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Russian History (Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855-1964 - AQA) > Soviet Government and Leadership 1918-1929 - Social and Cultural Change > Flashcards

Soviet Government and Leadership 1918-1929 - Social and Cultural Change Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the 5 main areas that underwent large quantities of social and cultural change under Stalin?

A
  • Class
  • Women and the Family
  • Education and Youth –> Youth Organisations!
  • Religion
  • National Minorities
  • Propaganda and Culture
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2
Q

(CLASS) What theory did Bolsheviks follow?

A

Marxism / Marxist Theory!

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3
Q

(CLASS) Whose enemies did the Bolshevik revolution campaign against?

A

The ‘class’ enemies of the proletariat.

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4
Q

(CLASS) In terms of class, what was abolished?

A

Class titles.

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5
Q

(CLASS) Who made up ‘former people’?

A

Nobles and the bourgeoisie.

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6
Q

(CLASS) What were the ‘former people’ forced into?

A

They were forced into menial tasks (tasks that did not require much skill).

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7
Q

(CLASS) What were the ‘former people’s’ homes turned into?

A

They were turned into communal houses for workers (komunalki)!

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8
Q

(CLASS) TRUE OR FALSE: During the Civil War, rations WERE NOT allocated according to class; workers and soldiers received the LEAST!

A

FALSE - During the Civil War, rations WERE allocated according to class; workers and soldiers received the most!

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9
Q

(CLASS) Did class-based attacks continue under Stalin?

A

TRUE!

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10
Q

(CLASS) What was the Communist aim / What did they want to create?

A

They wanted to create a ‘socialist man’; a man or woman with a sense of social responsibility who would willingly serve the State.

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11
Q

(CLASS) What was an important step in creating ‘socialist man’?

A

Proletarianisation!

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12
Q

(CLASS) What is the definition of ‘Proletarianisation’?

A

To turn the mass of the population (the proletariat) into urban workers!

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13
Q

(CLASS) After the short ‘workers’ control period of 1917, did discipline in factories restore itself?

A

Yes!

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14
Q

(CLASS) What were the punishments in place for workers after 1918?

A
  • They could not leave their jobs
  • They could be shot or imprisoned for missing targets
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15
Q

(CLASS) What became a means of controlling the workers?

A

Unions!

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16
Q

(CLASS) What types of conditions remained grim throughout the NEP and worsened because of collectivisation and the industrialisation drive?

A
  • Living conditions
  • Working conditions
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17
Q

(CLASS) From 1931, what created better opportunities for workers?

A

Industrialisation!

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18
Q

(CLASS) Give an example of one propaganda campaign.

A

The Stakhanovite Movement - This was a movement named after a miner called Stakhanovite, whose inflated achievements were hailed as an example to others.

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19
Q

(CLASS) What did propaganda campaigns increase?

A

They increased ‘socialist competition’.

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20
Q

(CLASS) TRUE OR FALSE: Social mobility INCREASED?

A

TRUE!

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21
Q

(CLASS) What were the negatives / issues regarding the ‘classless society’ under Stalin?

A
  • Living conditions remained poor
  • Wages remained low, whilst market prices were still high
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22
Q

(CLASS) From 1940, the prospect of ‘what’ led to firmer discipline?

A

WAR!

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23
Q

(WOMEN) Before the Revolution, what were peasant women expected to do?

A

They were expected to look after their households and their children.

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24
Q

(WOMEN) TRUE OR FALSE: Before the Revolution, peasant women had NO legal rights or privileges?

A

TRUE!

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25
Q

(WOMEN) In November 1917, what did the new government outlaw and introduce for women?

A

They outlawed sex discrimination and they gave women the right to own property!

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26
Q

(WOMEN) What are some examples of some of the Early Policies before Stalin (Under Lenin)? HINT: Name as many as you can; there are 5 here!

A
  • The Church’s influence was removed
  • Divorce was legalised
  • Abortion was legalised
  • Women were given the right to work
  • Girls were given the same educational rights as boys
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27
Q

(WOMEN) What was a downside to the Early Policies? HINT: Dual Burden!

A

Although the Early Policies provided opportunities for women, women had to manage both work and home!

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28
Q

(WOMEN) What were some examples of some of the Stalinist Policies that were introduced? HINT: Name as many as you can; there are 6 here!

A
  • The family was portrayed as ‘all-important’ (especially in propaganda)
  • Women were encouraged to give up paid employment when they were married
  • Marriage was encouraged
  • Divorce was attacked; adultery became a criminal offence
  • Abortion was attacked; contraception was banned
  • Financial incentive were offered for larger families (tax cuts!)
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29
Q

(WOMEN) Although the Stalinist Policies were introduced, what happened in society? HINT: Name as many as you can; there are 2 here!

A
  • The numbers of women in work (either in industry or on the collective farms) or in education grew; this was helped by an increase in state nurseries and child-creches, which reduced the impact of the dual burden on women!
  • The divorce rate remained high, abortion continued and population-growth fell (which is what Stalin wanted to achieve with his policies)!
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30
Q

(EDUCATION) Why was Education important to the Bolsheviks?

A

It was seen as essential to build a socialist society!

31
Q

(EDUCATION) What were some of the examples of the policies introduced under Lenin? HINT: Name as many as you can; there are 5 here!

A
  • Free education was provided at all levels in co-educational schools
  • New secondary schools combined general education with vocational training
  • Traditional learning was combined with physical work
  • Textbook and exams were largely abolished
    Some freedom, creativity and individualism was permitted
  • Physical punishment (such as the use of the cane) was banned
32
Q

(EDUCATION) What were some of examples of the policies introduced under Stalin (these mainly overturned Lenin’s policies)? HINT: Name as many as you can; there are 6 here!

A
  • Education for all was abandoned; some single-sex schools were reinforced
  • Although ‘practical’ work was encouraged for the less able, the emphasis was on former teaching to develop industrial skills
  • Collective farms of town enterprises were responsible for many schools
  • Universities were controlled by the Veshenka (the economic planning agency)
  • A rigid traditional curriculum was enforced –> Nationalism was introduced and military training was introduced.
  • Teachers were set high targets and they were closely supervised
33
Q

(EDUCATION) TRUE OR FALSE: By 1941, there WERE education improvements, including a high rise in literacy?

A

TRUE!

34
Q

(YOUTH –> YOUTH ORGANISATIONS) In 1918, what was formed?

A

A Young Communist League - This was people aged from 14-21 years old!

35
Q

(YOUTH –> YOUTH ORGANISATIONS) In 1922, what was formed in relation to the Young Communist League?

A

A junior section called the Pioneers!

36
Q

(YOUTH –> YOUTH ORGANISATIONS) What was the organisation renamed to in 1926?

A

‘Komsomol’ - The ‘All-Union Leninist Young Communist League’; the youth division of the Communist Party, which was represented in its own right in the Supreme Soviet

37
Q

(YOUTH –> YOUTH ORGANISATIONS) What was the age-range extended to for the Komsomol in 1926?

A

Between 10 and 28 years!

38
Q

(YOUTH –> YOUTH ORGANISATIONS) TRUE OR FALSE: Under Stalin’s rule, the Komsomol SHRANK in both membership and influence?

A

FALSE: Under Stalin’s rule, the Komsomol GREW in both membership and influence?

39
Q

(YOUTH –> YOUTH ORGANISATIONS) How did the Komsomol teach communist values?

A

Through clubs, community centre and camps –> They even had its own newspaper!

40
Q

(YOUTH –> YOUTH ORGANISATIONS) In what year did the Komsomol (which was closely linked to the Communist Party) become directly affiliated with the Party?

A

1939!

41
Q

(YOUTH –> YOUTH ORGANISATIONS) What did members of the Komsomol have to do?

A

Members had to:

  • Take an oath to live, study and fight for the Fatherland
  • Wear a uniform
  • Help carry out party campaigns
  • Assist the Red Army and the Police
42
Q

(RELIGION) What did Karl Marx see religion as?

A

He saw religion was a mean of justifying the power of the upper classes over the people.

43
Q

(RELIGION) Describe what Religion was like in Russia between 1917-1918 (Under Lenin). HINT: Name as many point as you can; there are around 5 here!

A

There was freedom of worship, but…

  • Church lands were seized
  • Schools were transferred to State control
  • Civil marriages and registration was established
  • The Church and the State were separated
44
Q

(RELIGION) Describe what Religion was like in Russia during the Civil War (Under Lenin). HINT: Name as many points as you can; there are 2 here!

A
  • Many priests were starved (they were deprived of rations)
  • Muslim property was confiscated; Sharia courts were abolished (these were courts that gave legal rulings to Muslims, and provided them with advice based on their interpretation of Sharia law)
45
Q

(RELIGION) Describe what Religion was like in Russia from 1921 (Under Lenin). HINT: Name as many points as you can; there are 5 here!

A
  • Teaching of religion in schools was banned
  • Church property was transferred to the State
  • Church officials were forced to agree to keep out of politics
  • Churches were ransacked
  • Christian festivals were replaced by secular celebrations
46
Q

(RELIGION) Describe what Religion was like in Russia under Stalin from 1929 to 1941. HINT: Name as many points as you can; there are 6 here!

A
  • Worship was restricted
  • A new six-day working week was introduced, which included no Sunday!
  • Muslim practices were restricted
  • 1936 Constitution - This criminalised religious propaganda (although priests retained the right to vote)
  • By 1941, around 65,000 churches and mosques had been converted into other buildings for State use
  • Despite this, religious belief remained strong!
47
Q

(NATIONAL MINORITIES) What did Lenin’s Nationality Decree of 1917 fulfil?

A

This fulfilled the Bolsheviks’ promise of self-determination!

48
Q

(NATIONAL MINORITIES) When Lenin’s Nationality Decree of 1917 led to separatist movements, what did the disagree over?

A

They disagreed over whether or not to impose integration on the nationalities.

49
Q

(NATIONAL MINORITIES) Where did Stalin brutally suppress independence movements in 1922?

A

Georgia!

50
Q

(NATIONAL MINORITIES) What did the Communists abolish in 1917?

A

They abolished anti-Semitic laws!

51
Q

(NATIONAL MINORITIES) What are the 2 things that the Communists encourages / granted in 1917?

A
  • They encouraged national languages
  • They granted representation within the Party to the major nationalities!
52
Q

(NATIONAL MINORITIES) What was given to Jews in 1926?

A

Jews were given a ‘National Homeland’ in the far Eastern province.

53
Q

(NATIONAL MINORITIES) What was Stalin’s aim during the 1930s?

A

He aimed of creating a single ‘Soviet Identity’.

54
Q

(NATIONAL MINORITIES) What were the 2 things that Stalin’s aim of creating a ‘Soviet Identity’ involved?

A
  • Greater centralisation
  • Less tolerance
55
Q

(NATIONAL MINORITIES) TRUE OR FALSE: Leaders of the Republics DID NOT have to follow the path set out in Moscow.

A

FALSE - Leaders of the Republics DID have to follow the path set out in Moscow.

56
Q

(NATIONAL MINORITIES) What happened to Non-Russians and Anti-Semitic attitudes?

A
  • Non-Russians = They were deported within the Soviet Union
  • Anti-Semitic Attitudes = These revived / came back
57
Q

(NATIONAL MINORITIES) What happened regarding the Russian language from 1938?

A
  • Learning Russian was compulsory in schools
  • Russian was the only language used in the Red Army
58
Q

(NATIONAL MINORITIES) What did the Stalinist State remained officially opposed to?

A

Racial discrimination = Most of their campaigns were politically motivated, rather than racially motivated!

59
Q

(PROPAGANDA + CULTURAL CHANGE) What did Lenin use to convert people to Socialism?

A

Propaganda!

60
Q

(PROPAGANDA + CULTURAL CHANGE) Who were strong, visual messages a powerful way of appealing to?

A

Illiterate peasants!

61
Q

(PROPAGANDA + CULTURAL CHANGE) What 2 things did Stalin use his propaganda to gain support for?

A
  • Collectivisation
  • Industrialisation
62
Q

(PROPAGANDA + CULTURAL CHANGE) What was the Socialist message reinforced by?

A

Images of happy, productive workers, whilst heroes were praised as role models!

63
Q

(PROPAGANDA + CULTURAL CHANGE) What did Stalin’s propaganda also reinforce? HINT: Stalin’s position and image!

A

Stalin’s propaganda reinforced his own position and portrayed him as a mighty, all-knowing leader; he portrayed himself as a natural successor to Marx, Engels, Lenin.

64
Q

(PROPAGANDA + CULTURAL CHANGE) What did he encourage for Lenin after his death?

A

He encouraged ‘cult status’ for Lenin; he developed his own ‘cult of personality’!

65
Q

(PROPAGANDA + CULTURAL CHANGE) What allowed culture to thrive immediately after the Revolution?

A

Greater freedom!

66
Q

(PROPAGANDA + CULTURAL CHANGE) What did the 1920s become known as regarding Russian Literature, Poetry and Music?

A

Freedom of expression was encouraged!

The 1920s become known as the ‘Silver Age’ or Russian Literature, Poetry and Music!

67
Q

(PROPAGANDA + CULTURAL CHANGE) TRUE OR FALSE: The Stalinist Era DID NOT reverse the developments made in the ‘Silver Age’.

A

FALSE: The Stalinist Era DID reverse the developments made in the ‘Silver Age’.

68
Q

(PROPAGANDA + CULTURAL CHANGE) What was seen as valuable only if they supported the creation of ‘socialist man’?

A

The visual and performing arts!

69
Q

(PROPAGANDA + CULTURAL CHANGE) What replaced Creativity?

A

Conformity!

70
Q

(PROPAGANDA + CULTURAL CHANGE) From 1932, who had to belong in Unions, that controlled the output of what they produced? HINT: Name as many groups as you can; there are 4 here!

A
  • Writers
  • Musicians
  • Artists
  • Film-makers
71
Q

(PROPAGANDA + CULTURAL CHANGE) What were writers and artists expected to depict?

A

‘Social Realism’!

72
Q

(PROPAGANDA + CULTURAL CHANGE) What was ‘Social Realism’ that writers and artists were told to depict?

A

An uplifting vision of Soviet life in the Socialist future!

73
Q

(PROPAGANDA + CULTURAL CHANGE) What were Literature and Art meant to illustrate?

A

The Inevitable ‘March to Communism’ and glorify the working man!

Russian History (Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855-1964 - AQA) (6 decks)

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