

A

includes the parts of the inner ear and brain that process the sensory information involved with controlling balance and eye movements. acts via the vestibulospinal pathway (descendign pathway from medula to the spinal cord)

38
Q

describe the cochlea

A

it is arranged in a spiral. the sensory part is the organ of corti. Thecochlea receives sound in the form of vibrations, which cause the stereocilia to move. The stereocilia then convert these vibrations into nerve impulses which are taken up to the brain to be interpreted

39
Q

how are vibrations transmitted from the ossicles

A

Vibrations are transmitted from the oval window in the middle ear to the perilymph of the cochlea. Vibrations are passed to the endolymph via the vestibular membrane

40
Q

what happens to auditory information?

A

distributed bilaterally to the cortexes after passing through the auditory relay station

41
Q

Will a patient go deaf by a lesion of their left auditory cortex?

A

No, Cortical deafness is requires bilateral cortical lesions in the primary auditory cortex located in the temporal lobes of the brain. They may lose sensitivity, however

42
Q

causes of reduction in hearing

A

1) sensorineural - drug linkes, ciral rubella
2) loss of stereo-placement of sound
3) tinitus due sto Menier’s disease or stress to the tensor tympani

43
Q

what do you expect in rinne’s test

A

Air conduction should be better than bone conduction

44
Q

what do you expect in weber’s test?

A

normally there is no lateralisation

45
Q

what is rpmberg’s test?

A

a commonly used diagnostic tool used for clinical diagnosis of sensory ataxia, and gait and balance disorders most commonly caused by abnormal proprioception involving location of the joints

46
Q

What might be damaged in a POSITIVE Romberg patient?

A

cerebellum

MBBS Block 2 (1 decks)

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