spatial interaction

Question 1

the movement of peoples, ideas, and commodities within and between areas.

Answer 1

SPATIAL INTERACTION

Question 2

unmistakable, recurring, near-universal theme.

complementarity, transferability, intervening opportunity, barriers, all play a role.

often occurs in a series of steps, or chain, like links

Answer 2

A. MIGRATION - PERMANENT RELOCATION

Question 3

the act of leaving one’s own country to settle permanently in another; moving abroad.

Answer 3

EMIGRATION - Two Kinds of Migration

Question 4

the action of coming to live in a foreign country.

Answer 4

IMMIGRATION - Two Kinds of Migration

Question 5

why people migrate?

social, economic, political and cultural (sepc)

distance

responses to poverty, population growth, environmental deterioration, war, famine

micro - macro moves

Answer 5

DECISION FACTORS

Question 6

intercontinental
16th to 17th centuries, very little
19th to 20th centuries, huge movements

involve movements between countries
intracontinental
international

Answer 6

DISTANCE MIGRATION

Question 7

from one region to another.

Answer 7

INTERREGIONAL - Internal Migration - Distance Migration

Question 8

movement within a region.

Answer 8

INTRAREGIONAL - Internal Migration - Distance Migration

Question 9

historic and recent, 10 - 12 million West Africans to : Caribbean, Central, South, and North America

British convicts to Australia, after 1780

Answer 9

FORCED MIGRATION - Types of Migration

Question 10

in 1969, 8 million was moved by the government to less densely populated islands.

in 2000, 14 million international war refugees
both internal or external movements

Answer 10

RELUCTANT RELOCATION - Types of Migration

Question 11

(push of and pull of factor)

push of:
poverty, overcrowding, war, famine, environmental degradation, loss of job

pull of:
perceived economic opportunity, safety, food, better climate, cleaner/safer environment, family

Answer 11

VOLUNTARY MIGRATION - THE LARGEST - Types of Migration

Question 12

religious or political persecution, war, natural disaster, forced labour or famine.

Answer 12

INVOLUNTARY MIGRATION - Types of Migration

Question 13

most migrants go only a short distance

longer distance migration favors large cities

most migration proceeds step by step

most migration is rural to urban

each migration flow produces a counter-flow

most migrants are adults; family moves are less likely to be international

most international migrants are young males

Answer 13

VOLUNTARY MIGRATION OBSERVATIONS e.g. RAVENSTEIN (1843-1913)

Question 14

always occur - some migrants return to their place of origin.

u.s., from 1900-1980, out 80 million migrants, 10 million returned to their homeland

Answer 14

COUNTER MIGRATION - Types of Migration

Question 15

can be described as a process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society and function together.

this process is a combination of economic, technological, socio-cultural and political forces.

integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration and the spread of technology.

Answer 15

GLOBALIZATION

Question 16

focuses on the importance of the world as a unit, rather than looking at individual countries.

it divides the world in to three regions: core countries, periphery countries, and semi-periphery countries.

Answer 16

THEORIES : WORLD SYSTEMS THEORY

Question 17

includes areas like Western Europe and the United States. these countries have strong central government with enough tax to support it.

they are economically diversified, industrialized, and relatively independent of outside control.

they have strong middle and working classes, and focus on higher scope production of material goods rather than raw materials.

Answer 17

CORE COUNTRIES - Theories : World - Systems Theory

Question 18

are those in Latin America and Africa, and tend to have a relatively weak government.

they tend to depend on only one type of economic activity like extracting raw materials.

there’s a high percentage of poor and uneducated people, as well as a small upper class which controls most of the economy. and this creates a huge inequality in the population.

these countries are greatly influenced by the core countries and transnational corporations.

which can harm the future economic potentials of the periphery countries.

Answer 18

PERIPHERY COUNTRIES - Theories : World - Systems Theory

Question 19

like India and Brazil make up the middle ground between Core and Periphery.

they are often not dominant in international trade but they have a relatively diversified and developed economy.

Answer 19

SEMI - PERIPHERY COUNTRIES - Theories : World Systems Theory

Question 20

proposes that all countries follow a similar path of development from a traditional to a modern society.

it assumes that with some help traditional countries can develop into modern countries in the same way that today’s modern countries developed in the first place.

it looks at the internal social dynamics as the country adapts to new technologies, and the political and social changes that occur.

Answer 20

MODERNIZATION THEORY - Theories : World Systems Theory

Question 21

uses the idea of Core and Periphery countries from the world systems theory to look at the inequalities between countries.

basically, it is the idea that periphery or third world countries are poor and export resources to the wealthy core or first world countries.

not because they are in an earlier stage of development, but because they have been integrated into the world-system as an undeveloped country.

they have their own structures and features not seen in developed countries, and will nig accelerate to become a developed nation.

Answer 21

DEPENDENCY THEORY - Theories : World Systems

Question 22

sees globalization as a legitimate process, a new age in human history.

countries economies become interdependent as the nation-states themselves become significantly less important.

the many individual countries become one global society, though theories don’t agree whether this is good or bad.

Answer 22

THE HYPER GLOBALIST PERSPECTIVE - Ways of Looking at Globalization

Question 23

is critical of globalization, and considers today’s international processes as becoming regionalized rather than globalized. countries borders are not becoming less important.

the third world countries aren’t being integrated into the global economy with the same benefits as first world countries.

skeptics don’t believe that the current economy is leading towards global capitalism.

transnational corporations are still tied to their home country and national borders are as important as ever.

Answer 23

THE SKEPTICAL PERSPECTIVE - Ways of Looking at Globalization

Question 24

doesn’t have either a specific cause or a specific outcome. they believe that the national government are changing, perhaps becoming less important, but it is difficult to describe the change so simply.

transformationalists just see that the world order is changing, into what specific patterns they are uncertain, just that the new world order design is developing.

they state that there are many factors that influence the change of the world patterns but that the outcomes of these changes is just not known.

Answer 24

THE TRANSFORMATIONAL PERSPECTIVE - Ways of Looking at Globalization

Question 25

emergence of worldwide production markets and broader access to a range of foreign products for consumers and companies. particularly movement of material and goods between and within national boundaries.

Answer 25

INDUSTRIAL - Effects of Globalization

Question 26

emergence of worldwide financial markets and better access to external financing for borrowers; emergence of under or un-regulated foreign exchange and speculative markets.

Answer 26

FINANCIAL - Effects of Globalization

Question 27

realization of a global common market, based on the freedom of goods and capital.

Answer 27

ECONOMIC - Effects of Globalization

Question 28

some use “globalization” to mean the creation of a world government, or cartels of government (e.g. WTO, World Bank, and IMF) which regulate the relationships among governments and guarantees the rights arising from social and economic globalization.

the United States has enjoyed a position of power among the world powers; in part because of its strong and wealthy economy.

people’s republic of china has experienced some tremendous growth within the past decade. if china continues to grow at the rate projected by the trends then it is very likely that in the next twenty years, there will be a major reallocation of power among the world leaders.

Answer 28

POLITICAL - Effects of Globalization

Question 29

the creation of the international criminal court and international justice movements.

crime importation and raising awareness of global crime-fighting efforts and cooperation.

Answer 29

LEGAL / ETHICAL - Effects of Globalization

Question 30

about 75% of the world’s mail, telexes and cables in English

approximately 60% of the world’s radio programs are in English

about 90% of all internet traffic is using English

Answer 30

LANGUAGE - Effects of Globalization

Question 31

survival in the new global business market calls for improved productivity and increased competition.

many industries around the world are doing the same thing, so industries have to upgrade their products and use technology skillfully to compete.

Answer 31

COMPETITION - Effects of Globalization

Question 32

the desire to increase ones standard of living and enjoy foreign products and ideas, adopt new technology and practices, and participate in a “world culture”.

some dislike the resulting consumerism and loss of languages.

Answer 32

CULTURAL - Effects of Globalization

Question 33

climate change, cross-boundary water, air pollution, over - fishing of the ocean, spread of invasive species, factories are built in developing countries with less environment regulation which may increase pollution.

pro-globalization people argue that economic development historically required a “dirty” industrial stage before progress is made, and it is argued that developing countries should not, via regulation, be prohibited from increasing their standard of living.

Answer 33

ECOLOGICAL - Effects of Globalization

Question 34

(international cultural exchange) increased circulation by people of all nations with fewer restrictions.

spreading of multiculturalism, and better individual access to cultural diversity through the media.

some think “imported” culture replaces local culture causing assimilation.

others think it promotes peace and understanding.

greater international travel and tourism.

greater immigration, including illegal immigration.

spread of local consumer products (e.g. food) to other countries.

worldwide fads and pop culture, i.e. pokemon, sudoko, youtube, myspace accessible to those who have internet or television, leaving out a substantial segment of the Earth’s population.

world sporting events such as FIFA World Cup and the Olympic Games.

Answer 34

SOCIAL - Effects of Globalization

Question 35

development of a global telecommunications infrastructure and greater data flow even into the world’s most remote areas.

internet : creation and proliferation of information via the internet and world wide web.

communication satellites : broadcast information through space around the planet nearly simultaneously allowing for communications almost everywhere on earth.

television : information from around the world can be seen anywhere in the world.

submarine fiber optic cable

wireless telephones

Answer 35

TECHNICAL - Effects of Globalization