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SPD Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Uniform Soil Classification System

A

This system was developed in an attempt to inform engineers regarding the properties of a given soil. These properties include drainage potential, bearing capacity and erosion potential.

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2
Q

Drip Line

A

The drip line indicates the boundary of the trees outer roots. Minor cuts and fills near a tree should be made with stacked rock wall forming wells. This is an expensive solution, but allows for adequate moisture and air to circulate around the tree trunk.

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3
Q

The number of accessible parking spaces for a project depends on what?

A

The total number of spaces provided; the type of facility

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4
Q

Slope percentage

A

G (grade) = d (height) / L(length)

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5
Q

Alluvium

A

Soil, sand, mud deposited by flowing water

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6
Q

Bedrock

A

The most stable soil type

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7
Q

Humus

A

Soft dark soil containing decomposed organic matter, poor bearing capacity

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8
Q

Loam

A

Rich soil containing equal parts of sand, silt, and clay.

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9
Q

What factors affect a buildings plan orientation besides climate?

A

The buildings relationship to the street. The orientation of nearby structures. The aesthetics of the site.

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10
Q

Rome is an example of which of the following types of city planning?

A

Baroque Planning : The type of urban planning links important monuments, places, and views with broad radiating streets and avenues.

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11
Q

Cut and Fill

A

A method of grading used to create a level area on a sloped site. To cut is to remove soil; to fill is to add soil. Ideally, this type of grading should be limited in order to minimize the impact on a naturally occurring site.

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12
Q

Riparian Rights

A

Water rights: These water rights entitle a landowner whose property is adjacent to a river or other body of water the use of that water for various purposes including: irrigation, generating electricity, transportation, and fishing.

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13
Q

Angle of Repose

A

The greatest angle at which soil will lay without sliding. This angle varies with the size and shape of the soil grains.

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14
Q

Wale

A

A horizontal brace of steel or timber used to support sheathing, or other members such as concrete formwork.

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15
Q

Trenching

A

Creating shallow excavations used for pouring small footings and foundation walls, or to provide drainage of surface water.

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16
Q

Shoring

A

Temporary wood or steel bracing, usually set at an angled position, and used to hold walls in place.

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17
Q

Excavation

A

The removal of soil from its natural position to allow for construction below grade.

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18
Q

Underpinning

A

Providing additional support to an existing foundation by rebuilding or reinforcing.

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19
Q

Raker

A

A temporary diagonal brace used to support vertical sheeting against earth walls created by excavation.

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20
Q

Name two methods of reducing hydrostatic pressure on a foundation wall?

A
  1. Install a perforated pipe and backfill with a layer of gravel and soil.
  2. Install open web matting against the foundation wall prior to backfilling with gravel and soil.
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21
Q

Contour Interval

A

The vertical distance or change in elevation between sequential contour lines on a topo map.

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22
Q

City Beautiful Movement

A

Conceived as a reform movement it was championed by advocates such as Daniel Burnham who sought to improve the socially, morally, and physically decaying cities through beautification.

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23
Q

convex

A

Convex slopes occur when the distance between contour lines increases towards the top of the hill.

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24
Q

concave

A

Concave slopes occur when the distance between contour lines increases towards the base of the hill

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25
Q

What are ways of fighting erosion?

A

Proper Site Drainage: minimize impervious surface areas/ install water treatment areas
Native planting
Retaining Wall
Application of RipRap: rough stones of various sizes.

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26
Q

Core boring

A

By using a hollow drill bit, intact cylindrical soil samples including bedrock, are removed at a regular depth intervals. Reliable yet expensive

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27
Q

Test Pit

A

An open trench is dug. This allows for visual inspection of the soil, removal of intact samples, and identification of the depth of the water table.

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28
Q

Auger boring

A

A spiral, fluted drill is used to bring soil material to the surface. Because the bit can bit can be obstructed by rock it is most efficient in sand or clay.

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29
Q

Wash boring

A

Used to locate bedrock, this method involves forcing water through a pipe driven into the soil. The water forces the soil material to the surface.

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30
Q

Soil load

A

Determines bearing capacity by measuring the settlement of soil after applying incremental loads of soil on a platform erected on the site.

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31
Q

What determines roof gutter size?

A

The size of the roof area to be drained and the maximum recorded local rainfall

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32
Q

How is a parcel of land described?

A

It is described according to the property lines and boundaries. A metes and bounds survey identifies the length and compass orientation of each property line. It can also be described by its location within a township.

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33
Q

Sheepsfoot

A

A tampling-roller which has large teeth used to increase soil stability and bearing capacity. Used during the soil compaction process.

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34
Q

What are the three soil categories?

A

Coarse-grained soils, Fine-grained soils, Highly Organic Soils

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35
Q

Aquifer

A

A permeable stratum of soil material that allows the passage of water under ground and is the water source for wells.

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36
Q

Hydrology

A

The study of the occurrence, movement, and quality of water on a site. Concerned with water forms , drainage patterns, runoff, water table, and aquifer zones

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37
Q

Flume

A

An elevated artificial channel that carries fast moving water and is used to transport items such as logs, fish

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38
Q

Sheet Flow

A

Water that drains in a thin layer across a sloped surface, pavement, grass or landscape.

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39
Q

Weir

A

An embankment, levee or dam formed to hold a river or stream or divert a flow of water

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40
Q

Swale

A

A type of above ground drainage used to control runoff. A shallow, sloping, sometimes grassy depression incorporated into landscaping.

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41
Q

Name five ways to improve soil bearing capacity

A

Fill:
Compaction: usually or existing soil with a technique similar to compaction fill
Densification: use of heavy pounding piles,vibration or weights
Surcharging: adding fill to existing soil
Mixing: addition of soil or gravel

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42
Q

Well-Graded Soils

A

Has a good representation of all particle sizes, in proportionate quantities, from the largest to the smallest.

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43
Q

Uniformly-Graded Soils

A

Consists primarily of particles that are all approximately the same size.

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44
Q

Gap-Graded Soils

A

Consists of both large and small particles but the continuity of gradation is interrupted, typically by the absence of intermediate-size particles.

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45
Q

Proctor test

A

A test method used to determine the optimum relationship between moisture content and compaction of soil

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46
Q

Percolation test

A

A test method to determine the rate at which soil absorbs effluent. Used to asses the suitability of soil for a leachfield. This test measures the time it takes a water level to drop one inch in a test hole. Test holes can be made in several locations to determine the average condition.

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47
Q

The primary objectives of food pedestrian circulation design are ?

A

Safety, security, convenience, continuity, comfort, and attractiveness

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48
Q

Walks should not have a slope greater than?

A

1:20 or 5 percent

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49
Q

The incline of a curb ramp should not exceed ?

A

1:12 ; ramps should be a minimum of 3 feet wide and no longer than 30 feet in length

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50
Q

Land use development patrons are most frequently determines by?

A

Street systems. Road systems must be carefully adapted to the topo

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51
Q

Ridge vs valley

A

When contour lines represent a ridge they point in the direction of the down slope, and when they represent a valley they point in the direction of the upslope.

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52
Q

Auger Borings

A

They are designed to bring up soil samples by means of an ordinary 2- or 2-1/2 inch auger fastened to a long pipe or rod.

53
Q

Wash Borings

A

Are useful in locating bed rock when the soil is to compat to use an auger. These Borings are made with a two to four inch diameter pipe that is driven into the soil and contains a smaller jet pipe through which water is forced.

54
Q

Core Borings

A

Are more costly than most other methods, but they are the most reliable. They can penetrate through all materials, to great depths, and bring up complete cores of the material through which they pass.

55
Q

Dry sample Borings

A

They utilize a drive pipe with a special split sampling pipe at the tip instead of a drill. The sampling pipe is driven down approximately five inches, then lifted out. And the contents removed and stored.

56
Q

Specific gravity

A

To determine void ratio

57
Q

Retention Pond

A

A holding pond or catch basin, prevents excessive storm water runoff on a site from over loading the storm sewer system by temporarily holding the water and releasing it at a controlled rate.

58
Q

Bioswale

A

Construction that is designed to allow sediment to settle while water drains into the ground

59
Q

Infiltration basin

A

Construction designed to retain storm water until it can seep into the ground

60
Q

What is the recommended max slope for parking ?

A

5%
Max 2% for ADA
MIN 2%

61
Q

Imageability

A

Study determines how existing buildings, streets, and public spaces contribute to the neighborhoods image

62
Q

Proxemics

A

It deals with the issues of territoriality, spacing and positioning between people, and how the organization of the environment can affect these issues.

63
Q

Where are utilities located?

A

Anywhere in the right of way

64
Q

What is the width of a sidewalk?

A

5ft

65
Q

According to ADA guidelines what is the maximum allowable vertical change of level on in accessible route without using a ramp for bevel?

A

1/4”

66
Q

Standoff distance

A

The stand off distance is the space between a building and the potential location of a blast threat

67
Q

Strength and stiffness of soil is reduced by earthquake shaking or other rapid loading

A

Strength and stiffness of soil is reduced by earthquake shaking or other rapid loading

68
Q

What is the minimum flow velocity in a wastewater system?

A

Wastewater systems are located to provide gravity flow to treatment facilities or disposal locations. Grades are slopes to provide a velocity between 2.5 feet per second and 10 feet per second.

69
Q

Wastewater systems are located to provide gravity flow to treatment facilities or disposal locations. Grades are slopes to provide a velocity between 2.5 feet per second and 10 feet per second.

A 
50 feet/min – barely noticeable
50-100 feet/min – ideal
100-200 feet/min – pleasant but noticeable
200-300 feet/min – feels drafty
\+300 feet/min – gusty and uncomfortable
70
Q

An Architect must ensure that moisture doesn’t enter a building through the foundation. What type of coating would help to ensure that this doesn’t happen?

A

Bituminous coatings

71
Q

Which term is defined as the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil divided by a factor of safety?

A

Ultimate bearing capacity is the theoretical maximum pressure which can be supported without failure.

Allowable bearing capacity is the ultimate bearing capacity divided by a factor of safety.

72
Q

Gradation

A

A Dense gradation
A dense gradation refers to a sample that is approximately of equal amounts of various sizes of aggregate. By having a dense gradation, most of the air voids between the material are filled with particles. This results in the most stable soil.
Narrow gradation
Also known as uniform gradation, a narrow gradation is a sample that has aggregate of approximately the same size.
Gap gradation
A gap gradation refers to a sample with very little aggregate in the medium size range. This results in only coarse and fine aggregate.
Open gradation
An open gradation refers an aggregate sample with very little fine aggregate particles. This results in many air voids, because there are no fine particles to fill them.
Rich gradation
A rich gradation refers to a sample of aggregate with a high proportion of particles of small sizes.

73
Q

There are 4 types of zoning in the United States: Euclidean, Performance, Form-based, and Incentive?

A

Euclidean zoning is characterized by the segregation of land uses into specific geographic districts which stipulate limitations on development activity within each type of district.

Performance zoning uses performance-based or goal-oriented criteria to establish review parameters for proposed development projects

Incentive zoning is intended to provide a reward-based system to encourage development that meets established urban development goals

Form-based zoning regulates the form that land use may take instead of type of land use.

74
Q

Which term is defined as the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil divided by a factor of safety?

A

Allowable bearing capacity

75
Q

meridian

A

A meridian (or line of longitude) is the half of an imaginary great circle on the Earth’s surface, terminated by the North Pole and the South Pole, connecting points of equal longitude. The position of a point along the meridian is given by its latitude

76
Q

What is the minimum width for a two lane road designed for two way traffic?

A

24 ft

77
Q

The maximum area of signage on the exterior of a building is regulated by who?

A

Zoning

78
Q

What is the most efficient parking stall type ?

A

90 degrees

79
Q

View plane restrictions are usually governed by ?

A

Zoning

80
Q

What forces contribute to Lateral Loads?

A

Soil pressure, Hydrostatic Pressure, Lateral Soil Loads,

81
Q

What is the ideal foundation soil?

A

Bedrock

82
Q

What are the two types of organic soil

A

Peat, Topsoil

Must be cleared from the site and stored because building cannot bear on it (spongy)

83
Q

Consolidation

A

Pressure acting on a soil causes the volume of the soil to decrease/ shrink

84
Q

Silt

A

Not sticky when wet, liquefies when wet

85
Q

Gravel

A

Generally stays the same under wet and dry conditions; friction

86
Q

Clay

A

Brittle when dry, sticky when wet, plate-like shape, cohesive

87
Q

Sand

A

Frictional

88
Q

What is the EPA’s superfund?

A

Established to clean-up hazardous waste sites.

89
Q

Brownfield

A

A building on a contaminated site

90
Q

What is grubbing and clearing?

A

Removing existing stumps/trees to prepare site for construction

91
Q

What is the angle of repose?

A

The steepest angle that the side of the excavated area can be before the soil backslides into the pit

92
Q

What is a soldier beam?

A

Wide-flange beams driven into the soil (method of shoring)

93
Q

What is lagging ?

A

Wood beams supported in between soldier beams

94
Q

What are the types of spread footings?

A

Wall footing, column footing, slab on grade, combined footing, cantilevered footing, matt footing.

95
Q

What does a grade beam do?

A

It braces one column footing to the next

96
Q

What does a tie beam do?

A

It only tackles horizontal load, Grade beams can handle vertical loads.

97
Q

How does shallow frost work?

A

It protects the footing by insulating through the earth to prevent the earth from freezing

98
Q

How are caissons formed? How are piles formed?

A

The belled shape is drilled into the ground and filled with concrete. Piles are drilled into the ground

99
Q

What are the two types of piles?

A

End bearing Piles, Friction Piles

100
Q

Why would someone use helipiles or mini piles?

A

Shoring up an existing building would cause excess vibration associated with ramming piles would be a problem
Ramming noise would be a noise issue
Large amount of soil displacement is undesirable.

101
Q

What are three reasons to underpin?

A

Building renovation makes the new building heavier
Existing foundation was never sufficient
Adjacent site work weakened my foundation

102
Q

What are three ways to improve the foundation?

A

Extend the foundation to some deeper strata with more competent support
Make the foundation wider so that it rests on more soil
Improve the earth with imported fill or grout.

103
Q

What are three types of foundation modifications?

A

Add new foundation footings under existing foundation
Add new piles /caissons under existing foundations
Add new mini piles under existing foundation- least intrusive

104
Q

What are geotextiles?

A

To act as roots and replace what would be a short retaining wall
Filter fabric to protect fill from the intro of soil also as drainage mat for the same purpose.
Draped on a hill to limit erosion or as silt fencing

105
Q

Alta/Acsm survey

A

Shows improvements, Easements, Rights of way, and other things impacting land ownership

106
Q

What are the restrictions for Fire lanes?

A

Fire lanes have to be 20’ wide
They must be at least 10’ away from the building overhang for clearance for the ladders
There should be an outside turning radius of 54’ and inside radius of 30’
Must carry at least 35 tons
If you can reach 150’ around the building a fire lane is not necessary.

107
Q

What are two ways to keep a basement dry?

A

Drainage and waterproofing

108
Q

What is the maximum slope on which it is feasible to plant grass?

A

25%

109
Q

What building parameters are controlled by zoning ?

A

Allowable uses, the amount of land covered by buildings, bulk of structures (air and light blockage ), setbacks, parking and loading

110
Q

How deep should test borings be drilled ?

A

At least 20 feet into such strata

111
Q

Which organizational pattern Forbes the basis of development in ancient, classical Rome?

A

Precinctual ; patterns allow growth in any direction and are generally flexible, compact, and efficient

112
Q

At what point are breezes unbearable ?

A

250fpm …100fpm is comfortable

113
Q

How large is an acre?

A

43,560 ft

114
Q

What principles should be observed for underground utility locations ?

A

Wastewater should have first priority

Trunk or main lines should not be under major arteries

Trunk lines for multiple utilities should not be on the same street

The center of the street should be for waste water lines

Utility lines should be installed before a street is paved

115
Q

What are the typical dimensions for water mains?

A

6” for typical residential

8” for high density

116
Q

What is the typical spacing of fire hydrants ?

A

150 feet for high density districts

600 feet for suburban areas

117
Q

Public water supply is not justified in what size areas ?

A

1,000 persons per square mile or less.

118
Q

What is the spacing required for manholes ?

A

Every 500 ft or at the end of each line and change in direction.

119
Q

A regions climate or microclimate is governed by ?

A

Topography, structures, exposure, ground cover, elevation, and water bodies

120
Q

If wind velocity doubles what happens to the wind pressure ?

A

It increases fourthfold.

121
Q

What is the minimum slope for underground drainage ?

A

0.3 percent

122
Q

What are the two types of BMPS

A

Structural BMP include silt fences, sedimentation ponds, erosion control blankets, and temporary or permanent seeding

Non-structural BMPS include picking up trash, sweeping sidewalks

123
Q

What is the primary purpose of erosion and sediment control ?

A

To protect surface waters

124
Q

What are the objectives of permanent storm water controls ?

A

Reduce the volume and velocity of runoff

Reduction of the pollutants in the storm water that does leave your site

125
Q

Townships and sections begin in what year ?

A

In 1785 by the US System of Surveying the Public Lands

126
Q

Drain tiles in a septic field should be at what slope ?

A

1/24 inch per foot

127
Q

What is included on a topo map?

A

Property lines, easements, utilities, natural features, streams, man made features, roads, buildings, contours indicating elevation

128
Q

Which 2 of the following lighting types is most poorly suited for application in a cold climate?

A

Fluorescent

HID

129
Q

What did the city beautiful moment focus on?

A

Civic centre, parks, and grand boulevards

ARE SPD (2 decks)

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