SPD - AREndurance Flashcards
Zoning
- Uniform standards of construction originating in NYC in 1916 to protect the health, welfare, and safety of people
- Regulates the use of land, light, air, and open space while protecting property values and protecting and nuisances, undesirable businesses, and dangers
Incentive Zoning
Encourages private developers to provide amenities for public use in exchange for the opportunity to build larger or taller structures on a site
Nonconforming Use
Building is no longer permitted by the zoning ordinance, but typically allowed to stay unless it’s unsafe
Conditional Use
Building that is permitted in an area that it is not zoned for, to benefit the public
Variance
A request by an owner on a private site for a deviation from an ordinance or code in order to avoid hardship. Two types: area variance and a use variance.
Spot Zoning
A change in the zoning ordinance for a particular area. The result of either a conditional use permit or a use variance.
Ordinance
A municipal law
Setbacks
Required open space measured between property line and face of building
Building Line
Utilized by communities principally to achieve planned street patterns by insuring building will not be erected in certain areas.
Easement
Legal right of government or another land owner to use someone else’s property for a specific purpose
Scenic Easement
Prevents development that upsets something scenic to the public
Assessment
Valuation of property for the purpose of taxes
Business Improvement Districts
Use to fund public space improvements with the intention that it will enhance an area’s appeal. All business owners who would benefit pay increased taxes
Eminent Domain
Power of the state to take private property without owner’s consent, but with fair market value of the land compensation. Must be used for government or public development (highways, railroads, civic center), economic development, or to mandate an easement for access
Deed Restrictions
Limitations on the use of the property, typically by original developers, who determined what land would be used for (live, work, or play) and can’t be changed by future owners
Restrictive Covenant
Limitations and stipulations used in residential settings. Can be aesthetic (vegetation types, allowable colors), pet control (dogs/cats), or storage related (visibility of parked cars)
Affirmative Covenant
The covenanter binds himself to performing a duty that has already been done or shall be done to the future (i.e. payments for updates made to common spaces in condo)
Conditional Covenant
If restriction is violated or disregarded, the land will revet back to original owners/heirs
Covenant
A type of contractual agreement.
Negative Covenant
The covenanter binds himself to having not performed a duty and agreeing to not perform it in the future.
Right-of-Way
A type of easement that gives a party the right to a make way over a piece of land. Usually it is granted for transportation purposes (highway, public footpath, canal, railway, electrical lines, gas lines, etc)
One Acre
43,560 SF
US Survey System
In the 1780s, the US divided land that was not already surveyed into a square grid system
- Check: 24x24 mi.
- Township: 6x6 mi.
- Section: 1x1 mi.
- Quarter Section: 1/2x1/2 mi.
Space/Site Planning Heirarchy
- Total Building Group
- Component Building
- Activity Center
- Space Unit
Example: Medical Campus > Acute Care Hospital > Surgery Dept. > Pre-Op Suite
Roman Roads
Cardo: The main road, rain N-S, root of the word caridinal
Decumanus: The secondary road, ran E-W
Loop Road
A collector/distributor road into into a main center (i.e. shopping)
Color
Visual perception of reflected light that articulates form and space
Light
Radiant energy that is perceived by the human eye
Local Road
Low capacity roads with direct access to a site
Collector Road
Connection roads between local and arterial streets
Arterial Road
Wide high capacity streets usually connecting to expressways
Expressways
Limited access roads with high speed, high volume circulation
Road Hierarchy
- Local
- Collector
- Arterial
- Expressway
Example: Buckingham/Carillo > Bolling > Hampton Blvd > I-64
Site Slope Percentages
Flat Area: <4%
Moderate: 4-10%
Steep (Unusable): 10-50%
Very Steep (Subject to Erosion): +50%
Construction Slope Percentages
- Storm Drain: _____
- Sanitary Sewers: _____
- Street Surface Drainage: _____
- Planted or Large Pavers: _____
- Lawns: _____
- Planted Banks: _____
- Parking Area/Lot: _____
- Automobile Ramps: _____
- Sidewalks: _____
- Streets: _____
Construction Slope Percentages
- Storm Drain: 0.3% min
- Sanitary Sewers: 0.4-1.4%
- Street Surface Drainage: 0.5% min
- Planted or Large Pavers: 1% min
- Lawns: 25% max
- Planted Banks: 50% max
- Parking Area/Lot: 5% max
- Automobile Ramps: 8% max
- Sidewalks: 10% max
- Streets: 10% max
Angle of Repose
- Loose wet clay or silt: _____
- Compact dry clay: _____
- Wet sand: _____
- Dry sand: _____
Angle of Repose
- Loose wet clay or silt: 30%
- Compact dry clay: 100%
- Wet sand: 80%
- Dry sand: 65%
Angle of Repose
The greatest angle at which a material can be piled without slumping/sliding
Gross Area
Net Area + Circulation
Floor Area Ratio (FAR)
Gross Area / Site Area
Example: If gross is 4000 SF and the site is 1000 SF, then the FAR is 4
Cartridge Road
A loop collector/distributor drive with access to the local road
Traffic lights are required when…..
…..An intersection receives more than 750 cars per hour
A grade separation interchange is required when……
…..An intersection receives more than 3000 cars per hour
3 Types of Grade Separation Interchanges
- Cloverleaf: 2-level interchange that handles expressway intersections
- Directional / Direct Left Turn / Stack: used when 2 high-volume expressways intersect
- Diamond: used when an expressway intersects a secondary road
Maximum Length of a Block
1600’
Cul-De-Sac Max Size
400’ long with 40’ radius turn around
Width of 2 Lane Highway with 9’ Shoulders
40’-42’: 9’ shoulder, 11-12’ lane, 11-12’ lane, 9’ shoulder
Typical Surface Street Dimensions
- Width: ______
- Curb Height at Major St: _____
- Curb Height at Minor St: _____
- Min Curb Radius at Major St: _____
- Min Curb Radius at Minor St: _____
- Landscape Strip Width: _____
Typical Surface Street Dimensions
- Width: 11’-12’
- Curb Height at Major St: 6” concrete curb and gutter
- Curb Height at Minor St: 4” roll curb or gravel
- Min Curb Radius at Major St: 12”
- Min Curb Radius at Minor St: 50”
- Landscape Strip Width: 7’ with trees or 4’ with grass/dirt
Vehicle Turning Radius
- Small Cars: _____
- Standard Cars: _____
- Large Cars: _____
- Ambulance: _____
- Busses/Trucks: _____
Vehicle Turning Radius
- Small Cars: 16-19 ft
- Standard Cars: 19-23 ft
- Large Cars: 23-25 ft
- Ambulance: 25-30 ft
- Busses/Trucks: 43-50 ft
Accessible Space Parking Size
Accessible Cars: 8’ wide with 5’ wide access alley
Accessible Vans: 8’ wide with 8’ wide access alley
- Note hospitals require 10% to be accessible and physical therapy facilities require 20%
Allow ____ sf / car for parking and circulation
400
Plan for _____ - _____ sf of parking for every 1000 sf of shopping space
3000-4000 sf
Angle of Parking | Projection | Width
- 30 Degree | ____ | ____
- 35 Degree | ____ | ____
- 40 Degree | ____ | ____
- 45 Degree | ____ | ____
Angle of Parking | Projection | Width
- 30 Degree | 15’-7” | 43’-2” bay
- 35 Degree | 16’-7” | 45’-2” bay
- 40 Degree | 17’-6” | 47’-0” bay
- 45 Degree | 18’-2” | 48’-4” bay
Angle of Parking | Cars per 100 Linear Ft
- 90 Degree | ____
- 60 Degree | ____
- 45 Degree | ____
- 30 Degree | ____
Angle of Parking | Cars per 100 Linear Ft
- 90 Degree | 11
- 60 Degree | 9
- 45 Degree | 8
- 30 Degree | 5
Mothballing
Temporarily closing up a historic building and setting up a plan to protect it from the weather and vandalism after it has been declared that there are no funds to restore it or no productive uses available to keep it running
Adaptive Reuse
Process of adapting old structures for purposes other than those initially intended while retaining their historic features
Preservation
Process of applying measures necessary to sustain the existing form, integrity, and materials of a historic property
4 Types of Historic Treatments applied to Historic Structures
- Preservation
- Rehabilitation
- Restoration
- Reconstruction
Historic Preservation
Historic treatment that involves the least amount of work done to the building and any interventions are as inconspicuous as possible
Historic Rehabilitation
Historic treatment that involves retaining and repairing historic materials, but some replacement of damaged material is ok as are additions that convey historic values
Historic Restoration
Historic treatment that involves removing inconsistent features and replacing missing features in accordance with the restoration period
Historic Reconstruction
Historic treatment that involves new construction designed to look like something that existed at an earlier time
Buildings on the National Register of Historic Places typically receive historic ______
Preservation and Restoration
Buildings in a significant historic district but not individually significant typically receive historic ______
Rehabilitation
Secretary of Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation
- Allows for new additions/alterations to be different from the older structure, but must be complementary in massing, size, scale, and architectural features
- Historic character will be retained
- Property will be recognized as a physical record of time/place/use
- The criteria specified must be met if Federal Tax Credits will be used
- Takes precedence over state/local regulations
- Chemical/physical treatments will be avoided
- Archaeological resources must be protected, preserved, and properly handled
National Park Service Standards for Preservation
- A property must be used as it was historically intended or be given a new use that maximizes the retention of distinctive materials, features, spaces, and spatial relationships
- Historic character will be retained
- Property will be recognized as a physical record of time/place/use
- Changes made to a property that have acquired historic significance will be preserved
- Distinctive features will be preserved
- Existing condition of historic features will be evaluated to determine the appropriate level of intervention
- Chemical/physical treatments will be gentle if required
- Archaeological resources must be protected, preserved, and properly handled
The Image of the City
- Author is Kevin Lynch
- Published in 1960 by MIT Press
- Discusses how users perceive and organize space as they navigate through cities
- Legibility/Imageability
- 5 elements of the urban image: paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks
Legibility/Imageability as it pertain to Urban Planning
The ease with which people understand the layout of a place based off of recognizable patterns that exist in the cityscape (i.e. the hills of San Francisco)
City Planning According to Artistic Principles
- Author is Camillo Sitte
- Published in 1889
- Suggests that the quality of urban space is more important than architectural form (the whole is more important that the parts)
- Planning cannot be done in 2D, only in 3D
- Argues that the agora and forum are great urban spaces
- Fears Urbanism might become a mere technical task without any artistic involvement
- Proposed cities be laid out on the principles of medieval towns, with curving and irregular streets
- Conceived of the turbine square, which created civic spaces around a pinwheel arrangement
- Not concerned with the historical circumstances that generated old forms since urbanism is to be lived today and must be judged according to today’s aesthetics
Kevin Lynch
- Author of the Image of the City
- Discusses a concept known as legibility/imageability: how users perceive and organize space as they navigate a city by recognizing paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks
Camillo Sitte
- Author of City Planning According to Artistic Principles
- Criticizes the aesthetic of the late nineteenth century urbanism
- Most important belief is that architectural shape and form is not as important as the inherent creative quality of urban space (the whole is bigger than its parts)
- Proposed that cities be laid out on the principles of medieval towns to create irregularity and variety - current Urbanism was too technical, not enough artistic involvement
The Neighborhood Unit
- Author is Clarence Perry
- Published in 1929
- Framework for urban planners to design functional, self-contained desirable neighborhoods in industrializing cities
- Major highways and arterial streets form the perimeter, but do not go through the neighborhood
- School and community center would be at the center of the neighborhood - children would only have to walk 1/4 to 1/2 mile to get home without having to cross any major streets
- Shopping, churches, and services would be placed at the edge of the neighborhood so that nonlocal traffic wouldn’t intrude on the neighborhood
- 10% of the land would be dedicated for parks and community open space
Clarence Perry
- Author of The Neighborhood Unit
- Established the framework to design a self-contained and desirable neighborhood in industrializing cities of the early 1900s
- Highways and major streets form the perimeter
- Shopping, churches, and services are clustered at those edges
- School and community centers are in the middle
Une Cite Industrielle
- Author is Tony Garnier
- Published in 1917
- One of the first works to suggest the idea of zoning
- Divided the functions of a city into 4 categories: Residential, Public, Industrial, and Agricultural
- A Utopian Socialist city for around 35,000 inhabitants to be situated in SE France because a mountain and lake at the north and a river and valley to the south
- Schools and vocational-type schools would be near the industries that they were related to so that people could be more easily educated
- No churches or law enforcement buildings, in the hope that man could rule himself
Tony Garnier
- French architect who pioneered reinforced concrete
- Author of Une Cite Industrial
- Described a Utopian Socialist industrial city that was one of the first plans to emphasize the idea of zoning
Kevin Lynch’s 5 Elements of the Urban Image
Paths - streets, sidewalks, trails
Edges - perceived boundaries like walls, buildings, shorelines
Districts - city sections distinguished by some character
Nodes - focal points, intersections
Landmarks - readily identifiable objects
Garden Cities of To-Morrow
- Author is Sir Ebenezer Howard
- Published in 1898
- Describes a Utopian city where people live harmoniously with nature, the basis of the Garden City Movement
- Three Magnets, where will people go? Town, Country……, the answer is Town-Country
- Rings of program: Civic and cultural center, housing and commercial, park and Grand Ave, Industry ring, agricultural belt at the perimeter
The Three Magnets
- Concept of Sir Ebenezer Howard
- Where will people go?
- Town, Country….. Town-Country is the answer, which combines the best of city and country living
Sir Ebenezer Howard
- Author of Garden Cities of To-Morrow
- Developed the idea of Town-Country living
- Proposed the concept of the Garden City, a self-contained utopian community surrounded by a large agricultural greenbelt and with a garden greenbelt (Grand Ave) that separated housing and commercial from industrial
Primogeniture
The right of the eldest son to inherit the family estate
Fee Simple
Most common type of land ownership, where owners have complete ownership of the land but are subject to taxation and other government interventions
Homestead Acts
US federal laws that gave an applicant of at least 21 years ownership of land around 160 acres at little to no cost provided that the applicant built a home and resided on the land for at least 5 years
Catchment Area
Area and population from which a service attracts visitors or customers
Residential Catchment Areas are determined by _______
Local Transit Systems
Proctor Compaction Test
Method of determining the optimal moisture content at which a given soil type will become most dense when compacted and achieve its maximum dry density
Percolation Test
Test to determine the absorption rate of soil for a septic drain field, aka leach field, in order to see if the soil is permeable enough for septic tank effluent to percolate away from the drain field but fine grained enough to filter out bacteria and viruses before they reach a water supply or the surface
Septic Drain Field, aka Leach Field
Use to remove contaminants and impurities from liquid that emerges from a septic tank
Survey - Metes and Bounds
Verbal description of land that begins at a known point and describes the bearing and length of each side of the property until the beginning point is reached
Survey - Baseline
Parallel used as the basis for the East-West layout of the US Survey System
Survey - Standard Parallel
Parallel between the Baselines in the US Survey
Survey - Principal Meridian
Meridian that serves as the basis for the North-South layout of the US Survey System
Survey - Guide Meridian
Meridian between the Principal Meridian in the US Survey
Topography - Contour Interval
Change in elevation between 2 contours
Topography - Crown/Ridge
Contours point down toward the lower elevation
Topography - Swale/Valley
Contours point up toward the higher elevation
Topography - Hill
Concentric circles with elevations getting higher towards the center
Topography - Depression
Concentric circles with elevations getter lower towards the center
Topography - Frost Line
Max depth at which the groundwater in soil will freeze
- Foundations are typically built below the frost line in order to prevent being affected by frost heaving, the swelling of soil during freezing
- Water pipes are usually built below the frost line or are insulated if above
Swamp
Wetland that features permanent inundation of large areas of land by shallow bodies of water
Swale
An elongated depression in the land surface that is at least seasonally wet, usually vegetated, and doesn’t normally having flowing water
Detention Pond
Low lying area that is designed to temporarily hold a set of amount of water while slowly draining to another location
- Used for flood control
Retention Pond
Designed to hold a specific amount of water indefinitely, and usually designed to have drainage leading to another location when the water exceeds capacity
Riparian Rights
System of rights and duties that determine the reasonable use, duties, and allocations of water to owners of waterfront property
Sheet Flow
Water that flows across paved surfaces
Aquifer
Permeable stratum/layer of soil material that allows the passage of water underground and is the water source for wells
Hydrology
The study of the occurrence, movement, and quality of water on a site
Flume
Elevated artificial channel that uses gravity to quickly move water to transport things like logs and fish
- Not to be confused with an aqueduct, which transports only water
Weir
Embankment, levee, or dam designed to alter the flow of a river to prevent flooding and to make rivers more navigable
Albedo
How much radiant energy that is reflected by a surface
- 0 is a flat black surface which absorbs all heat
- 1 is a mirror that reflects all heat
Conductivity
The speed with which heat passes through a material
- Metals are high
- Soils/sands are low
Macroclimate
Climate based on latitude, elevation, and proximity to water
- Island/Coastal: constant moderate temperature
- Arid/Desert: low humidity and greater temperature variation
- Mountainous: winds are forced to rise
Microclimate
Climate that differs from the surrounding area due to solar radiation, the angle of the ground, and altitude
Equinox
The two days of the year when there is an equal amount of daytime and nighttime
- Vernal: around March 20
- Autumnal: around September 20
Building Vortex
When moving air encounters a building perpendicular to a broad face it flows both over roof and down the facade - air collects at the base and results in a swirl of wind
Air Pollution Temperature Inversion Phenomenon
When cold air is trapped underneath a layer of warmer air and cannot escape, thereby trapping the pollution in the local area as well
- Often occurs in valleys where the lower elevation air is colder than the surrounding higher elevation air
Climate
Composite of weather conditions including temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, and rainfall, as well as site conditions including microclimate, topography, ground cover, water, and elevation
Ecology
The branch of biology that deals with the relationships of organisms to one another and to their environments
Ecosystem
A community of living organisms and non-living components of their environment
