SPANISH FINAL GRAMMAR Flashcards

1
Q

The preterite is used to describe…

A

actions or states that began or were completed at a definite time in the past.

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2
Q

How is the preterite formed ?

A
(-AR)
comprar
compré
compraste
compró
compramos 
comprasteis 
compraron 
(-IR/-ER)
vendí
vendiste
vendió
vendimos
vendisteis
vendieron

The preterite or all regular and irregular verbs require a written accent on the endings in the yo and él/ella forms

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3
Q

preterite -car verbs (buscar)

A
busqué
buscaste
buscó
buscamos 
buscasteis
buscaron
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4
Q

preterite -gar verbs (llegar)

A
llegué
llegaste
llegó
llegamos
llegasteis
llegaron
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5
Q

preterite -zar verbs (empezar)

A
empecé
empezaste
empezó
empezamos
empezasteis
empezaron
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6
Q

-car, -gar, -zar preterite

A

have irregular in the yo form

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7
Q

preterite caer

A

caí, caíste, cayó, caímos, caísteis, cayeron

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8
Q

preterite creer

A

creí, creíste, creyó, creímos, creísteis, creyeron

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9
Q

preterite leer

A

leí, leíste, leyó, leímos, leísteis, leyeron

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10
Q

preterite oír

A

oí, oíste, oyó, oímos, oísteis, oyeron

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11
Q

preterite construir

A

contruí, contruiste, contruyó, construimos, construisteis, construyeron

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12
Q

preterite incluir

A

incluí, incluiste, incluyó, incluimos, incluisteis, incluyeron

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13
Q

él/ella and ellos forms also have that stem change in preterite …

A

in -ir verbs

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14
Q

pedir preterite

A
pedí
pediste
pidió
pedimos
pidieron
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15
Q

dormir preterite

A
dormí
dormiste
durmió
dormimos
durmieron
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16
Q

stem-changing -ar and -er verbs…

A

do not have a stem change in the preterite

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17
Q

preterite andar

A
anduve
anduviste
anduvo
anduvimos
anduvieron
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18
Q

preterite estar

A
estuve 
estuviste
estuvo
estuvimos
estuvieron
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19
Q

preterite poder

A
pude
pudiste
pudo 
pudimos
pudieron
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20
Q

preterite poner

A

puse, pusiste, puso, pusimos, pusieron

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21
Q

preterite saber

A

supe, supiste, supo, supimos, supieron

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22
Q

preterite tener

A

tuve, tuviste, tuvo, tuvimos, tuvieron

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23
Q

preterite hacer

A

hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieron

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24
Q

preterite querer

A

quise, quisiste, quiso, quisimos, quisieron

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25
preterite venir
vine, viniste, vino, vinimos, vinieron
26
preterite conducir
conduje, condujiste, condujo, condujimos, condujeron
27
preterite decir
dije, dijiste, dijo, dijimos, dijeron
28
preterite traer
traje, trajiste, trajo, trajimos, trajeron
29
the present perfect tense expresses what...
has happened. It generally refers to recently completed actions or to a past that sill bears relevance in the present.
30
how to form the present perfect
``` present tense of the verb haber and a past participle he comprado has comprado ha comprado hemos comprado han comprado ```
31
past participle abrir
abierto
32
past participle cubrir
cubierto
33
past participle decir
dicho
34
past participle descubrir
descubierto
35
past participle escribir
escrito
36
past participle hacer
hecho
37
past participle morir
muerto
38
past participle poner
puesto
39
past participle resolver
resuelto
40
past participle romper
roto
41
past participle ver
visto
42
past participle volver
vuelto
43
the past perfect tense (pluscamperfecto) is used ....
to express what someone had done or what had occurred before another action or condition in the past.
44
how to form past perfect tense (pluscamperfecto)
``` past tense of haber + past participle había viajado habías había habíamos habían ```
45
often used with past perfect (phrases)
Antes, aún, nunca, todavía, ya
46
hablar future
``` hablaré hablarás hablará hablaremos hablarán ```
47
deber future
``` deberé deberás deberá deberemos deberán ```
48
caber futuro
``` cabré cabrás cabrá cabremos cabrán ```
49
haber futuro
``` habré habrás habrá habremos habrán ```
50
poder futuro
``` podré podrás podrá podremos podrán ```
51
querer futuro
``` querré querrás querrá querremos querrán ```
52
saber futuro
``` sabré sabrás sabrá sabremos sabrán ```
53
poner futuro
``` pondré pondrás pondrá pondremos pondrán ```
54
salir futuro
``` saldré saldrás saldrá saldremos saldrán ```
55
tener futuro
``` tendré tendrás tendrá tendremos tendrán ```
56
valer futuro
``` valdré valdrás valdrá valdremos valdrán ```
57
venir futuro
``` vendré vendrás vendrá vendremos vendrán ```
58
decir futuro
``` diré dirás dirá diremos dirán ```
59
hacer futuro
``` haré harás hará haremos harán ```
60
Futuro common phrases
cuando, después (de) que, en cuanto, hasta que, tan pronto como
61
Conditional is used ...
to express what would occur under certain circumstances...
62
dar conditional
``` daría darías daría daríamos darían ```
63
ser conditional
``` sería serías sería seríamos seríais serían ```
64
caber conditional
``` cabría cabrías cabría cabríamos cabrían ```
65
haber conditional
``` habría habrías habría habríamos habrían ```
66
poder conditional
``` podría podrías podría podríamos podrían ```
67
querer conditional
``` querría querrías querría querríamos querrían ```
68
saber conditional
``` sabría sabrías sabría sabríamos sabrían ```
69
poner conditional
``` pondría pondrías pondría pondríamos pondrían ```
70
salir conditional
``` saldría saldrías saldría saldríamos saldrían ```
71
tener conditional
``` tendría tendrías tendría tendríamos tendrían ```
72
valer conditional
``` valdría valdrías valdría valdríamos valdrían ```
73
venir conditional
``` vendría vendrías vendría vendríamos vendrían ```
74
decir conditional
``` diría dirías diría diríamos dirían ```
75
hacer conditional
``` haría harías haría haríamos harían ```
76
The conditional perfect is used...
The conditional perfect tense is used to express what would have occurred but did not; may also express probability or conjecture about the past
77
The conditional is formed...
``` with the conditional of haber and a past participle (habría + past participle) Habría Habrías Habría Habríamos Habrían ```
78
The subjunctive is used...
to express will, influence, emotion, doubt, or denial.
79
How is the subjunctive formed?
Drop the o from the YO form of the present indicative and adding endings: Hablar: hable, hables, hable, hablemos, hablen escriba, escribas, escriba, escribamos, escriban
80
conocer subjunctive
conozca, conozcas, conozca, conozcamos, conozcan
81
decir subjunctive
diga, digas, diga, digamos, digan
82
hacer subjunctive
haga, hagas, haga, hagamos, hagan
83
oír subjunctive
oiga, oigas, oiga, oigamos, oigan
84
poner subjunctive
ponga, pongas, ponga, pongas, pongamos, pongan
85
seguir subjunctive
siga, sigas, siga, sigamos, sigan
86
tener subjunctive
tenga, tengas, tenga, tengamos, tengan
87
traer subjunctive
traiga, traigas, traiga, traigamos, traigan
88
venir subjunctive
venga, vengas, venga, vengamos, vengan
89
ver subjunctive
vea, veas, vea, veamos, vean
90
subjunctive: verbs with stem changes in present indicative ...
in present subjunctive. Stem-changing -ir verbs also undergo a stem change in nosotros/vosotros forms of present subjunctive
91
pensar subjunctive
piense, pienses, piense, pensemos, piensen
92
jugar subjunctive
juegue, juegues, juegue, juguemos, jueguen
93
mostrar subjunctive
muestre, muestres, muestre, mostremos, muestren
94
entender subjunctive
entienda, entiendas, entienda, entendamos, entiendan
95
resolver subjunctive
resuelva, resuelvas, resuelva, resolvamos, resuelvan
96
pedir subjunctive
pida, pidas, pida, pidamos, pidan
97
sentir subjunctive
sienta, sientas, sienta, sintamos, sientan
98
dormir subjunctive
duerma, duermas, duerma, durmamos, duerman
99
dar subjunctive
dé, dés, dé, demos, den
100
estar subjunctive
esté, estés, esté, estemos, estén
101
ir subjunctive
vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayan
102
saber subjunctive
sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepan
103
ser subjunctive
sea, seas, sea, seamos, sean
104
subjunctive o indicativo? dudar
subjunctivo
105
subjunctive o indicativo? es imposible
subjunctivo
106
subjunctive o indicativo? es improbable
subjunctivo
107
subjunctive o indicativo? es poco cierto/seguro
subjunctivo
108
subjunctive o indicativo? (no) es posible
subjunctivo
109
subjunctive o indicativo? (no) es probable
subjunctivo
110
subjunctive o indicativo? negar
subjunctivo
111
subjunctive o indicativo? no creer
subjunctivo
112
subjunctive o indicativo? no es evidente
subjunctivo
113
subjunctive o indicativo? no es cierto/seguro
subjunctive
114
subjunctive o indicativo? no es verdad
subjunctive
115
subjunctive o indicativo? no estar seguro (de)
subjunctive
116
the infinitive, not the subjunctive, is used when...
there are expressions of doubt or denial where there is not change in subject of the sentence (que is unnecessary)
117
Imperfect Subjunctive is formed by....
dropping the -ron ending in ellos form of preterite and adding the past subjunctive endings
118
caminar imperfect subjunctive
``` caminara caminaras caminara camináramos caminarais caminaran ```
119
vivir imperfect subjunctive
``` viviera vivieras viviera viviéramos vivierais vivieran ```
120
verbs that have stem changes or irregularities in the ellos form in the preterite ...
have those same irregularities in all forms of the past subjunctive
121
pedir imperfect subjunctive
pidiera, pidieras, pidiera, pidiéramos, pidieran
122
sentir imperfect subjunctive
sintiera, sintieras, sintiera, sintiéramos, sintieran
123
dormir imperfect subjunctive
durmiera, durmieras, durmiera, durmiéramos, durmieran
124
influir imperfect subjunctive
influyera, influyeras, influyera, influyéramos, influyeran
125
saber imperfect subjunctive
supiera, supieras, supiera, supiéramos, supieran
126
ir/ser imperfect subjunctive
fuera, fueras, fuera, fuéramos, fueran
127
the past subjunctive is used ...
in all the same contexts as present subjunctive, except that the point of reference is in the past
128
The expression como si....
is always followed by the past subjunctive
129
Si Clauses
Past subjunctive + Conditional Present + futuro/ subjunctive/ present Imperfect + Imperfect Past perfect subjunctive (hubiera lastimado) + conditional perfect (habría ganado)
130
a menos que...
(unless) requires subjunctive
131
antes (de) que...
(before) requires subjunctive
132
con tal (de) que
(provided that, as long as) requires subjunctive
133
en caso (de) que
(in case) requires subjunctive
134
para que
(so that, in order) requires subjunctive
135
sin que
(without, unless) requires subjunctive
136
a pesar de que
(despite) subjunctive or indicative
137
aunque
(although; even if) subjunctive or indicative
138
cuando
(when) subjunctive or indicative
139
después (de) que
(after) subjunctive or indicative
140
en cuanto
(as soon as) indicative or subjunctive
141
hasta que
(until) subjunctive or indicative
142
luego (de) que
(after) subjunctive or indicative
143
mientras que
(after) subjunctive or indicative
144
siempre que
(as long as) subjunctive or indicative
145
tan pronto como
(as soon as) subjunctive or indicative
146
if there is no change in subject in the sentence, always use infinitive after...
para and sin (and drop the que)
147
When an adjective clause describes an antecedent that is known to exist.... when the antecedent is unknown....
``` Certain = use indicative uncertain = use subjunctive ``` ex: I am looking for a job....(subjunctive)
148
When the antecedent of an adjective clause is a negative pronoun (ex: ____ or _____), ....
nadie, ninguno/a --- the subjunctive is used
149
Pasiva con ser
recipient + ser + past participle + por + agent (past participle is adjective - agree in number and gender with recipient and ser) ex: Los dos candidatos fueron rechazados por el comité.
150
Pasiva con "se"
Se + verb (verb does NOT agree with the original agent) - agrees with recipient ex: Se trajeron la libertad y la democracia ... Se habían celebrado las personas.... *past participle is NOT adjective*