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Spanish 232 Final > SPANISH FINAL GRAMMAR > Flashcards

SPANISH FINAL GRAMMAR Flashcards

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1
Q

The preterite is used to describe…

A

actions or states that began or were completed at a definite time in the past.

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2
Q

How is the preterite formed ?

A 
(-AR)
comprar
compré
compraste
compró
compramos 
comprasteis 
compraron 
(-IR/-ER)
vendí
vendiste
vendió
vendimos
vendisteis
vendieron

The preterite or all regular and irregular verbs require a written accent on the endings in the yo and él/ella forms

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3
Q

preterite -car verbs (buscar)

A 
busqué
buscaste
buscó
buscamos 
buscasteis
buscaron
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4
Q

preterite -gar verbs (llegar)

A 
llegué
llegaste
llegó
llegamos
llegasteis
llegaron
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5
Q

preterite -zar verbs (empezar)

A 
empecé
empezaste
empezó
empezamos
empezasteis
empezaron
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6
Q

-car, -gar, -zar preterite

A

have irregular in the yo form

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7
Q

preterite caer

A

caí, caíste, cayó, caímos, caísteis, cayeron

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8
Q

preterite creer

A

creí, creíste, creyó, creímos, creísteis, creyeron

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9
Q

preterite leer

A

leí, leíste, leyó, leímos, leísteis, leyeron

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10
Q

preterite oír

A

oí, oíste, oyó, oímos, oísteis, oyeron

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11
Q

preterite construir

A

contruí, contruiste, contruyó, construimos, construisteis, construyeron

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12
Q

preterite incluir

A

incluí, incluiste, incluyó, incluimos, incluisteis, incluyeron

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13
Q

él/ella and ellos forms also have that stem change in preterite …

A

in -ir verbs

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14
Q

pedir preterite

A 
pedí
pediste
pidió
pedimos
pidieron
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15
Q

dormir preterite

A 
dormí
dormiste
durmió
dormimos
durmieron
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16
Q

stem-changing -ar and -er verbs…

A

do not have a stem change in the preterite

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17
Q

preterite andar

A 
anduve
anduviste
anduvo
anduvimos
anduvieron
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18
Q

preterite estar

A 
estuve 
estuviste
estuvo
estuvimos
estuvieron
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19
Q

preterite poder

A 
pude
pudiste
pudo 
pudimos
pudieron
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20
Q

preterite poner

A

puse, pusiste, puso, pusimos, pusieron

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21
Q

preterite saber

A

supe, supiste, supo, supimos, supieron

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22
Q

preterite tener

A

tuve, tuviste, tuvo, tuvimos, tuvieron

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23
Q

preterite hacer

A

hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieron

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24
Q

preterite querer

A

quise, quisiste, quiso, quisimos, quisieron

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25
Q

preterite venir

A

vine, viniste, vino, vinimos, vinieron

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26
Q

preterite conducir

A

conduje, condujiste, condujo, condujimos, condujeron

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27
Q

preterite decir

A

dije, dijiste, dijo, dijimos, dijeron

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28
Q

preterite traer

A

traje, trajiste, trajo, trajimos, trajeron

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29
Q

the present perfect tense expresses what…

A

has happened. It generally refers to recently completed actions or to a past that sill bears relevance in the present.

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30
Q

how to form the present perfect

A 
present tense of the verb haber and a past participle
he comprado
has comprado
ha comprado
hemos comprado
han comprado
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31
Q

past participle abrir

A

abierto

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32
Q

past participle cubrir

A

cubierto

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33
Q

past participle decir

A

dicho

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34
Q

past participle descubrir

A

descubierto

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35
Q

past participle escribir

A

escrito

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36
Q

past participle hacer

A

hecho

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37
Q

past participle morir

A

muerto

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38
Q

past participle poner

A

puesto

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39
Q

past participle resolver

A

resuelto

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40
Q

past participle romper

A

roto

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41
Q

past participle ver

A

visto

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42
Q

past participle volver

A

vuelto

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43
Q

the past perfect tense (pluscamperfecto) is used ….

A

to express what someone had done or what had occurred before another action or condition in the past.

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44
Q

how to form past perfect tense (pluscamperfecto)

A 
past tense of haber + past participle
había viajado
habías
había
habíamos
habían
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45
Q

often used with past perfect (phrases)

A

Antes, aún, nunca, todavía, ya

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46
Q

hablar future

A 
hablaré
hablarás 
hablará
hablaremos
hablarán
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47
Q

deber future

A 
deberé
deberás 
deberá
deberemos
deberán
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48
Q

caber futuro

A 
cabré
cabrás 
cabrá
cabremos
cabrán
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49
Q

haber futuro

A 
habré
habrás 
habrá
habremos
habrán
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50
Q

poder futuro

A 
podré
podrás 
podrá
podremos
podrán
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51
Q

querer futuro

A 
querré
querrás 
querrá
querremos
querrán
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52
Q

saber futuro

A 
sabré
sabrás 
sabrá
sabremos
sabrán
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53
Q

poner futuro

A 
pondré
pondrás 
pondrá
pondremos
pondrán
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54
Q

salir futuro

A 
saldré
saldrás 
saldrá
saldremos
saldrán
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55
Q

tener futuro

A 
tendré
tendrás 
tendrá
tendremos
tendrán
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56
Q

valer futuro

A 
valdré
valdrás 
valdrá
valdremos
valdrán
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57
Q

venir futuro

A 
vendré
vendrás 
vendrá
vendremos
vendrán
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58
Q

decir futuro

A 
diré
dirás 
dirá
diremos
dirán
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59
Q

hacer futuro

A 
haré
harás 
hará
haremos
harán
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60
Q

Futuro common phrases

A

cuando, después (de) que, en cuanto, hasta que, tan pronto como

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61
Q

Conditional is used …

A

to express what would occur under certain circumstances…

62
Q

dar conditional

A 
daría
darías
daría
daríamos
darían
63
Q

ser conditional

A 
sería
serías
sería
seríamos
seríais
serían
64
Q

caber conditional

A 
cabría
cabrías
cabría
cabríamos
cabrían
65
Q

haber conditional

A 
habría
habrías
habría
habríamos
habrían
66
Q

poder conditional

A 
podría
podrías
podría
podríamos
podrían
67
Q

querer conditional

A 
querría
querrías 
querría
querríamos
querrían
68
Q

saber conditional

A 
sabría
sabrías 
sabría
sabríamos
sabrían
69
Q

poner conditional

A 
pondría
pondrías 
pondría
pondríamos
pondrían
70
Q

salir conditional

A 
saldría
saldrías 
saldría
saldríamos
saldrían
71
Q

tener conditional

A 
tendría
tendrías 
tendría
tendríamos
tendrían
72
Q

valer conditional

A 
valdría
valdrías 
valdría
valdríamos
valdrían
73
Q

venir conditional

A 
vendría
vendrías 
vendría
vendríamos
vendrían
74
Q

decir conditional

A 
diría
dirías 
diría
diríamos
dirían
75
Q

hacer conditional

A 
haría
harías 
haría
haríamos
harían
76
Q

The conditional perfect is used…

A

The conditional perfect tense is used to express what would have occurred but did not; may also express probability or conjecture about the past

77
Q

The conditional is formed…

A 
with the conditional of haber and a past participle (habría + past participle)
Habría
Habrías
Habría
Habríamos
Habrían
78
Q

The subjunctive is used…

A

to express will, influence, emotion, doubt, or denial.

79
Q

How is the subjunctive formed?

A

Drop the o from the YO form of the present indicative and adding endings:
Hablar:
hable, hables, hable, hablemos, hablen
escriba, escribas, escriba, escribamos, escriban

80
Q

conocer subjunctive

A

conozca, conozcas, conozca, conozcamos, conozcan

81
Q

decir subjunctive

A

diga, digas, diga, digamos, digan

82
Q

hacer subjunctive

A

haga, hagas, haga, hagamos, hagan

83
Q

oír subjunctive

A

oiga, oigas, oiga, oigamos, oigan

84
Q

poner subjunctive

A

ponga, pongas, ponga, pongas, pongamos, pongan

85
Q

seguir subjunctive

A

siga, sigas, siga, sigamos, sigan

86
Q

tener subjunctive

A

tenga, tengas, tenga, tengamos, tengan

87
Q

traer subjunctive

A

traiga, traigas, traiga, traigamos, traigan

88
Q

venir subjunctive

A

venga, vengas, venga, vengamos, vengan

89
Q

ver subjunctive

A

vea, veas, vea, veamos, vean

90
Q

subjunctive: verbs with stem changes in present indicative …

A

in present subjunctive. Stem-changing -ir verbs also undergo a stem change in nosotros/vosotros forms of present subjunctive

91
Q

pensar subjunctive

A

piense, pienses, piense, pensemos, piensen

92
Q

jugar subjunctive

A

juegue, juegues, juegue, juguemos, jueguen

93
Q

mostrar subjunctive

A

muestre, muestres, muestre, mostremos, muestren

94
Q

entender subjunctive

A

entienda, entiendas, entienda, entendamos, entiendan

95
Q

resolver subjunctive

A

resuelva, resuelvas, resuelva, resolvamos, resuelvan

96
Q

pedir subjunctive

A

pida, pidas, pida, pidamos, pidan

97
Q

sentir subjunctive

A

sienta, sientas, sienta, sintamos, sientan

98
Q

dormir subjunctive

A

duerma, duermas, duerma, durmamos, duerman

99
Q

dar subjunctive

A

dé, dés, dé, demos, den

100
Q

estar subjunctive

A

esté, estés, esté, estemos, estén

101
Q

ir subjunctive

A

vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayan

102
Q

saber subjunctive

A

sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepan

103
Q

ser subjunctive

A

sea, seas, sea, seamos, sean

104
Q

subjunctive o indicativo? dudar

A

subjunctivo

105
Q

subjunctive o indicativo? es imposible

A

subjunctivo

106
Q

subjunctive o indicativo? es improbable

A

subjunctivo

107
Q

subjunctive o indicativo? es poco cierto/seguro

A

subjunctivo

108
Q

subjunctive o indicativo? (no) es posible

A

subjunctivo

109
Q

subjunctive o indicativo? (no) es probable

A

subjunctivo

110
Q

subjunctive o indicativo? negar

A

subjunctivo

111
Q

subjunctive o indicativo? no creer

A

subjunctivo

112
Q

subjunctive o indicativo? no es evidente

A

subjunctivo

113
Q

subjunctive o indicativo? no es cierto/seguro

A

subjunctive

114
Q

subjunctive o indicativo? no es verdad

A

subjunctive

115
Q

subjunctive o indicativo? no estar seguro (de)

A

subjunctive

116
Q

the infinitive, not the subjunctive, is used when…

A

there are expressions of doubt or denial where there is not change in subject of the sentence (que is unnecessary)

117
Q

Imperfect Subjunctive is formed by….

A

dropping the -ron ending in ellos form of preterite and adding the past subjunctive endings

118
Q

caminar imperfect subjunctive

A 
caminara
caminaras
caminara
camináramos 
caminarais
caminaran
119
Q

vivir imperfect subjunctive

A 
viviera
vivieras
viviera
viviéramos
vivierais
vivieran
120
Q

verbs that have stem changes or irregularities in the ellos form in the preterite …

A

have those same irregularities in all forms of the past subjunctive

121
Q

pedir imperfect subjunctive

A

pidiera, pidieras, pidiera, pidiéramos, pidieran

122
Q

sentir imperfect subjunctive

A

sintiera, sintieras, sintiera, sintiéramos, sintieran

123
Q

dormir imperfect subjunctive

A

durmiera, durmieras, durmiera, durmiéramos, durmieran

124
Q

influir imperfect subjunctive

A

influyera, influyeras, influyera, influyéramos, influyeran

125
Q

saber imperfect subjunctive

A

supiera, supieras, supiera, supiéramos, supieran

126
Q

ir/ser imperfect subjunctive

A

fuera, fueras, fuera, fuéramos, fueran

127
Q

the past subjunctive is used …

A

in all the same contexts as present subjunctive, except that the point of reference is in the past

128
Q

The expression como si….

A

is always followed by the past subjunctive

129
Q

Si Clauses

A

Past subjunctive + Conditional
Present + futuro/ subjunctive/ present
Imperfect + Imperfect
Past perfect subjunctive (hubiera lastimado) + conditional perfect (habría ganado)

130
Q

a menos que…

A

(unless) requires subjunctive

131
Q

antes (de) que…

A

(before) requires subjunctive

132
Q

con tal (de) que

A

(provided that, as long as) requires subjunctive

133
Q

en caso (de) que

A

(in case) requires subjunctive

134
Q

para que

A

(so that, in order) requires subjunctive

135
Q

sin que

A

(without, unless) requires subjunctive

136
Q

a pesar de que

A

(despite) subjunctive or indicative

137
Q

aunque

A

(although; even if) subjunctive or indicative

138
Q

cuando

A

(when) subjunctive or indicative

139
Q

después (de) que

A

(after) subjunctive or indicative

140
Q

en cuanto

A

(as soon as) indicative or subjunctive

141
Q

hasta que

A

(until) subjunctive or indicative

142
Q

luego (de) que

A

(after) subjunctive or indicative

143
Q

mientras que

A

(after) subjunctive or indicative

144
Q

siempre que

A

(as long as) subjunctive or indicative

145
Q

tan pronto como

A

(as soon as) subjunctive or indicative

146
Q

if there is no change in subject in the sentence, always use infinitive after…

A

para and sin (and drop the que)

147
Q

When an adjective clause describes an antecedent that is known to exist…. when the antecedent is unknown….

A 
Certain = use indicative
uncertain = use subjunctive

ex: I am looking for a job….(subjunctive)

148
Q

When the antecedent of an adjective clause is a negative pronoun (ex: ____ or _____), ….

A

nadie, ninguno/a — the subjunctive is used

149
Q

Pasiva con ser

A

recipient + ser + past participle + por + agent
(past participle is adjective - agree in number and gender with recipient and ser)
ex: Los dos candidatos fueron rechazados por el comité.

150
Q

Pasiva con “se”

A

Se + verb
(verb does NOT agree with the original agent) - agrees with recipient
ex: Se trajeron la libertad y la democracia …
Se habían celebrado las personas….
past participle is NOT adjective

Spanish 232 Final (3 decks)

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