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Spain 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Spain Production?

A

0.95 million ha; 50 million hl; country with biggest acreage under the vine and in 2012 the biggest producer in the world.

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2
Q

Spain Regulations?

A

Production and labeling are governed by the Instituto de Denominaciones de Origen (INDO) which is controlled by administrative growers committees or Consejos Regulados.

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3
Q

Spain Quality Levels?

A

There are six quality levels: Vino de Mesa (VdM); Vino Comarcal (VC); Vino de la Tierra (VdlT); Vinos de Calidad con Indicacion Geografica (VCIG); Denominacion de Origen (DO); and Denominacion de Origen Calificada (DOCa).

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4
Q

Vino Comarcal (VC)?

A

Vino Comarcal (VC) is a regional wine. It is a slightly higher-quality table wine which may be sold under a region and vintage. Some growers prefer to produce higher quality wine under this category.

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5
Q

Vino de la Tierra (VdlT)?

A

Vino de la Tierra (VdlT) is country wine; similar classification to the VdP of France and IGT of Italy. These wines are from a local region with a specific local character and are expected to achieve DO status within five years of being registered.

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6
Q

Vinos de Pagos?

A

Top quality wines from single estates but are not necessarily higher quality than DO or DOCa wines. These wines must be from single estates and produced on the estate; so producers who buy in grapes or whose winery is not on this estate cannot use this categorization; these rules out a large number of the top quality wines.

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7
Q

Joven?

A

Joven means no cask aging; or less than the legal minimum for Crianza wines.

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8
Q

Crianza?

A

Red wines must be matured for two calendar years following the harvest; including a minimum of six months in barricas (225 liter oak casks); which means a 2004 vintage may be sold from January 1 2007. White and rose must be matured for one calendar year; of which six months must be in barricas. Rioja; Ribera del Duero; and Navarra require one year in barrel for reds.

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9
Q

Reserva?

A

Red wines must be matured for three calendar years following the harvest; including a minimum of one year in barricas. White and rose must be matured for two calendar years; of which six months must be in barricas.

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10
Q

Gran Reserva?

A

Red wines must be matured for five calendar years following the harvest; including a minimum of 18 months in barricas. White and rose must be matured for four calendar years; of which six months must be in barricas. Rioja; Ribera del Duero; and Navarra require two years in barrel for reds.

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11
Q

Noble?

A

Noble wine has been matured 18 months in cask (min size 60 liters). The term can be applied only to a Vino de la Tierra wine or better.

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12
Q

Añejo?

A

Añejo wine has been aged 24 months in cask (min size 60 liters). The term can be applied only to a Vino de la Tierra wine or better.

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13
Q

Viejo?

A

Viejo wine must undergo 36 months aging in cask (min size 60 liters) and the wines must show an oxidative character. The term can be applied only to a Vino de la Tierra wine or better.

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14
Q

Andalucía?

A

This is the hottest part of Spain and has traditionally been associated with strong; alcoholic wines.

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15
Q

Jerez?

A

Jerez de la Frontera is the home of Sherry; other two towns are Puerto de Santa Maria and Sanlucar de Barrameda.

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16
Q

Málaga?

A

The Consejo Regulador recognizes 16 different types of wine ranging from sweet to dry with an alcoholic strength between 15 and 23 per cent. Most wines are deep brown; intensely sweet; and raisiny; some tasting slightly burnt through the addition of too much arrope. Dry wines are paler with a rather undistinguished nutty character.

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17
Q

Malaga Styles?

A

The most common styles are as follows: Lágrima; Moscatel; and Pedro Ximénez.

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18
Q

Lágrima?

A

Intensely sweet wine made from free-run juice without any mechanical pressing.

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19
Q

Moscatel?

A

Sweet; aromatic wine made exclusively from Moscatel de Alejandría grapes.

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20
Q

Pedro Ximénez?

A

(occasionally labelled Pedro Ximen): sweet wine made exclusively from PX grapes.

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21
Q

Málaga Ageing Requirements?

A

Pálido: 0 months oak; Málaga: At least 6 months oak; Noble: At least 24 months oak; Añejo: At least 36 months oak; Trasañejo: At least 60 months oak.

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22
Q

Sierras de Málaga DO?

A

Red; rosé and white still; dry wines can be produced within Sierras de Malaga. Unlike its counterpart Malaga; which focuses on two varieties; Sierras de Malaga encompasses many.

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23
Q

Sierras de Málaga DO red varieties?

A

Rome; Cabernet Sauvignon; Merlot; Tempranillo; Syrah; Grenache; Pinot Noir; Cabernet Franc; Graciano; Malbec and Petit Verdot are all in use.

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24
Q

Sierras de Málaga DO white varieties?

A

Pedro Ximenez; Moscatel; Macabeo; Sauvignon Blanc; Chardonnay; Colombard; Airen; Riesling; Verdejo; Viognier and Doradilla are all permitted.

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25
Montilla-Moriles DO?
Wine-making practices in Montilla parallel those for Sherry; however in the hot climate of Montilla-Moriles; far removed from the cooling winds of the Atlantic; the flor is usually less thick than in Jerez and the wines tend to have less finesse as a result.
26
Montilla-Moriles DO varieties?
Pedro Ximénez (70%); Lairén (Airén) and Muscat of Alexandria.
27
Montilla-Moriles DO labeling?
The terms Fino; Amontillado; and Oloroso are permitted on Montilla labels within Spain but may not be used in other European Union countries where is used Pale Dry; Medium Dry; Pale Cream; and Cream.
28
Condado de Huelva DO?
Since 2009; red wines made from Syrah; Tempranillo; Merlot; Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc may now be produced in the DO's wines.
29
Condado de Huelva Joven?
Unfortified dry table wine made from the region's predominant variety; Zalema.
30
Vinos Generosos?
Fortified wines aged for a minimum of three years made from Palomino; Garrido; or Listan de Huelva.
31
Palido?
Dry; matured in a solera under a blanket of flor.
32
Viejo?
Rancio style.
33
Vinos Generosos de Licor?
Sweet fortified wines with a higher alcohol content.
34
Andalucia Lesser Regions?
Granada VCIG; Cadiz VT; Laderas del Genil VT; Laujar-Alpujarra VT; Ribera del Andarax VT; Sierra Norte de Sevilla VT; Sierra Sur de Jaen VT
35
Aragón?
One of Spain's 17 autonomous regions; Zaragoza is its capital. Climatically; Aragon is a land of extremes so wines are extremely versatile in style. Overall; it can be termed as moderate continental; with altitude acting as the main determinant.
36
Aragón DO Zones?
Somontano DO; Campo de Borja DO; Carinena DO; and Calatayud DO.
37
Somontano DO?
The name Somontano means 'under the mountains'; the region sits in the foothills of the central Pyrenees Mountains less than 35 miles (60km) from France. The overall climate is continental; but the mighty Pyrénées have a profound effect on the local weather.
38
Somontano DO red varieties?
The red Moristel grape (no relation with Monastrell) dominates; closely followed by the newly planted varieties imported into the region such as Tempranillo; Cabernet Sauvignon; Merlot; and even Pinot Noir. Parraleta and Garnacha.
39
Somontano DO white varieties?
The traditional Macabeo and almost extinct Alcañón have been joined by Chardonnay and Gewürztraminer. The modern; crisp wines now produced have nothing in common with Somontano's traditional; rustic wines.
40
Somontano DO Producers?
Bodega Pirineos; once the region's co-operative; together with the ultra-modern; recently created wineries Viñas del Vero (vintage 1986) and Enate (1991); make virtually all Somontano's wine.
41
Campo de Borja DO?
Although the region has an overall continental climate altitude is very important; rain is scarce; frosts and hail pose a real threat. Some locals refer to the region is El Imperio de la Garnacha (the Empire of Garnacha). Cierzo is a cool; harsh; dry; northerly wind.
42
Campo de Borja DO red varieties?
Garnacha reigns supreme here producing some of the best examples of this variety: concentrated; powerful and very aromatic. Other grape varieties of interest are Tempranillo; Cabernet Sauvignon; Merlot; Mazuelo (Carinena) and Syrah.
43
Campo de Borja DO white varieties?
White wines made from Macabeo (Viura); Chardonnay and Moscatel (used for production of mistela wines) are permitted.
44
Carinena DO?
The biggest DO in Aragon and also the oldest; awarded DO status in 1932. The region's climate is decidedly continental; diurnal variations; altitude of vineyards and Cierzo helps to moderate summer temperatures.
45
Carinena DO wines?
Carinena boasts a wide variety of wine styles; ranging from its signature oak-aged reds to dry white wines from Viura (Macabeo) grapes; fruity rosados (rosés) and sweet Moscatels; also production of Cava DO.
46
Carinena DO red varieties?
Garnacha; Carinena (Carignan); international varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon; Merlot and Syrah.
47
Calatayud DO?
The climate here is continental; with extremely hot and dry summers but most vineyards are found on higher altitudes.
48
Calatayud DO red wines?
Calatayud is known for its big and bold red wines - mainly made from Garnacha grapes; which represent more than three-quarters of vineyard plantings; Tempranillo and Mazuelo are the other main red varieties.
49
Calatayud DO white wines?
Region's fresh crisp whites are based on Viura (Macabeo); Malvasia and Chardonnay.
50
Calatayud Superior?
Classification for wines produced from vines older than 50 years.
51
Aragón Lesser Regions?
Bajo Aragon VT; Ribera del Gallego-Cinco Villas VT; Ribera del Jiloca VT; Valdejalon VT; and Valle del Cinca VT.
52
Asturias?
Part of España Verde ('Green Spain') in north of the country with residents concentrated around the capital; Oviedo; and the port city of Gijon. Although not yet known for its wines; Asturias has long been recognised for its distinctive still (non-sparkling) ciders; craft beers and artisan cheeses.
53
Cangas VCIG?
Only wine appellation in Asturias.
54
Cangas VCIG recommended varieties?
There are six recommended varieties; all of which are autochthonous to Spain; Albarin Blanco; Albillo; Garnacha; Mencia; Picapoll (Picpoul) and Verdejo Negro (Trousseau).
55
Cangas VCIG authorized varieties?
Apart from recommended varieties; following are also authorized: Alvarín Negro; Carraquín; Godello; Gewürztraminer; Merlot; Moscatel de Grano Menudo; Pinot Noir and Syrah.
56
The Balearic Islands (Las Islas Baleares)?
The four largest islands (Majorca; Menorca; Ibiza and Formentera) are well known as archetypal Mediterranean holiday destinations with Palma as the capital.
57
The Balearic Islands two official DO?
Pla i Llevant (introduced in 2001) and Binissalem-Mallorca; both of which are on the island of Majorca. The latter was the islands' first DO title; and the first ever granted outside the Spanish mainland.
58
Pla i Llevant DO?
Warm Mediterranean climate; low altitudes (no more than 100m) and lime-enriched clay soils shape the region's wine styles.
59
Pla i Llevant DO red varieties?
Most red wines are based on local varieties such as Fogoneu (which once dominated the island's vineyards); Callet and Manto Negro. Better-known international varieties are now being increasingly used; among them Tempranillo; Cabernet Sauvignon; Monastrell; Merlot and Syrah. Pinot Noir is allowed as experimental grape.
60
Pla i Llevant DO white varieties?
Mallorca's native Prensal Blanc (Moll) grape is responsible for the majority of white wine; although Moscatel; Macabeo; Parellada and Chardonnay are also used. Riesling is allowed as experimental grape.
61
Binissalem-Mallorca DO red varieties?
Red wines must contain at least 50% Manto Negro. Other red varieties grown here include Callet; Cabernet Sauvignon; Tempranillo; Merlot and Syrah. Pinot Noir is permitted as experimental grape.
62
Binissalem-Mallorca DO white varieties?
White wines are mainly based on Moll; Moscatel; Parellada; Macabeo and Chardonnay are the other prominent white-grape varieties. Sauvignon Blanc and Viognier are permitted as experimental grapes.
63
Festa des Vermas?
The lively grape-harvest festival known as Festa des Vermas takes place in Binissalem and the grape battle that takes place is muddy and messy and popular with locals and tourists alike.
64
Illes Balears VT?
Illes Balears is the Vino de la Tierra title covering Spain's Balearic Islands. A number of local and imported grape varieties are permitted on the islands.
65
Illes Balears VT red varieties?
Red wines dominate the island's production; with Cabernet Sauvignon; Callet and Merlot most favored. The other varieties include Tempranillo; Cabernet Sauvignon; Monastrell; Merlot; Pinot Noir; Fogoneu; Callet and Manto Negro.
66
Illes Balears VT white varieties?
The white-wine varieties include Chardonnay; Moscatel (Muscat); Moll; Viognier; Sauvignon Blanc and Parellada.
67
Other Lesser Regions of Balearic Islands?
Isla de Menorca VT (Island of Menorca); Eivissa VT (Ibiza); Formentera VT (Monastrell is the principal grape on this tiny island); Mallorca VT; Serra de Tramuntana-Costa Nord VT (north-western third of Mallorca).
68
Basque Country?
Basque: Euskadi; Spanish: País Vasco; French: Pays Basque.
69
Basque Country Climate?
With cool summers; and an annual rainfall of 1;500 mm/58 in; this is hardly ideal grape-growing country. Pais Vasco wine is synonymous with Txakoli;
70
Txakoli?
Like Vinho Verde it is strongly Atlantic influenced and is usually sold young; very slightly sparkling; and low in alcohol. The high trained Hondarribi Zuri white grape variety accounts for 85 per cent of Txakoli;; Hondarribi Beltza makes light reds for local consumption.
71
Other varieties?
Bordeleza Zuria (Folle Blanche); Izkiriota Ttipia (Petit Manseng) and Izkiriota (Gros Manseng).
72
Basque Country DO Zones?
El País Vasco is home to three DOs; Arabako Txakolina; Bizkaiko Txakolina and Getariako Txakolina.
73
Arabako Txakolina DO (also known as Txakoli de Álava)?
This is a white wine region. Climate is very humid; temperatures never go above 20C and this results in the DO's characteristic wine styles: light; dry; fruity and highly acidic. Min. ABV is 9.5%; wines are bottled with their lees so wines are lightly sparkling due to residual carbon dioxide remaining in bottle and are designed for early consumption; much like the wines of Vinho Verde and Rías Baixas.
74
Arabako Txakolina DO varieties?
The two main grapes here are Hondarrabi Zuri (for whites) and Hondarrabi Beltza (for reds). Petit Manseng; Gros Manseng and Petit Courbu are also permitted.
75
Bizkaiko Txakolina DO (or Txakoli de Bizkaia)?
Around city of Bilbao. The local wine laws dictate a permitted alcohol content of 11.5% for whites and 12% for reds. A small quantity of rosé wines are also made and have traditionally be called ojo de gallo (eye of the rooster).
76
Bizkaiko Txakolina DO (or Txakoli de Bizkaia) varieties?
Hondarrabi Zuri; a native vine; is the principal grape variety in Bizkaiko Txakolina and produces the white Txakolis. Folle Blanche is also permitted. Hondarrabi Beltza is used for the small quantity of red wine made here.
77
Getariako Txakolina DO (or Txakoli de Getaria)?
The most important of the Basque Country a little different climatic conditions from those in its neighbors; as the cold influences of the Atlantic Ocean are offset by coastal hills; resulting in a milder climate but still high rainfall - an average of 1600mm a year. According to the DO's regulations; the alcohol content of the wines should be between 9.5% and 11.5%; the majority has 10.5%. Their acidity is slightly less pronounced than the wines of its neighbors; showing fewer green notes.
78
Getariako Txakolina DO (or Txakoli de Getaria) varieties?
The native Hondarrabi Zuri is the main grape variety in Getariako Txakolina; accounting for nearly 95% of total plantings. Hondarrabi Beltza is also permitted.
79
The Canary Islands (or Las Canarias)?
Because of the hot and humid tropical conditions that prevail here; the Canary Islands are not; in theory; ideal for growing grapes; latitude of 27 to 30 degrees north - close to the Tropic of Cancer. The altitude of the stone-terrace vineyards is vital and for the majority; it ranges from 1640ft to 3280ft (500m-1000m) - sometimes even higher.
80
The Canary Islands varieties?
Most important varieties are Listán Negro and Negramoll for reds; whites from Listán Blanco and sweet Malvasías.
81
Las Canarias DO Zones?
The number of denominated zones has ballooned; and by the mid-2000s included one for each of the islands of La Palma; El Hierro; Lanzarote; and Gran Canaria; and no fewer than five for the island of Tenerife?
82
Tenerife DO Zones?
Abona; Tacoronte-Acentejo; Valle de Güímar; Valle de la Orotava; and Ycoden-Daute-Isora.
83
La Palma DO?
The designation covers the whole of the island; topography is abrupt and irregular; with vineyards sitting at altitudes anywhere from 650ft to 4900ft (200m-1500m). La Palma produces a wide range of wines; mainly from varieties native to the island.
84
La Palma DO red varieties?
Listan Negro; Malvasia Negra; Tinta Negra Mole and Tintilla (Trousseau) are the leading reds.
85
La Palma DO white varieties?
Malvasia Bianca; Albillo; Bermejuela (Marmajuelo); Bujariego (Vijariego Blanco); Gual and Listan Blanco (Palomino).
86
La Palma DO sub-zones?
DO is divided into three sub-zones: Fuencaliente (volcanic ash known as picón; most are white wines); Hoyo de Mazo (volcanic ash and rocks (empedrados); most are red wines) and Norte de la Palma.
87
Vinos de Tea?
La Palma local specialty made from Tinta Negra Mole grapes and aged in pine barrels. The resulting wines are resinous in nature; with unique flavors derived from both the grapes and the barrel.
88
El Hierro DO?
The archipelago's smallest wine region. The DO covers the entire island. Most vines are planted on steep terraces and slopes where the soil is poor; albeit with good water retention. Alisios is a summer wind.
89
El Hierro DO sub-regions?
Three sub-regions: Valle del Golfo; Echedo and El Pinar.
90
El Hierro DO varieties?
Most of the wine is white; and vineyards are dominated by the rather neutral native Vijariego Blanco and Listan Blanco (Palomino); but other natives such as Bremajuelo; Gual (Bual); Listan Negro; Tinta Negra Mole and Vijariego Negro can also be found.
91
Lanzarote DO?
Malvasia reigns supreme on Lanzarote; accounting for 75% of vineyard plantings. It produces a variety of wines; the most famous of which is a lusciously sweet style historically known as 'Malmsey'; which is rich in texture and almost like a well-aged Madeira. Moscatel and Pedro Ximénez also produce quality sweet wines here.
92
Gran Canaria DO?
The local specialty wine is Tinto del Monte (mountain red); a rich and powerful red made from the Listan Negro variety (known locally as Negra Comun). Other red-wine grapes used in Gran Canaria wines include Tintilla (Trousseau); Tinta Negra Mole and Malvasia Rosada; while the whites are made from Listan Blanco; Malvasia; Gual and Marmajuelo. Moscatel produces the best sweet wines.
93
El Monte Lentiscal?
This tiny area previously had DO status individually but has been part of the larger appellation since 2005.
94
La Gomera DO?
Whites are the specialty and the rare Forastera grape is the dominant variety; used in the island's signature varietal wines. Malvasia; Gual; Marmajuelo; Albillo and Moscatel produce the best whites.
95
La Gomera DO red varieties?
Most prominent among the reds are Listan Negro; Tintilla (Trousseau); Tinta Negra Mole; and Malvasía Rosada.
96
Tacoronte-Acentejo DO?
The oldest DO in the Canary Islands; wines are predominantly red; and produced mostly from Listan Negro and Tinta Negra Mole grapes but many producers experiment successfully with international varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon; Merlot; Pinot Noir; Syrah and Tempranillo.
97
Tacoronte-Acentejo DO white varieties?
The small quantities of white wine produced here are based on the native Gual (Bual); Listan Blanco (Palomino) Malvasia and Marmajuelo grape varieties.
98
Valle de la Orotava DO?
Unique to the Valle de la Orotava is its system of vine training; el cordon trenzado. It is a predominantly white-wine region and the native Listan Blanco (Palomino) grape is the most widely planted variety; others are Marmajuelo; Vijariego and Gual (Bual). Red wines are based on Listan Negro grapes.
99
Ycoden-Daute-Isora DO?
Listan Blanco (Palomino) is by far the most favored; producing lively; fresh white wines with varying amounts of residual sugar. Malvasia is also used to make traditional sweet wines.
100
Ycoden-Daute-Isora DO red wine?
Quality barrel-matured red wines from the native Listan Negro and Tintilla (Trousseau) grape varieties.
101
Valle de Guimar DO?
Listan Blanco (Palomino) representing more than 60% of grapes planted produced in various degrees of sweetnes; even espumoso wines. Other important white varieties include Gual (Bual) and Malvasia Blanca. Listan Negro is the prominent red grape; with Tinta Negra Mole; Tintilla (Trouseau) and Moscatel Negro also used in blends.
102
Abona DO?
60% of the vineyards are planted with varieties such as the native Listan Blanco; Malvasia; Gual and Marmajuelo. These wines come in various styles; ranging from dry to those containing residual sugar at varying levels.
103
Abona DO red wines?
Interesting rosado (rosé) and red wines based on regional favorites such as Listan Negro; Tintilla (Trousseau); Malvasia Rosada and Bastardo (Trousseau).
104
Listan Blanco?
Listan Blanco is Palomino from Andalucia; grape variety used to make Sherry.
105
Listan Negro?
DNA profiling identified Listan Negro as a genetic match to the Mission grape of North America. However; the Mission grape of the New World has mutated significantly enough that it is now considered a distinct variety.
106
Vinest (formerly Vinum Est)?
Program backed by the European Union that promotes small wine-growing areas based on their individuality and distinctiveness.

Spain Wine (4 decks)

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