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Microbiology > Special microbiology: Test II > Flashcards

Special microbiology: Test II Flashcards

1
Q

phenotype of genus Bacillus

A

gram+ rods

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2
Q

Do Bacillus produce endospores?

A

yes

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3
Q

Stain type for Bacillus?

A

gram stain but for endospores, giemsa

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4
Q

What type of microscopy for Bacillus?

A

light microscopy

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5
Q

target organ for Bacillus?

A

spleen

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6
Q

Are Bacillus present in environment?

A

yes

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7
Q

Name important Bacillus species.

A

Bacillus anthracis

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8
Q

Specimens to be collected from B.anthracis victims?

A

blood
peritoneal fluid

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9
Q

B. anthracis causes what in cattle & sheep?

A

septicemic anthrax

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10
Q

B. anthracis causes what in pigs?

A

subacute anthrax

with edematous swelling in pharyngeal region;

an intestinal form with higher mortality is less common.

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11
Q

B. anthracis causes what in horses?

A

subacute anthrax with localized edema,
septicaemia with colic and enteritis sometimes

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12
Q

B. anthracis causes what in humans? (3)

A

cutaneous,
pulmonary and
GI forms of anthrax

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13
Q

phenotype of genus Clostridium

A

gram+ rods

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14
Q

Do Clostridium produce endospores?

A

yes

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15
Q

Stain type for Clostridium?

A

Gram-positive

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16
Q

target organ for Clostridium?

A

Motorneurons (skeletal muscles)
GI-tract

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17
Q

Are Clostridium present in environment?

A

yes

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18
Q

Name 3 major species for Clostridium.

A

C.tetani
C. botulinum
Clostridium perfringens Types A-E

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19
Q

Specimens used to detect Clostridium (4).

A

Blood
Feces

post-mortem tissue samples

Contaminated food stuffs

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20
Q

What 2 major species of Clostridium are neurotoxic?

A

C.tetani
C. botulinum

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21
Q

What major species of Clostridium is enterotoxemic?

A

Clostridium perfringens Types A-E

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22
Q

Clostridial disease can be of what 3 diff. types?

A

Neurotoxic-
Histotoxic-
Enterotoxemic-

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23
Q

What does neurotoxic clostridial disease cause?

A

tetanus
botulism

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24
Q

What does histotoxic clostridial disease cause?

A

cutaneous lesions-> tissue necrosis and gangraena

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25
Q

What does enterotoxemic clostridial disease cause?

A

necrotic or hemorrhagic enteritis, dysentery … etc.

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26
Q

define pathognomonic

A

specifically characteristic or indicative of a particular disease or condition.

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27
Q

define ankylosis

A

abnormal stiffening and immobility of a joint due to fusion of the bones.

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28
Q

phenotype of genus Erysipelothrix

A

gram positive small rods (smooth form)

or filaments (rough form)

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29
Q

Important pathogenic spp. of genus Erysipelothrix?

A

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

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30
Q

What does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cause in pigs?

A

Swine erysipelas

  1. The septicaemic form (septicemia, abortion)
  2. The diamond-skin form (fever, diamond-shaped erythematous plaques)
  3. Arthritic form (non-suppurative: stiffness, lameness & joint lesions ranging from mild to erosion of articular cartilage with eventual fibrosis and ankylosis)
  4. Endocarditis form (chronic valvular endocarditis)
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31
Q

What does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cause in turkeys?

A

Turkey erysipelas:
arthritis,
septicaemia,
valvular endocarditis

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32
Q

What does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cause in sheep?

A

polyarthritis in lambs,
post-dipping lameness,
pneumonia,
valvular endocarditis

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33
Q

What does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cause in humans?

A

causes erysipeloid,
a localized cellulitis

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34
Q

4 main species to be affected by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

A

pigs
sheep
turkeys
people

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35
Q

Swine erysipelas can occur in what four forms.

A
  1. The septicaemic form
  2. The diamond-skin form
  3. Arthritic form
  4. Endocarditis form
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36
Q

Specimens used to detect E.rhusiopathiae (5).

A

blood

tissue samples of:
liver,
spleen,
heart valves or
synovial tissues.

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37
Q

phenotype of genus Listeria

A

small, gram positive rods

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38
Q

Are Listeria present in the environment

A

yes

Environmental saprophytes

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39
Q

Major pathogenic spp. of genus Listeria?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

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40
Q

What does Listeria monocytogenes cause in sheep, cattle and goats?

A

Listeriosis:

encephalitis (neural form), abortion, septicaemia

cattle mastitis (rare)

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41
Q

What does Listeria monocytogenes cause in Dogs, cats, horses?

A

abortion,
encephalitis (rare)

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42
Q

What does Listeria monocytogenes cause in pigs?

A

abortion,
septicaemia,
encephalitis

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43
Q

What does Listeria monocytogenes cause in birds?

A

septicaemia

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44
Q

What does Listeria monocytogenes cause in humans?

A

meningitis, stillbirth

gastroenteritis, septicaemia,

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45
Q

Specimens for collection in case of L.monocytogenes? (4-5)

A

CSF
medullary tissue

liver, spleen

in cases of abortion: cotyledons and fetal abomasal contents

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46
Q

define pleomorphic

A

Occurring in various distinct forms

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47
Q

Are corynebacterium present in the environment

A

yes

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48
Q

Specimens for collection in case of Corynebacterium? (5)

A

mastitic milk

samples of affected tissue
mid-stream urine

pus,
exudate

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49
Q

3 major pathogenic spp. of Corynebacterium

A

Corynebacterium bovis
Corynebacterium diphteriae
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

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50
Q

What does Corynebacterium bovis cause in cattle?

& in other animals?

A

Cattle: subclinical mastitis (usual habitat: teat cistern)

suppurative conditions in domestic animals.

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51
Q

What does Corynebacterium diphteriae cause in humans and horses?

A

Humans: diphtheria (usual habitat: human pharyngeal
mucosa)

Horses: rare cases of wound infection

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52
Q

What does Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis cause in sheep, goats?

A

caseous (cheesy) lymphadenitis

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53
Q

Phenotype for genus Brucella?

A

Small Gram-negative coccobacilli

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54
Q

Are Brucella spp. present in the environment?

A

Under appropriate conditions Brucella can survive outside
the host in the environment for extended periods.

55
Q

Major pathogenic species of Brucella?

A

Brucella abortus

56
Q

What does Brucella abortus cause in cattle? (1+2)

A

Brucellosis

abortion, orchitis

57
Q

What does Brucella abortus cause in

Species occasionally infected
Sheep, goats, pigs

Horses
Humans

A

Sheep, goats, pigs: sporadic abortion

Horses: bursitis

Humans: fever, systemic disease

58
Q

Specimens for collection from ruminants in the case of Brucella abortus? (3)

A

cotyledons,
foetal abomasal contents and
uterine discharges.

59
Q

Brucella staining method

A

Stain red using the modified Ziehl-Neelsen method

60
Q

Brucella target organs (3)

A

lymph nodes
spleen
reproductive organs of certain species of animals

61
Q

Phenotype for genus moxarella

A

Short Gram-negative rods, usually in pairs

62
Q

Major pathogenic species of Moxarella

A

Moraxella bovis main one

but all sorts:
M. canis
M. equi
M. ovis
M. catarrhalis

63
Q

What does Moraxella bovis cause in cattle?

A

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (pinkeye)

64
Q

Specimens for collection in the case of Moraxella bovis infection?

A

lacrimal secretion is the most suitable

65
Q

Target organs for Moxarella

A

The eyes & conjunctiva

66
Q

Phenotype of Spirochaetes

A

Gram-negative Spiral bacteria with endoflagella

  • Leptospira are helical bacteria with hook-shaped ends.
  • Borreliae, are longer and wider spirochaetes, but have a similar helical shape.
67
Q

Staining and microscopy for Leptospira?

A

Silver impregnation & dark field microscopy.

68
Q

Target organs of Leptospira?

A

kidneys
Urinary and genital systems

69
Q

Are leptospires present in the environment?

A

yes

Leptospires can survive in ponds, rivers, surface
waters, moist soil and mud when environmental
temperatures are moderate.

70
Q

Major pathogenic spp. of Spirochaetes?

A

Leptospira

Borrelia burgdorferi

71
Q

What disease do Leptospira cause?

A

Leptospirosis,

which can affect all domestic animals and humans

ranges in severity from mild infections of the urinary or genital systems to

serious systemic disease.

72
Q

Specimens for collection in case of Spriochaete infection?

A

blood, urine

73
Q

target organs for Corynebacterium?

A

Skin & mucous membranes
upper respiratory tract
mammary gland

74
Q

staining and microscopy for Corynebacterium?

A

Direct microscopic examination of Gram-stained smears.

Are gram positive and pleomorphic.

75
Q

target organs for listeria?

A

CNS

76
Q

Staining and microscopy for Listeria?

A

Standard gram stain & dark field microscopy

77
Q

What disease do Borreliae cause?

A

Borreliosis, also known as Lyme disease

It is a arthritic,
neurological and
cardiac disease

in dog and humans.
occasionally in horses, cattle and sheep

78
Q

phenotype of mycobacterium

A

Acid-fast (ZN-positive) rods

(are cytochemically Gram-positive,
the high lipid and mycolic acid content of their cell walls
prevents uptake of the dyes employed in the Gram stain)

79
Q

mycobacterium Target organs

A

lungs (in norm. tuberculosis),
GI-tract (in John’s disease)

80
Q

what is ZN positive

A

Ziehl-Neelsen stain is a bacteriological stain used to identify acid-fast organisms, mainly Mycobacteria but also e.g. brucella & chlamydia

81
Q

name 3 important pathogenic spp. of mycobacterium

A

mycobacterium bovis
mycobacterium tuberculosis
mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

82
Q

what does mycobacterium tuberculosis cause in which species?

A

tuberculosis in

Main hosts: humans

Species occasionally infected: dogs, cattle,
psittacine birds (parrots), canaries

83
Q

what does mycobacterium bovis cause in which species?

A

bovine tuberculosis in cattle

Species occasionally infected: deer, badgers, humans,
cats, other mammalian species

84
Q

Specimens for collection in case of mycobacterium? (4 hint: this one is vague)

A

lymph nodes,
tissue lesions,

aspirates and
milk

85
Q

chlamydia phenotype

A

gram-neg. spherical in shape

86
Q

chlamydia staining method

A

modified Ziehl-Neelsen &
Giemsa methods

87
Q

do chlamydia produce endospores

A

is non-spore-forming.

88
Q

target organs for chlamydia?

A

respiratory,
enteric,
reproductive tracts

89
Q

are chlamydia present in the environment

A

is an intracellular bacterium that needs living host cells to multiply.

90
Q

major pathogenic spp. of genus chalmydia (name 3-4)

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

Chlamydia suis

Chlamydia muridarum

Chlamydophila psittaci

91
Q

what can Chlamydophila psittaci cause in which species

A

pneumonia in birds

92
Q

specimens for collection in the case of chlamydia infection?

A

Sputum
Blood
Urine

93
Q

rickettsia phenotype?

A

Small, intracellular Gram-negative bacteria

  • Ehrlichia are gram‐negative pleomorphic coccobacilli
  • Other anaplasma often small, spherical
94
Q

staining method for Rickettsia

A

Romanowsky stains
& Giemsa stains

Cannot be stained by Gram method.

95
Q

target organs for Rickettsia

A

Rickettsiae generally target endothelial cells.

  • In arthropods rickettsiae replicate in the epithelial cells of
    the gut and persists in salivary glands and ovaries.
96
Q

which order and genus does ehrlichia belong to?

A

Rickettsia (order) and anaplasma (genus)

97
Q

are Rickettsia present in the environment?

A

nope

98
Q

specimens for diagnosis of rikettsia (Ehrlichia)

A

whole blood, serum

99
Q

phenotype of mycoplasma

A

Highly pleomorphic
Lack classical cell walls,
Do not stain by the Gram method,

100
Q

target organ of mycoplasma

A

erythrocytes

(some spp. mucous membranes, associate mainly with
respiratory, arthritic or genitourinary tract diseases)

101
Q

name 3 major pathogenic spp. of mycoplasma

A

Mycoplasma bovis
Mycoplasma agalactiae
Mycoplasma haemofelis

102
Q

specimens for mycoplasma detection? (5+)

A

aspirates,
blood serum
mucosal scrapings,
tracheal exudates,
pneumonic tissue

mastitic milk and fluids from joints.

Swabs from lesions or suspected material.

103
Q

The two main morphological fungal forms are

A

mould and yeasts.

Moulds grow as branching filaments called hyphae whereas the unicellular yeasts have an oval or spherical appearance.

104
Q

The 3pathogenic mechanisms by which fungi produce disease are:

A

1) tissue invasion (mycosis)
2) toxin production (mycotoxicosis) and
3) induction of hypersensitivity

105
Q

Fungal diseases categorized according to sites of lesions:

A

1) Superficial mycoses: epidermis, other keratinized structures and mucous
2) Subcutaneous mycoses: subcutaneous tissues
3) Systemic mycoses: respiratory and digestive tracts and other organ systems

106
Q

target organs for dermatophytes

A

invade superficial keratinized structures such as skin, hair and claws/nails.

107
Q

More than 30 species of dermatophytes are recognized in what three
genera:

A
  • Microsporum,
  • Trichophyton and
  • Epidermophyton.
108
Q

specimens for dermatophytosis

A

plucked hair, deep skin scrapings from the edge of
lesions, scrapings from affected claws.

109
Q

Staining & microscoping for dermatophytes

A

lactophenol cotton blue stain or
potassium hydroxide 10% solution

examined microscopically by 400X for the presence of arthrospores on hair shafts.

110
Q

Name 5 pathogenic mycological genuses

A

Aspergillus
Candida
Cryptococcus
Microsporum
Malassezia

111
Q

specimens for yeast

A

exudates and skin scrapings

112
Q

what disease does mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis cause in what species?

A

Disease: paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease - chronic contagious, invariably fatal enteritis)

Main hosts: cattle, sheep, goats, deer

113
Q

can erysipelothrix be found in the environment

A

yes

The soil and surface water can be contaminated with this
Bacterium.

114
Q

target organs for erysipelothrix

A

Joints, heart valves, skin

115
Q

target organs for listeria?

A

CNS

116
Q

target organ for anthrax?

A

spleen

117
Q

phenotype for corynebacterium?

A

Gram-positive, pleomorphic bacteria

118
Q

are mycobacterium present in the environment?

A

Yes, are environmental saprophytes

119
Q

Target organs for mycobacterium?

A

lungs (in norm. tuberculosis),
GI-tract (in John’s disease)

120
Q

mycobacterium stain

A

Ziehl-Neelsen (acid-fast)

121
Q

risus sardonicus is characteristic of what bacterium?

A

clostridium tetani

122
Q

Which of test II genus are gram positive? (5)

A

Bacillus
Clostridium
Corynebacterium
Erysipelothrix
Listeria

123
Q

Which of test II genus are gram negative? (5)

A

Brucella
Chlamydia

Moraxella
Rickettsia (order)
Spirochaetes

124
Q

Which of test II genuses produce endospores?

A

Bacillus
Clostridium

125
Q

Which of test II genu are found in the environment? (8)

A

Bacillus
Clostridium
Corynebacterium

Erysipelothrix
Fungi

Listeria
Mycobacterium
Spirochaetes/leptospira

126
Q

Which of test II genus are rods? (6)

A

Bacillus (gram+)
Clostridium (gram+)

Erysipelothrix (can also be filaments)
Listeria (gram+)

Moraxella (gram-)
Mycobacterium (acid-fast rods)

127
Q

Which of test II genuses are something other than rods? (7)

A

Brucella (coccobacilli)
Chlamydia (spherical in shape)
Corynebacterium (pleomorphic)

Erysipelothrix (can be either filaments or rods)
Mycoplasmas (highly pleomorphic)

Rickettsia
Spirochaetes (spiral)

128
Q

phenotype of bacillus vs brucella

A

bacillus are gram+ rods
brucella are gram- coccobacilli

129
Q

which test II genuses stain using Ziehl-Neelsen (3)

A

Brucella
Chlamydia
Mycobacterium

130
Q

which 2 genuses for this module are detected with dark field microscopy

A

Listeria
Leptospira

131
Q

which genuses for this module can be stained with giemsa (3)

A

Bacillus endospores
Chlamydia
Rickettsia

132
Q

Name 3 test II bacterium that include ‘-tuberculosis’ in their name

A

corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

mycobacterium tuberculosis
mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

133
Q

What diseases do mycoplasma spp. cause?

A

Cause a wide range of diseases in animals, incl. contagious bovine
pleuropneumonia

Microbiology (3 decks)

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