Special Populations Flashcards
Aging patients (3 facts)
- fastest growing population
- have less organ reserve
- more prone to adverse reactions
Aging patients hemodynamics (3 facts)
- volume dependent b/c LV hypertrophy (LVEDP increased)
- endogenously blocked (beta)
- stiff lungs
Pharmacokinetic Changes in Elderly
- Body water decreases (60 —-> 50%)
- Serum Albumin decreases (4.7 —-> 3.8)
- Kidney weight decreases (80%)
- Hepatic blood flow decreases (55%)
Elderly & opioids (2)
brains are very sensitive - watch out - use BIS
dosage is inversely r/t patient’s age and essentially independent of body size
Age-related dose reductions for IV medications (6)
- Longer 1/2 lifes
- 30% decrease dose/10 years
- increased brain sensitivity to narcotics
- Plasma drug concentrations immediately post injection are higher
- CYP450 enzymes are maintained
- Plasma cholinesterase decreases in elderly (male)
Regional anesthesia & elderly (5)
- Anatomic changes in epidural/subarachnoid space
- Diameter and number of myelinated fibers is decreased
- Increased permeability of dura & decreased volume of CSF
- Occlusion of foramina w/fibrous CT (patchy block)
- With a fixed dose & volume of LA, spread of block is higher in the elderly
Muscle relaxants & elderly (5)
- onset of action is delayed
- they have less muscle mass
- DOA extended
- antagonism is unchanged
- reduced plasma cholinesterase
* increase dose of NMBD or keep the same*
Postop Delirium (cause; onset)
occurs 1-3 days postop; inflammatory process
What drugs to avoid in elderly?
- meperidine
- antihistamines/anticholinergics
- adjust renal meds
Drugs w/anticholinergic properties
TCA Antihistamine Antimuscarinic Antispasmodic 1st gen antipsychotics H2 antagonists (cimetidine, ranitidine) Skeletal muscle relaxants Antiemetics (promethazine)
Drugs that induce POD
anticholinergics steroids meperidine sedative hypnotics polypharmacy
Some other stuff about oldies (3)
- Renal impairment
- Decreased plasma protein
- Reduced gastric motility and acidity
Obese pt - pharmacology significantly influenced by ??
- tissue
- hemodynamics
- blood flow
- plasma composition
- liver/kidney function
PK factors & obesity
lipid solubility
diffusion through compartments
Dosing for obese patients (3)
- Vd (IBW for drugs to lean tissue, TBW for drugs w/equal distribution to lean/adipose tissue)
- clearance
- LBW - extremely obese pt create more muscle weight….
Thiopental & obese
TBW
prolonged duration of action
Propofol & obese
LBW for induction
TBW for maintenance
highly lipophilic- total clearance and VD correlate well w/TBW
Midazolam & obese
Loading dose TBW
Maintenance IBW
higher dose to achieve initial therapeutic effects
Dexmedetomidine & obese
- 2 mcg/kg/m
* lower than usual infusion rates recommended to decrease cardiac S/E*
Succinylcholine & Obese
TBW
large ECF compartment in the obese; pseudocholinesterase activity increases w/weight
Roc/Vec/Cis & obese
IBW
Fentanyl & obese
??? IBW ???
sufentanil & obese
loading dose: TBW
Maintenance: LBW (increased 1/2 life w/prolonged elimination)
pediatric rectal
rectal: slower, used for < 5 y.o.
pediatrac intranasal
faster; midaz & fent
pediatric IM
not recommended d/t pain for days
pediatric IV (3)
DEPENDENT ON
- circulating blood elements
- blood/tissue partition
- distribution of blood flow
what are the two major proteins involved in binding drugs
- albumin
- alpha 1 acid glycoprotein
MUCH LOWER IN INFANTS
muscle mass & fat in the infant
less muscle mass; greater fat stores
blood flow to central organs in infant
greater
succinylcholine dose in peds
higher (all water soluble drugs may require higher doses)
CO in the infant
HIGH (400 ml/kg/m)
GFR at birth
40 mL/m
GFR at 1-2yr
100 mL/m
G1
cell growth checkpoint (at the end of growth phase G1)
checks if cell is big enough/right proteins
goes to G0 if not ready
S phase
DNA synthesis checkpoint
G2 –> M
M phase (mitosis checkpoint) makes sure mitosis is complete before dividing
Cisplatin
nephrotoxicity, neuropathy, nerve dysfunction
Methotrexate
myelosuppression, neutropenia & thrombocytopenia
Bleomycin
hodgkins/non-hodgkins
-pulmonary fibrosis
Doxorubicin
cardiotoxicity, myelosuppression
Cetuximab
interstitial lung disease
Volatiles, barbs, ketamine
SUPPRESS NK CELL ACTIVITY - promote cancer
Nitrous oxide
SUPPRESS NEUTROPHIL - promote cancer
Propofol
protective effects - activates helper T cells; antimetastatic
Opioids
immunosuppression especially morphine
LA
reduce metastatic burden
GA on CA patients
immunosuppresion, decreasing HPA axis, hypothermia
Drugs good for CA patients
propofol LA BB NSAIDS Naltrexone