Special microbiology: Test II Flashcards
phenotype of genus Bacillus
gram+ rods
Do Bacillus produce endospores?
yes
Stain type for Bacillus?
gram stain but for endospores, giemsa
What type of microscopy for Bacillus?
light microscopy
target organ for Bacillus?
spleen
Are Bacillus present in environment?
yes
Name important Bacillus species.
Bacillus anthracis
Specimens to be collected from B.anthracis victims?
blood
peritoneal fluid
B. anthracis causes what in cattle & sheep?
septicemic anthrax
B. anthracis causes what in pigs?
subacute anthrax
with edematous swelling in pharyngeal region;
an intestinal form with higher mortality is less common.
B. anthracis causes what in horses?
subacute anthrax with localized edema,
septicaemia with colic and enteritis sometimes
B. anthracis causes what in humans? (3)
cutaneous,
pulmonary and
GI forms of anthrax
phenotype of genus Clostridium
gram+ rods
Do Clostridium produce endospores?
yes
Stain type for Clostridium?
Gram-positive
target organ for Clostridium?
Motorneurons (skeletal muscles)
GI-tract
Are Clostridium present in environment?
yes
Name 3 major species for Clostridium.
C.tetani
C. botulinum
Clostridium perfringens Types A-E
Specimens used to detect Clostridium (4).
Blood
Feces
post-mortem tissue samples
Contaminated food stuffs
What 2 major species of Clostridium are neurotoxic?
C.tetani
C. botulinum
What major species of Clostridium is enterotoxemic?
Clostridium perfringens Types A-E
Clostridial disease can be of what 3 diff. types?
Neurotoxic-
Histotoxic-
Enterotoxemic-
What does neurotoxic clostridial disease cause?
tetanus
botulism
What does histotoxic clostridial disease cause?
cutaneous lesions-> tissue necrosis and gangraena
What does enterotoxemic clostridial disease cause?
necrotic or hemorrhagic enteritis, dysentery … etc.
define pathognomonic
specifically characteristic or indicative of a particular disease or condition.
define ankylosis
abnormal stiffening and immobility of a joint due to fusion of the bones.
phenotype of genus Erysipelothrix
gram positive small rods (smooth form)
or filaments (rough form)
Important pathogenic spp. of genus Erysipelothrix?
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
What does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cause in pigs?
Swine erysipelas
- The septicaemic form (septicemia, abortion)
- The diamond-skin form (fever, diamond-shaped erythematous plaques)
- Arthritic form (non-suppurative: stiffness, lameness & joint lesions ranging from mild to erosion of articular cartilage with eventual fibrosis and ankylosis)
- Endocarditis form (chronic valvular endocarditis)
What does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cause in turkeys?
Turkey erysipelas:
arthritis,
septicaemia,
valvular endocarditis
What does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cause in sheep?
polyarthritis in lambs,
post-dipping lameness,
pneumonia,
valvular endocarditis
What does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cause in humans?
causes erysipeloid,
a localized cellulitis
4 main species to be affected by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
pigs
sheep
turkeys
people
Swine erysipelas can occur in what four forms.
- The septicaemic form
- The diamond-skin form
- Arthritic form
- Endocarditis form
Specimens used to detect E.rhusiopathiae (5).
blood
tissue samples of:
liver,
spleen,
heart valves or
synovial tissues.
phenotype of genus Listeria
small, gram positive rods
Are Listeria present in the environment
yes
Environmental saprophytes
Major pathogenic spp. of genus Listeria?
Listeria monocytogenes
What does Listeria monocytogenes cause in sheep, cattle and goats?
Listeriosis:
encephalitis (neural form), abortion, septicaemia
cattle mastitis (rare)
What does Listeria monocytogenes cause in Dogs, cats, horses?
abortion,
encephalitis (rare)
What does Listeria monocytogenes cause in pigs?
abortion,
septicaemia,
encephalitis
What does Listeria monocytogenes cause in birds?
septicaemia
What does Listeria monocytogenes cause in humans?
meningitis, stillbirth
gastroenteritis, septicaemia,
Specimens for collection in case of L.monocytogenes? (4-5)
CSF
medullary tissue
liver, spleen
in cases of abortion: cotyledons and fetal abomasal contents
define pleomorphic
Occurring in various distinct forms
Are corynebacterium present in the environment
yes
Specimens for collection in case of Corynebacterium? (5)
mastitic milk
samples of affected tissue
mid-stream urine
pus,
exudate
3 major pathogenic spp. of Corynebacterium
Corynebacterium bovis
Corynebacterium diphteriae
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
What does Corynebacterium bovis cause in cattle?
& in other animals?
Cattle: subclinical mastitis (usual habitat: teat cistern)
suppurative conditions in domestic animals.
What does Corynebacterium diphteriae cause in humans and horses?
Humans: diphtheria (usual habitat: human pharyngeal
mucosa)
Horses: rare cases of wound infection
What does Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis cause in sheep, goats?
caseous (cheesy) lymphadenitis
Phenotype for genus Brucella?
Small Gram-negative coccobacilli
Are Brucella spp. present in the environment?
Under appropriate conditions Brucella can survive outside
the host in the environment for extended periods.
Major pathogenic species of Brucella?
Brucella abortus
What does Brucella abortus cause in cattle? (1+2)
Brucellosis
abortion, orchitis
What does Brucella abortus cause in
Species occasionally infected
Sheep, goats, pigs
Horses
Humans
Sheep, goats, pigs: sporadic abortion
Horses: bursitis
Humans: fever, systemic disease
Specimens for collection from ruminants in the case of Brucella abortus? (3)
cotyledons,
foetal abomasal contents and
uterine discharges.
Brucella staining method
Stain red using the modified Ziehl-Neelsen method
Brucella target organs (3)
lymph nodes
spleen
reproductive organs of certain species of animals
Phenotype for genus moxarella
Short Gram-negative rods, usually in pairs
Major pathogenic species of Moxarella
Moraxella bovis main one
but all sorts:
M. canis
M. equi
M. ovis
M. catarrhalis
What does Moraxella bovis cause in cattle?
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (pinkeye)
Specimens for collection in the case of Moraxella bovis infection?
lacrimal secretion is the most suitable
Target organs for Moxarella
The eyes & conjunctiva
Phenotype of Spirochaetes
Gram-negative Spiral bacteria with endoflagella
- Leptospira are helical bacteria with hook-shaped ends.
- Borreliae, are longer and wider spirochaetes, but have a similar helical shape.
Staining and microscopy for Leptospira?
Silver impregnation & dark field microscopy.
Target organs of Leptospira?
kidneys
Urinary and genital systems
Are leptospires present in the environment?
yes
Leptospires can survive in ponds, rivers, surface
waters, moist soil and mud when environmental
temperatures are moderate.
Major pathogenic spp. of Spirochaetes?
Leptospira
Borrelia burgdorferi
What disease do Leptospira cause?
Leptospirosis,
which can affect all domestic animals and humans
ranges in severity from mild infections of the urinary or genital systems to
serious systemic disease.
Specimens for collection in case of Spriochaete infection?
blood, urine
target organs for Corynebacterium?
Skin & mucous membranes
upper respiratory tract
mammary gland
staining and microscopy for Corynebacterium?
Direct microscopic examination of Gram-stained smears.
Are gram positive and pleomorphic.
target organs for listeria?
CNS
Staining and microscopy for Listeria?
Standard gram stain & dark field microscopy
What disease do Borreliae cause?
Borreliosis, also known as Lyme disease
It is a arthritic,
neurological and
cardiac disease
in dog and humans.
occasionally in horses, cattle and sheep
phenotype of mycobacterium
Acid-fast (ZN-positive) rods
(are cytochemically Gram-positive,
the high lipid and mycolic acid content of their cell walls
prevents uptake of the dyes employed in the Gram stain)
mycobacterium Target organs
lungs (in norm. tuberculosis),
GI-tract (in John’s disease)
what is ZN positive
Ziehl-Neelsen stain is a bacteriological stain used to identify acid-fast organisms, mainly Mycobacteria but also e.g. brucella & chlamydia
name 3 important pathogenic spp. of mycobacterium
mycobacterium bovis
mycobacterium tuberculosis
mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis
what does mycobacterium tuberculosis cause in which species?
tuberculosis in
Main hosts: humans
Species occasionally infected: dogs, cattle,
psittacine birds (parrots), canaries
what does mycobacterium bovis cause in which species?
bovine tuberculosis in cattle
Species occasionally infected: deer, badgers, humans,
cats, other mammalian species
Specimens for collection in case of mycobacterium? (4 hint: this one is vague)
lymph nodes,
tissue lesions,
aspirates and
milk
chlamydia phenotype
gram-neg. spherical in shape
chlamydia staining method
modified Ziehl-Neelsen &
Giemsa methods
do chlamydia produce endospores
is non-spore-forming.
target organs for chlamydia?
respiratory,
enteric,
reproductive tracts
are chlamydia present in the environment
is an intracellular bacterium that needs living host cells to multiply.
major pathogenic spp. of genus chalmydia (name 3-4)
Chlamydia trachomatis
Chlamydia suis
Chlamydia muridarum
Chlamydophila psittaci
what can Chlamydophila psittaci cause in which species
pneumonia in birds
specimens for collection in the case of chlamydia infection?
Sputum
Blood
Urine
rickettsia phenotype?
Small, intracellular Gram-negative bacteria
- Ehrlichia are gram‐negative pleomorphic coccobacilli
- Other anaplasma often small, spherical
staining method for Rickettsia
Romanowsky stains
& Giemsa stains
Cannot be stained by Gram method.
target organs for Rickettsia
Rickettsiae generally target endothelial cells.
- In arthropods rickettsiae replicate in the epithelial cells of
the gut and persists in salivary glands and ovaries.
which order and genus does ehrlichia belong to?
Rickettsia (order) and anaplasma (genus)
are Rickettsia present in the environment?
nope
specimens for diagnosis of rikettsia (Ehrlichia)
whole blood, serum
phenotype of mycoplasma
Highly pleomorphic
Lack classical cell walls,
Do not stain by the Gram method,
target organ of mycoplasma
erythrocytes
(some spp. mucous membranes, associate mainly with
respiratory, arthritic or genitourinary tract diseases)
name 3 major pathogenic spp. of mycoplasma
Mycoplasma bovis
Mycoplasma agalactiae
Mycoplasma haemofelis
specimens for mycoplasma detection? (5+)
aspirates,
blood serum
mucosal scrapings,
tracheal exudates,
pneumonic tissue
mastitic milk and fluids from joints.
Swabs from lesions or suspected material.
The two main morphological fungal forms are
mould and yeasts.
Moulds grow as branching filaments called hyphae whereas the unicellular yeasts have an oval or spherical appearance.
The 3pathogenic mechanisms by which fungi produce disease are:
1) tissue invasion (mycosis)
2) toxin production (mycotoxicosis) and
3) induction of hypersensitivity
Fungal diseases categorized according to sites of lesions:
1) Superficial mycoses: epidermis, other keratinized structures and mucous
2) Subcutaneous mycoses: subcutaneous tissues
3) Systemic mycoses: respiratory and digestive tracts and other organ systems
target organs for dermatophytes
invade superficial keratinized structures such as skin, hair and claws/nails.
More than 30 species of dermatophytes are recognized in what three
genera:
- Microsporum,
- Trichophyton and
- Epidermophyton.
specimens for dermatophytosis
plucked hair, deep skin scrapings from the edge of
lesions, scrapings from affected claws.
Staining & microscoping for dermatophytes
lactophenol cotton blue stain or
potassium hydroxide 10% solution
examined microscopically by 400X for the presence of arthrospores on hair shafts.
Name 5 pathogenic mycological genuses
Aspergillus
Candida
Cryptococcus
Microsporum
Malassezia
specimens for yeast
exudates and skin scrapings
what disease does mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis cause in what species?
Disease: paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease - chronic contagious, invariably fatal enteritis)
Main hosts: cattle, sheep, goats, deer
can erysipelothrix be found in the environment
yes
The soil and surface water can be contaminated with this
Bacterium.
target organs for erysipelothrix
Joints, heart valves, skin
target organs for listeria?
CNS
target organ for anthrax?
spleen
phenotype for corynebacterium?
Gram-positive, pleomorphic bacteria
are mycobacterium present in the environment?
Yes, are environmental saprophytes
Target organs for mycobacterium?
lungs (in norm. tuberculosis),
GI-tract (in John’s disease)
mycobacterium stain
Ziehl-Neelsen (acid-fast)
risus sardonicus is characteristic of what bacterium?
clostridium tetani
Which of test II genus are gram positive? (5)
Bacillus
Clostridium
Corynebacterium
Erysipelothrix
Listeria
Which of test II genus are gram negative? (5)
Brucella
Chlamydia
Moraxella
Rickettsia (order)
Spirochaetes
Which of test II genuses produce endospores?
Bacillus
Clostridium
Which of test II genu are found in the environment? (8)
Bacillus
Clostridium
Corynebacterium
Erysipelothrix
Fungi
Listeria
Mycobacterium
Spirochaetes/leptospira
Which of test II genus are rods? (6)
Bacillus (gram+)
Clostridium (gram+)
Erysipelothrix (can also be filaments)
Listeria (gram+)
Moraxella (gram-)
Mycobacterium (acid-fast rods)
Which of test II genuses are something other than rods? (7)
Brucella (coccobacilli)
Chlamydia (spherical in shape)
Corynebacterium (pleomorphic)
Erysipelothrix (can be either filaments or rods)
Mycoplasmas (highly pleomorphic)
Rickettsia
Spirochaetes (spiral)
phenotype of bacillus vs brucella
bacillus are gram+ rods
brucella are gram- coccobacilli
which test II genuses stain using Ziehl-Neelsen (3)
Brucella
Chlamydia
Mycobacterium
which 2 genuses for this module are detected with dark field microscopy
Listeria
Leptospira
which genuses for this module can be stained with giemsa (3)
Bacillus endospores
Chlamydia
Rickettsia
Name 3 test II bacterium that include ‘-tuberculosis’ in their name
corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
mycobacterium tuberculosis
mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis
What diseases do mycoplasma spp. cause?
Cause a wide range of diseases in animals, incl. contagious bovine
pleuropneumonia
