Spatial modelling and geoprocessing

Question 1

Non spatial data

Answer 1

Not associated with locationSp

Question 2

Spatial data

Answer 2

Associated with location and can provide more insights

Question 3

Non spatial stats

Answer 3

Mean, median, mode

Question 4

Spatial stats

Answer 4

Mean Center, standard distance

Question 5

Importance of spatial data analysis

Answer 5

Redunduncy in data measurements
No direction is included
Modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP)

Question 6

Redundancy in data measurements

Answer 6

Leads to loss of variability (non indep)
Spatial autocorrelation (close things in spaces are more related)

Question 7

No direction is included

Answer 7

Many natural and human features change with direction

Question 8

MAUP

Answer 8

Zone definitions and scale effects

Question 9

Multivariate data analysis

Answer 9

Y=a1x1+a2x2+..+c
Y= dependent variable
Xn=indepedent
C=constant

Question 10

Errors and uncertainties

Answer 10

Data quality
Completeness
Compatible
Consistent
Applicable

Question 11

Data quality

Answer 11

Overall suitability of a dataset for a specific purpose

Error and uncertainty
Accuracy/precision
Resolution
Generalization
Complete
Compatible
Consistent
Applicable

Question 12

Completeness

Answer 12

Data must be spatially and temporally complete

Question 13

Compatible

Answer 13

Multiple datasets used in the same project must be of the same scale and extent

Question 14

Consistent

Answer 14

Multiple datasets should undergo consistent methods of data capture, storage, manipulation and editing

Question 15

Applicable

Answer 15

Data must be suitable for the analysis or project

Question 16

Errors in data measurements

Answer 16

Gross error: blunders - mistake in reading a value
Systematic error: permanent deviation from the true value
Random error: normally distributed with zero mean

Question 17

Improving accuracy

Answer 17

Check using various methods
Calibrate instrument

Question 18

Improving precision

Answer 18

Use finger graduation instrument
Average multiple measurements

Question 19

Model errors

Answer 19

Projection and datum errors: re-project data
Scale extents and mismatch: check data frame properties
Edge mismatch: correct alignment

Question 20

Spatial thinking

Answer 20

Finds meaning in the shape, size, orientation, location, direction or trajectory or objects, processes or phenomena

Finds meaning in the relative spatial positions of multiple objects, processes or phenomena

Question 21

GIS based analysis

Answer 21

1. spatial analysis - geometric relations
2. spatial statistics - multivariate data analysis

Question 22

geometric relations

Answer 22

topological: separate, adjacent, contained
equivaleent, overlapping

proximal: distance, measures, nearness
network connections