Spanish Grammar Flashcards
despite
a pesar de que (subj, one subject)
as soon as (3)
en cuanto
así que
tan pronto (subj, one sub, as long as NOT habitual or past)
just like (just like today)
así como hoy (ind)
since (since you came late…)
ya que
ya que tu llegaste tarde…
decir, pedir….subj?
yes!
le dicen a felipe que tenga cuidado
ella nos pide que traigamos el periódico
when to use sino
it’s pero but with a contradiction after a negative!
el regalo no es para ti, sino para ella
when to use present perfect sub vs present subjunctive
when you want to indicate the dependent clause happened before main clause
me alegro que uds salgan (i’m happy you guys are going out)
me alegro que uds hayan salido (i’m happy you guys went out)
How do you form the imperfect subjunctive
third person plural of preterite, then -ra
hablara, comiera, etc
when do you see imperfect sub in si clauses
for contrary to fact (with conditional) PRESENT
si fueras, iría tambien (if you were going i’d go too)
when do you see past perfect sub in si clauses
for contrary to face in PAST
si hubieras ido, habría ido tambien
when you always use imperfect (or pluperfect) set phrase
como si
Before
I’ll have the results before it’s night
antes de que
yo sabré los resultados antes de que sea noche
without
we’re hiding the present without her knowing where
sin que
nosotros escondemos el regalo sin que ella sepa dónde
when do you use sub vs present perfect subjunctive for a menos que and con tal de que?
He’ll do his homework provided you’ve returned his book to him
if past: then PPS
if the dependent clause occurs at same time as main clause then subjunctive
hará su tarea con tal de que le hayas devuelto su libro
7 clauses that may be subjunctive if there’s doubt
aunque como de manera que (so that) de modo que (so that) mientras según
7 clauses that are subjunctive if future AND not habitual AND not past
así que (therefore) cuando después de que en cuanto (as soon as) hasta que luego que (as soon as) tan pronto como (as soon as)
Present Perfect (pretérito perfecto)
- past action but may be continuing to present
2. recent past completed (el correo ha llegado) —think of it like acabar de
Past perfect (el pretérito pluscuamperfecto) (think of it as plus que parfait)
había ___
1. past event that finished in past before other past events
Future perfect (el futuro perfecto)
habré___
- a future event that will happen before another future event (anteriority): habré salido cuando tu llegas
- probability in the PAST (quién habrá tocado a la puerta?), lucy habrá bajado de peso pero no se nota (she may have lost weight but it’s not noticeable)
Conditional perfect (el condicional perfecto)
habría____
- PAST…..what could have happened in the past but didn’t (habríamos comprado los regalos pero estábamos ocupados
- Si clause: contrary to fact in past with pluperfect subjunctive: si hubiera tenido un despertador habría llegado temprano al trabajo
present perfect subjunctive (el pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo)
hubiera ___
- past action before main clause
- Si clause: contrary to fact past with conditional perfect
- idioms
If only I had won
Quién hubiera ganado
Direct Object Pronouns
me, te, lo, la, nos, los, las
Indirect Object Pronouns
me, te, le, nos, les
Order of Double prepositions
Indirect, Direct
When do we see se la, se los, etc
We turn IO le/les to se when followed by lo/los/la/las
how does gustar work
indirect object……and gustar conjugated by the subject
-also we add “a elle, a él” at times to clarify what exactly le refers to: a ella le gustan los objetos de cristal
what is QUE as a relative pronoun
when is QUIEN used
think of it as french qui: it’s subject of a clause
quien is just like que but has to be person
el autor, quien acaba de llegar de Francia…..
when do we use el que, los que, la que, las que? how about el cual, los cuales, la cual, las cuales (3)
- to spice up variety of que/quien
- also to emphasize distance
cervantes el el autor de Don Quijote, el cual escribió otras novelas. - after prepositions (la escuela en LA QUE ellos estudian….)
when to use lo que, lo cual
refers to statement/concept/idea
“that which/whatever”
-avoid repeating the concept:
siempre llama después de las once, lo que nos irrita.
when to use cuyo/a cuyos/a?
means whose
-esta es la señora cuya tienda robaron anoche
short form possessive pronoun
long form possessive pronoun
mi, tu, su
mío, míos, tuyo/s, nuestro/s, suyo/s
When do you use long form?
emphasize ownership and contrast possessor (este es mi cepillo de dientes y aquel es el cepillo tuyo)
How can possessive pronouns express ownership?
attach a definite article to the long form:
el mío, el nuestro, el suyo, etc
“mine, yours, ours…”
su auto es más moderno que el mío
comparisons equality adverbs
you speak as loud as i do
tan + adverb + como
tu hablas tan alto como yo
comparisons inequality adverbs
these days we go out less frequently than before
menos/más + adverb + que
estos días salimos menos frecuentemente que antes
what happens if we are comparing an adjective or another adverb?
use de lo que instead of que
es mas inteligente de lo que piensas
Writing
la escritura
How to say equal in adjectives
I am as short as my friend maria
tan+ adjective + como
yo soy tan bajo como Yo
How to say I am more in adjectives
The plates are more delicious that the other
mas + adj + que
los platos son más ricos que los otros
How to say less in adjectives
the history is less interesting than novels
menos + adj + que
las historias son menos interesantes que las novelas
superlative
most: happiest days of my life
least: the least appreciated students
más + adj + de
los días más felices de mi vida
las alumnas menos apreciadeas de la clase
