Spanish Grammar Flashcards
1
Q
Many nouns that denote living things have both a _________ and a ________ form.
A
masculine
feminine
2
Q
Most nouns that end in -o are __________.
A
masculine
3
Q
Most nouns that end in -a are __________.
A
feminine
4
Q
Masculine nouns that end in a consonant often have a corresponding feminine form that ends in _______.
A
-a
5
Q
Some nouns that refer to people use the same form for both masculine and feminine. These nouns indicate gender by _____________.
Give an example:
A
the article (el or la)
el pianista / la pianista
el estudiante / la estudiante
6
Q
Nouns that end in -sión, -ción, -dad, -tad, -tud, and -umbre are ____________.
A
feminine
7
Q
Many nouns that end in -ma are __________.
A
masculine
8
Q
A few nouns that end in -o are ____________.
A
feminine
9
Q
If a noun ends in a vowel simply add _____ to make it plural.
A
-s
10
Q
If a nound ends in a consonant, simply add _______ to make it plural.
A
-es
11
Q
If a noun ends in -z, change to z to ______ before adding ________ when making that noun plural.
A
c
-es
12
Q
If a noun ends in -ión, drop the ____________ before adding __________.
A
written accent
-es
13
Q
If the plural noun refers to a mixed group, use the ____________.
A
masculine
14
Q
For compound nouns, change “el” to _______.
Give an example:
A
los
abre + latas = abrelatas
open + cans = canopener
el abrelatas / los abrelatas
15
Q
What are the four definite articles in Spanish?
A
Singular Plural
Masc. el los
Fem. la las
16
Q
What are the four indefinite articles in Spanish?
A
Singular Plural
Masc un unos
Fem una unas
Note: The plural indefinite articles are translated “some”.
17
Q
A Spanish adjective agrees in __________ and __________ with the noun it modifies.
A
gender
number
18
Q
Adjectives that end in -o have four forms:
A
Singular Plural
Masc alto altos
Fem alta altas
19
Q
Adjectives that end in -e have two forms:
A
Singular Plural
M/F inteligente inteligentes
20
Q
Most adjectives ending with a consonant have two forms:
A
Singular Plural
M/F popular populares
21
Q
Adjectives of nationality ending in a consonant have four forms:
A
Singular Plural
Masc español españoles
Fem española españolas
22
Q
Adjectives ending in -or, -án, -ón, or -ín have four forms:
A
Singular Plural
Masc hablador habladores
Fem habladora habladoras
23
Q
Adjectives that are descriptive usually __________ the noun they describe.
Give an example:
A
follow
casa blanca = white house
24
Q
When an adjective speaks of a quality that is inherent and usually taken for granted, the adjective __________ the noun.
Give an example:
A
precedes
la blanca nieve = the white snow
25
Adjectives of quantity usually come __________ the noun.
Give an example:
before
pocos libros = little books
26
Subject Pronouns
Singular Plural
1st yo nosotros
2nd tú vosotros
3rd él ellos
ella ellas
Ud. usted ustedes
27
estar = to be
Conjugate estar:
Singular Plural
## Footnote
1st estoy estamos
2nd estás estáis
3rd está están
Ud. está están
28
What are the four concepts "estar" is used to express?
1. location
2. health
3. changing mood or condition
4. personal opinion in terms of taste or appearance
29
ser = to be
Conjugate ser:
Singular Plural
## Footnote
1st soy somos
2nd eres sois
3rd es son
Ud. es son
30
What are the seven basic concepts "ser" is used to express?
1. Description
2. Profession (omit a/an for unmodified profession)
3. Point of Origin (de = from)
4. Identification
5. Material (de = made of)
6. Possession or Ownership (de = of)
7. Where an event takes place
31
de + el = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which means \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
del
of the
32
Hay (pronounced like English "eye) means:
there is
there are
is there?
are there?
33
When "hay" is followed by a plural noun, the __________ is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
article
omitted
34
To make a sentence negative, place ______ before "hay".
no
35
All interrogative words carry \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
written accents
36
"Cuantos" and "cauntas" are __________ and must agree in _________ with the plural nouns they describe.
adjectives
gender
37
To refer to a day of the week in English, we say Monday or _____ Monday. In Spanish, the article _____ is used with the name of the day to express this idea.
on
el
38
Days of the week are not __________ in Spanish.
capitalized
39
To form the plural of the days of the week, change _____ to _____ and add _____ only to ____________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. The names of the other days already end in \_\_\_\_\_.
el
los
-s
el sabado
el domingo
-s
40
Numbers 16 thru 19 and 21 thru 9 are expressed as _____ word.
For instance, 16 is NOT diez y seis, IT IS \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
and
22 is NOT veinte y dos, IT IS \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
one
dieciseis
veintidos
41
Numbers 31 thru 99 are expressed as __________ words.
For instance, 34 is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
and
99 is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
individual
triente y cuatro
noventa y nueve
42
In English we say **one hundred and ten**. Spanish does not use **y** to connect hundreds and the following number.
Examples:
110 = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
220 = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
315 = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
ciento diez
doscientos veinte
trescientos quince
43
When a masculine noun follows the numbers 21, 31, 41, 51, 61, 71, 81, or 91, the _______ is __________ from uno.
Examples:
treinta y un libros = 31 books
cincuenta y un gatos = 51 cats
-o
dropped
44
When a ____________ noun follows a number ending in **uno**, the feminine form is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Example:
cuarenta y una mujeres = 41 women
feminine
una
45
The number 100 in Spanish uses the following pattern:
100 = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
101 = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
150 = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
199 = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
100 = cien
101 = ciento uno
150 = ciento cincuenta
199 = ciento noventa y nueve
46
Cien becomes __________ if it is followed by any number __________ than itself.
Before all nouns, masculine and feminine, it remains \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
cien libros = 100 books
cien mujeres = 100 women
ciento
less
cien
47
The numbers 200 to 900 agree with the _________ they modify.
Examples:
900 mirrors = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
900 naps = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
noun
novecientos espejos
novecientas siestas
48
mil = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
1,000 years = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
2,000 years = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
1,000
mil años
dos mil años
49
1,000,000 = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
a million dollars = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
two million questions = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
un millón (de)
un millón de dólares
dos millones de preguntas
50
Mil does not \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
2,000 = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
3,000 = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
5,000 = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Nor does it need the article _____ in front of it.
change
dos mil
tres mil
cinco mil
un
51
The plural _______ is used only to refer to a large but inexact amount, the way English uses \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Example:
Hay miles de personas en el restaurante.
means
There are tons of people in the restaurant.
miles
tons
52
Spanish uses the __________ to separate thousands and the __________ to indicate decimals.
Example: $1.095,25
This makes __________ head \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
period
comma
Mommy´s
explode
53
Ordinal numbers in Spanish __________ the noun and agree in __________ with the noun they describe.
precede
gender
54
Primero and tercero drop the _______ before a __________ noun.
Examples: el primer hombre
el tercer día
-o
masculine
55
Ordinal numbers are used for kings, queens, popes, and centuries. In these cases, they _________ the noun they describe.
el siglo segundo = the second century
Carlos Quinto = Charles the Fifth
follow
56
Beginning with the ordinal number **eleventh**, state the __________ first, then the __________ number.
Example: Eleventh Street = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
noun
cardinal
la calle once
57
Spanish uses the cardinal numbers ___ to ____ to indicate all days of the month except the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Spanish uses an __________ number only to indicate the __________ of the month.
2
31
first
ordinal
first
58
first of the month
el primero del mes
59
¿Qué hora es?
What hour is it?
What time is it?
60
In telling time, Spanish uses the _______ person singular or plural of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Examples:
It is one o´clock = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
It is four o´clock = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
third
ser
Es la una
Son las cuatro
61
de la mañana
(of the) morning
a.m.
62
de la tarde
(of the) afternoon
p.m.
63
de la noche
(of the) night
p.m.
64
To indicate the exact hour or **sharp**, Spanish uses __________ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Examples:
It is exactly five o´clock. = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
It is ten o´clock sharp. = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
exactamente
en punto
Son las cinco exactamente.
Son las diez en punto.
65
To indicate an approximate time, Spanish uses **a eso de** + the hour OR the hour + **más o menos**.
Examples:
It is about one o´clock. = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
It is one o´clock, more or less. = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Es a eso de la una.
Es la una, más o menos.
66
To express a time after the hour, state the hour + y + the number of minutes.
Examples:
It is 1:20 = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
It is 5:10 = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Es la una y veinte.
Son las cinco y diez.
67
When it is a quarter after the hour, Spanish uses **quince** or **cuarto**.
Examples:
It is 3:15 = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
It is 6:15 = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Son las tres y quince.
Son las seis y cuarto.
68
When it is half past the hour, Spanish uses **treinta** or **media**.
Examples:
It is 9:30 = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
It is 8:30 = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Son las nueve y treinta.
Son las ocho y media.
69
To express a time before the hour, state the hour + **menos** + the number of minutes.
Examples:
It is 2:50 = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
It is 10:55 = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
It is 8:45 = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
It is 11:45 = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Son las tres menos diez.
Son las once menos cinco.
Son las nueve menos cuarto.
Son las doce menos quince.
70
menos
minus
71
An alternate way to express time before the hour is to state the number of minutes + **para** + the hour. This expression is ______ a full sentence.
Example:
Five minutes to three o´clock = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
not
Cinco para las tres
72
To indicate something is happening at a certain time, Spanish uses an expression with the preposition \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Example:
At what hour? = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
At two o´clock = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
a
¿A qué hora?
A las dos.
73
Spanish nouns ending in -a that begin with a stressed _____ or _____ are feminine, but they take the __________ article el in the singular and the ______________ article las in the plural.
Give an example.
a
ha
masculine
feminine
el arma, las armas
74
How many conjugations does Spanish have?
3
75
What are the infinitive endings of the 3 Spanish conjugations?
ar
er
ir
76
AR conjugation endings:
o amos
as áis
a an
77
All Spanish words that end in a ________ or the consonants _____ or _____ have their natural stress on the ___________ syllable.
vowel
n
s
penultimate (second-to-last)
78
The preposition **a** means ______ in English.
When **a** is followed by the masculine \_\_\_\_\_, the words contract to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
**al** means \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
to
el
al
to the
79
ER conjugation endings
o emos
es éis
e en
80
IR conjugation endings
o imos
es ís
e en
81
Spanish verbs are considered __________ if there is a __________ in the __________ when they are conjugated.
irregular
change
stem
82
The **nosotros** and **vosotros** forms are __________ by the stem change in the _________ tense.
unaffected
present
83
Irregular verbs that end in -ar and -er have ______ possible changes in their stems.
These changes are:
\_\_\_\_\_ changes to \_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_ changes to \_\_\_\_\_
two
e changes to ie
o changes to ue
84
Name four verbs ending in -er that are irregular in the **yo** form only:
hacer = to do, to make
poner = to put
saber = to know (a fact), to know how
ver = to see
85
Irregular verbs that end in -ir have _______ possible changes in their stem.
These changes are:
\_\_\_\_\_ changes to \_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_ changes to \_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_ changes to \_\_\_\_\_
3
e changes to ie
e changes to i
o changes to ue
86
Name two verbs ending in -ir that are irregular in the **yo** form only:
oír = to hear
salir = to leave, to exit, to go out
87
Ir + a + an infinitive is used to express \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
The English equivalent is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Example: Ellos van a cantar esta noche. = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
To form a question place the subject directly after the conjugated form of ir or after the infinitive.
Example: ¿Van ellos a cantar esta noche? = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
future time
to be going to do something
They are going to sing tonight.
Are they going to sing tonight?
88
What is an idiom?
Idioms are expressions that do not translate directly from one language to another.
89
Many Spanish idioms use the verb \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
tener
90
acabar de + infinitive =
to have just done something
91
dejar de + infinitive =
to stop doing something
92
tener que + infinitive =
to have to do something
93
tratar de + infinitive =
to try to do something
94
volver a + infinitive =
to do something again
95
What is the most common relative pronoun in everyday speech?
que
| (that, which, who)
96
What can the relative pronoun **que** refer to?
persons or things
either singular or plural
97
Que can be used as the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
When used this way, **que** refers to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
When used as the object of a preposition, **que** is translated as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
object of a preposition
things only (not people)
which
98
When used as a conjuction, **que** is translated as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
that
99
Para has _____ meanings in English.
They are: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
2
for
in order to
100
How do you ask how long someone has been doing something?
Give an example:
¿Cuánto tiempo hacer que + verb in the present tense
¿Cuánto tiempo hace que él estudia el francés? = How long has he been studying French?
101
How do you answer the question of how long someone has been doing something?
Give an example:
Hace + length of time + que + verb in the present tense
Hace un mes que él estudia el francés. = He has been studying French for a month.
102
How many possessive adjectives are there?
Name them:
5
mi
tu
su
nuestro
vuestro
103
Which possessive adjectives have only two forms (singular and plural)?
mi, mis
tu, tus
su, sus
104
Possessive adjectives in Spanish agree in _______ and ______ with the noun they modify.
gender
number
105
Possessive adjectives ________ the noun they modify.
precede
106
Because su/sus can be very ambiguous, to clarify meaning you may use:
the noun + de + the pronoun
107
Mi, tu and su do not have __________ and __________ forms.
masculine
feminine
108
Which possessive adjectives have four forms each?
nuestro, nuestra, nuestros, nuestras
vuestro, vuestra, vuestros, vuestras
109
Possessive adjectives are _____ used with _____________ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Rather, the ______________ is used.
not
articles of clothing
body parts
definite article
110
Name all five possessive adjectives:
mi, mis
tu, tus
su, sus
nuestro, -a, -os, -as
vuestro, -a, -os, -as
111
In Spanish there are _____ demonstrative adjectives.
They agree in _______ and ________ with the nouns they modify.
three
number
gender
112
Demonstrative adjectives have _____ forms.
four
113
this
these
(demonstrative adjectives for things **near** **the speaker**)
Masculine Feminine
this este esta
these estos estas
114
that
those
(demonstrative adjective for things **near the listener**)
Masculine Feminine
that ese esa
those esos esas
115
that (over there)
those (over there)
(demonstrative adjectives for things **far from both** the speaker and listener)
Masculine Feminine
## Footnote
that (over there) aquel aquella
those (over there) aquellos aquellas
116
Neuter demonstrative pronouns refer to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, or a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
an object that is not know
a statement
or a general idea
117
There are ______ neuter demonstrative pronouns.
Name them:
three
esto = this
eso = that
aquello = that (farther away in place or time)
118
Comparative adjectives express what 3 concepts?
more than
less than
the same as
119
What is the comparative structure to express **more than**?
más + adjetivo + que
more + adjective + than
120
What is the comparative structure that expresses **less than**?
menos + adjetivo + que
less + adjective + than
121
What is the comparative structure that expresses **the same as**?
tan + adjetivo + como
as + adjective + as
122
What 2 things do superlative adjectives express?
the most
the least
123
What is the superlative structure that expresses **the most**?
el (la) más + adjetivo + de
(the) most + adjective + of
124
What is the superlative structure that expresses **the least**?
el (la) menos + adjetivo + de
(the) least + adjective + of
125
In the superlative structure, Spanish **de** can be translated as \_\_\_\_\_\_.
in
126
**Menor** and **mayor** refer only to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
If you want to compare trees or buildings use the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Give an example:
people
regular comparative structure
Estos árboles son menos viejos que aquellos árboles.
127
**more** + noun + **than**
I have **more** pencils **than** Maria.
**más** + nombre + **que**
Tengo **más** lápices **que** María.
128
less + noun + than
She has fewer books than I.
menos + nombre + que
Ella tiene menos libros que yo.
129
as much + noun + as
as many + noun + as
He has as much hair as his uncle.
tanto + nombre + como
Él tiene tanto pelo como su tío.
130
Tanto is an __________ and agrees with the ________ it modifies.
adjective
noun
131
In Spanish adverbs are formed by adding _______ to the _____________ of the adjective.
-mente
feminine form
132
If an adjective does not end in ____ it has ________ form for masculine and feminine.
To form an adverb from these adjectives simply add _______ to the adjective.
-o
the same
-mente
133
If there are two adverbs in a series, only the ________ will add -mente.
The first in the series takes the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Example: I speak clearly and concisely.
final one
feminine form of the adjective
Example: Hablo clara y concisamente.
