Spanish Cset 1 Flashcards
The branch of linguistics that deals with systems of sound
Phonolgy
The smallest unit of sound; may cause change in meaning but does not have meaning on its own. “Bake” v. “Brake”
/r/
Phonemes
The study of the form of words
Morphology
The smallest meaningful unit of language; A series of phenomes with special meanings;
Morpheme
Can appear on its own i.e. “eat” “water”
Free morpheme
Must be attached to something else in order to make sense prefixes, suffixes, or other affixes i.e. s in “cats” r in “redo”, able in “inbreakable”
Bound morpheme
A suffix that is added to a word to assign a grammatical function; never changes the grammatical category i.e. old/older (adj)
Inflection (affixes in morphology)
An affix that is added to a word to create a new word or form a word; modern/modernise nation/national
derivational
(Morpheme)
The vocabulary of a language
Lexicon
A set of words that would be included under one entry in the dictionary.
Lexemes
A set of rules for constructing full sentences out of word phrases; word order changes meaning.
Syntax
The literal meaning of words, sentences and phrases
Semantics
The study of the use of languages, deals with intentions behind utterances.
Pragmatics
The amount a native speaker uses a particular grammatical or syntactical process especially in word formation; a rule that works for more than 2 words; the limitless ability to use language to say new things. When we make new words we apply more productive rules,
Productive rule of language
A linguistic theory which argues that the ability to learn language is innate, distinctly human and distinct from other aspects of human cognition; that language is hard wired into the brain. Noam Chomsky
Universal grammar
A set of rules on language based on how it is actually used; there is no right or wrong language; “he goes” is the same as “he said” represents the unconscious knowledge of language.
Descriptive grammar
The structure of languages as it should be used; grammatically correct
Prescriptive grammar
Refers to the different levels of that information goes through in language production.
Surface v. Deep structure
The information that exists in the mind of speaker as more or less an abstract representation
Deep Structure
(Language)
Expressing information linguistically by producing sentences/utterances
Surface Structure
(Language)
Must be learned to get from deep structure to surface structure language
Linguistic rules
A process starting early in life, infants start without language yet by the 10 months they can distinguish speech sounds and engage in babbling
Language development
Understanding what is said to you; comprehension
Receptive (in language dev)
The ability to put together vocabulary to put together sentences to express yourself
Expressive (Language Dev)
Classified according to different features such as the way they use sound, type of morphology, and word order.
Classification of languages
Group of languages related through descent from a common ancestor, then further divided.
Family and branches
Synchronic and diachronic
Perspective on the study of language
Looks at how a language system works at a point in time
Synchronic
Looks at how a language has changed over a period of time
Diachronic
Variation in language over time
Language change
Phonetic- Sounds
Morphological- Words
Semantic- Meaning
Syntactic- Set of rules
Lexical - Word bank
Different type of change that language undergo at all levels
Umlaut, phonological changes, phonemic merger, phonemic split, borrowing, euphemism, folk etymologies, metaphors, taboos
Mechanism by which language occurs
Sound change where a vowel sound was modified to conform more closely to the vowel in the next syllable etc. foot - feet (First occurred in Germanic language 450 AD)
Umlaut
Any sound changes which alters the distribution oh phonemes in a language. Occurs by addition of new phonemes or reorganization of old.
Phonological change
Where 2 or more phonemes come together and become indistinguishable; cot - caught
Phonemic merger
A once identical phonemes diverges in different instance and is divided into 2 phonemes over time
Phonemic split
A word in one language is adapted for use in another language
Borrowing
A mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered too harsh, blunt or when referring to something embarrassing; “eliminated” for “to kill” or “cougar” for “older lady looking for a relationship with a younger man”
Euphemism
A popular but mistaken account of the origin of a word or phrase; replacing an unfamiliar word form with a familiar one; “burger” from “hamburg” + “er”
Folk etymology
This type of language becomes conventionalized leading to shift in the meaning of the word
Metaphors / figurative language
Considered too profane for the time, overtime people become less sensitive to the use of, “dam” “fag”
Taboos
The ability to communicate in culturally sensitive and contextually appropriate ways
Goal of pragmatics
The ability to comprehend or reproduce a communicative act which includes one’s knowledge of social distance, social status between speakers involved, cultural knowledge such as politeness and linguistic knowledge, explicit and implicit
Pragmatic competence
An utterance defined in terms of a speakers intention and the effect it has on the listener; consider three levels of such utterances. 1. Locutionary act, 2. Illocutionary act, 3. Perlocutionary act.
Speech Act
Introduced by J.L. Austin and further dev by J.R Searle
Speech Act Theory
The act saying something in full normal sense; literal meaning; “it’s hot in here” = “it’s hot in here”
Locutionary act / Propositional act
The way in which a sentence is used to express and attitude with a certain function or force; the social function of what is being said. “It’s cold in here” could be: Indirect request - to close window. Direct refusal - to open window complaints.
Illocutionary act
The effects of what is said; “it’s hot in here” could result in someone opening the window
Perlocutionary meaning
Representatives, expressives, declaratives, directives, commissives
Classification of speech act
Functions is to tell what the speaker knows or believes; assertions, claims, reports “A bill was recently signed.”
Assertive
Makes the addressee perform an action; suggestions, request, commands, “will you close the window?”
Directives
Commits the speaker to do something in the future; promise, threat, offer. “I’m will study for tomorrow’s test”
Commissives
Express how the speaker feels about the situation; apologies, complainants, thanks. “I’m sorry I lied”
Expressives
Broad term for the study of the ways language is used in text and context (including sign language) Analysis naturally occurring language and looks at what speakers do in conversation. (Continued over a number of sentences)
Discourse analysis
Exchange factual information, intellectual information, or emotional attitudes.
Speech Act Functions
The speaker communicates to the receiver more than he actually says.
Indirect Speech Act
Words that incite action; speech that constitutes an act “I do” in a marriage ceremony.
Performative utterance
(Speech act)
Words that describe a situation.
Constative utterances
(Speech act)
Learning occurs through formal knowledge and learning about language, while acquisition is the unconscious mind related activity that occurs in conversation.
Stephen Krashen Theory of language acquisition
According to Krashen there is a natural progression of language development exhibited by infants, young children/ secondary language learners (child or adult).
Natural order
First step in language development is marked by a silent period with minimal comprehension and no verbal production.
Level 1
Pre-production stage
Second step of language development is marked by limited comprehension one or two word responses
Level 2
Early production stage
Third phase of language development is marked by increased comprehension, simple sentences and some errors speech.
Level 3
Speech emergence
Last step of language development marked by very good comprehension, more complex sentences and complex errors in speech
Level 4 intermediate Fluency Stage
Learning as opposed to acquisition serves to develop a monitor (an error detecting mechanism) that scans utterances for accuracy in order to make corrections
Monitor hypothesis
Reasons to avoid emphasis on grammar and error correction
It may inhibit language acquisition at early stages of language development
Should be comprehensible input +1/zone of proximal development = input and instruction that is just above the students ability
Input for instruction
Instruction should be embedded in meaningful context, modified paraphrasing, collaborative, interactive and multimodal
Types of instruction
When does optional input occur?
Occurs when “affective filter” is low
A screen of emotion that can block language acquisition or learning if it keeps a learner from being too self-conscious/ embarrassed to take risk.
Affective filter
Susie is intrigued by the differences in culture and is excited about everything
Honeymoon period
Difference in cultures lead to confusion, isolation, loneliness. New cultural cues are misread = withdrawal
Disintegration
New cues are reintegrated, increased ability to function in new culture, but rejects it, is angry, resentful, hostile and rebellious
Re-integration
Able to see differences between two cultures in more objective way and able to deal with them or self-assured, relaxed and confident
Autonomy
Social, psychological and cultural differences are accepted/ enjoyed. Function in both cultures; bicultural is achieved.
Independence
There is a sensitive period for acquisition of L1 (linked to neural plasticity) also applies to L2. Native like proficiency decline after puberty.
Critical period
(Lenneberg 1967)
Applying knowledge from 1 language to another can be positive (correct) or negative (incorrect)
Linguistic interference/ language transfer/ crosslinguistic influence
What inter learner variables affect order of language acquisition
Sex, intelligence, social background, rate of learning, experience of linguistic interaction, age
The repeated sequential use of a particular type of linguistic grammatical structure
Recursion
What distinguishes the recursion of human language from simple repetition?
Embedding of a structure (affixes, words) within another structure of the same type.
The most fundamental property of human language. Discreteness, no language consist of a finite set of sentences
Infinity
Children’s brains contain LAD (language acquisition device) which holds grammatical universals is based on the observation that children pick up grammar and syntax without formal teaching
Nativist theory
(Chomsky)
Theory that proposes that the ability to learn language is innate, distinctly human and distinct form all other parts of human cognition.
Universal grammar
(Chomsky)
-Universal grammar influence learning
-Predictable stages and structure acquired in particular order
-error is part of learning
-learners use prior knowledge, context clues, and interaction.
-age is important variable
-can comprehend more complex language than are able to produce
-overgeneralize of vocabulary and rules
-need comprehensible input and opportunities to learn language in context
Similarities between L1 and L2
-When learning L1 basis - universal grammar
-When learning L2, knowledge of L1 serves as basis for learning L2 (language transfer)
-In L1 babies spend years babbling while in L2 the learner is older and acquisition occurs much more rapid
-in formal L2 learners can use metacognitive process
-L2 involves more schemata and less universal grammar
-sensitivity to phonological distinctions that are not already known from L1 may be reduced
-opportunity to practice with native speakers is not use, extensive
-L2 requires conscious effort
Difference between learning L1 and L2
Language development in children
3 months - babbling begins and babies can distinguish phonemes from any language
6 months - sounds resemble many different languages
13 months - single simple words
24 months - 2-3 word sentences
3 year old - speech included tense and plurals
School age - ambiguity, sarcasm, metaphors, pun, metalinguistic awareness
Language development in children
One of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds used to pronounce a single phoneme; different pronunciation that does not change the meaning of the words
Alphonse
Consonant and vowels sounds (words broken into syllables) i.e. ca/be/za
Segmental
A group of symbols for stress, length of intonation, syllabification (stress on certain syllables) that influence segmental
Suprasegmental
(Phonological features)
Stress, pitch, terminal or external juncture, rythym
Spanish suprasegmental features
Loudness or intensity
Stress
-Has only 2 stress phonemes primary and weak
-is perceived primarily in vowels -allows speaker to make word distinction
Considered phonemic because of the affect it has on meaning
Spanish stress system
Suprasegmental feature that which occurs on 3 contrasting level low /1/ mid /2/ high or empathetic /3/ uses it on sentence and phrases level instead of words
Pitch
/2111/ “voy a la escuela”
Common Spanish intonation pattern
V a-mo
V V hue-co
C V la-na
C V V pla-za
C C V V true-no
C V C tan-to
C V V C tuer-ce
C C V C tran-vi-a
C C V V C trein-ta
C C V C C trans-por-tar
C C V V C C
Spanish syllable structure
A orthographic convention used to show that a word is stressed in a manner that is contrary to the basic rule
Accents
When word ends in vowel or n/s stress should fall on next to last syllable I.e. todo, intelligent
Spanish stress rule 1
Words ending in all consonants except n/s stress should fall on the last syllable i.e. comer, ciudad
Spanish stress rule 2
When to add Spanish accent marks
When Spanish stress rule 1 or 2 is broken
Canción, también, crímenes, inglés
Examples of words that break stress rule 1
El árbol
La cárcel
El césped
Example of words that break stress rule 2
The variation of pitch in the pronunciation of words to convey affirmation, questions, or exclamation
Intonation
A set of conventions for writing a language uses Latin script spelling is fairly phonemic
Spanish orthography
Tónica
Átonas
Spanish syllables
Unstressed syllables
Átonas
Stressed syllables
Tónica
Agudas
Llanas/graves
Esdrújula
Sobresdrújulas
Multisyllibic Words
Words stressed on the last syllable (ultima)
End in all consonants except n/s
Azul
Avestruz
Hablar
Agudas
Word stressed on the next to last syllable (penúltima)
End in vowel n/s
Mono
Ave
Cantar
Computadoras
llanas/graves
Words stressed on the third to last syllable
Accent on vowel
Always have accent mark
Rápido
Pájaro
América
Clásico
Esdrújula
Words stress on the 4th, 5th, 6th to last syllable
Accent on vowel
Accent on verbs with one or 2 pronouns attached always have accent marks
Móramelo
Préstaselo
Enséñenselo
Devuélvemelo
Sobresdrújulas
Have two stresses 1 on adj, the other on -mente
Only have a tilde if the original adjective had a tilde on its own
Not technically sebresdrújulas
fácil - fácilmente
Rápido - Rápidamente
Lento - lentamente
Torpe - torpemente
Words ending in -mente
Words that have same spelling but different meaning
El - the / Él - him
Asia - Asia / hacia - toward
Mi - my / mí - me
Si - yes / sí - yes
Homonyms
By genre - feminine,
Masculine (a, o or e ending)
By number - singular, plural (s, or es ending)
Noun declension
(Morphology)
The variation of the form of the noun, pronoun or adjective the way you modify the words to change grammatical meaning
Declension
(Morphology)
Must have genre and number agreement
Las flores bellas
Some are the same for masculine or feminine
(La puerta)
(El chofer / la chofer)
(El estudiante/ la estudiante)
Article / adj declension
Formed by taking a verb in the third person and following with a plural noun
Lavaplatos
Abrelatas
Apagavelas
Compound words
Add-mente to the feminine
Singular form of the adjective claramente
Add-con +singular form of the noun
Con cuidado
Forming adverbs
Only the second adverb used the -mente ending. The second adverb is the feminine singular form of adjective Juan trabaja lente y cuidadosamente
2 adverbs modifying the same verb
Fairly flexible
Common pattern:
Declarative
SUBJECT (“doer)+
PREDICATE (“action”)+
OBJECT (“recipient”)
Spanish syntax rules
Affirmation commands:
¡Dámelo!
Infinitives
Después de bañarme
Gerunds- ndo form
Levantándose
Direct and indirect object pronouns
Subtle or slight decree of difference in meaning, tone or shade
Provide a service - prestar un servicio
(In English you don’t “lend a service” you provide it)
Nunces
Commonly used expression that have figurative meaning;
Empezar la casa por el tejado
English: to put the cart before the horse.
Estar hecho un ají
English: to be very angry
Lo dijo de labios para fuera
English: to say something you didn’t mean
Quedarse de piedra
English: to be stunned
Tirar la casa por la ventana
English: to spare no experience
Idioms
Refer to the speaker attitude toward the action/state of the verb; there are 4 moods;
Indicativo
Subjuntivo
Condicional
Imperativo
Moods
Indicate facts, reflect what is really transparent
Indictivo (indicative)
Relates ideas or events that transpire in ones mind includes doubt and unlikely hood
Subjetivo (subjective)
Describes conjecture or possibility
Condicional (conditional)
Give command
Imperativo (imperative)
The whole system and structure of language use. Consisting of syntax, morphology, phonology and semantics (even pragmatics)
Grammar
Includes: prefixes, suffixes, infixes (inserted into other morphemes) circumfixes (attachments to morpheme at beginning and end) -are often bound morphemes
Affixes
Affixes and root
2 types of morphemes
The irreducible core of a word, with nothing else attached to it. The part of the word that must always be present “seg” in segment “gen” in genetics.
Root
Natural approach audio-lingual method communicative approachTPR listening comprehension
Instructional approaches
Listening comprehension approach focuses on receptive skills listening and physical responding to messages
Listening comprehension approach
Cooperative approach focus on content and not form comprehensible input low affective filter use target language only tpr/pics communicative activities pair/group work
Natural approach
Grammatical form, pattern and excersizes are listening to and repeated in series of drill -relies heavily on reading and translating, mastery of grammatical rules and writing
Grammatical approach
Task based method
-emphasize use of “real languages” in real life situations
-Reading
-Writing
-Conversation
-Culture
-Collaborative learning and peer interaction
-complete task that identify with day to day communication of language (ordering food, asking for directions, talking to friends, reading newspapers, singing songs, applying for jobs.)
Communicative approach
