South Africa Apartheid Flashcards

Question

Treason Trial

Answer 1

December 1956 arrested 156 people connected to the Freedom charter. Accused of treasons. Dragged on for 5 years

Answer 2

SA prime minister, framed the policies as if the black SA were going to benefit from them. because he exploited of black labour, since they benefitted Afrikaners

Answer 3

set up 8 Bantustans, which represented 13% of the land for 80% of the population. given the right to govern themselves.

Answer 4

Kwa-zulu, ruled by Buthelezi

Answer 5

never able to achieve economic self-sufficiency, very poor. extremely overcrowded (13% of the land for 80% of the population).

Answer 6

creation of reserve areas into independent homelands for black people intended to be independent self-governing homelands worsening of the condition of black people in South Africa (economically poor, overcrowded, threat of deportation to homeland areas)

Answer 7

negative view: inexperienced and inferior to the ANC. thought they were misleading people and trying to sabotage the ANC. Compares big impact of ANC protest to small impact of the PAC one

Answer 8

ANC established its armed wing in 1961, set up after the ANC. Was the violent wing of the ANC. Undertook over 200 operations before RIvonia trial, and more support from other countries (e.g Algeria, Nigeria, Tunisia)

Answer 9

non violence had not been working, and was the only way to fight off the police.

Answer 10

-sabotage -terrorism -guerrilla warfare -open revolution (Ended up choosing sabotage and Guerilla warfare)

Answer 11

least damaging to individual, most damaging to the State no loss of life too small for civil war only viable form of violence terrorism would poorly reflect on the ANC

Answer 12

lived underground for 17 months, in which he travelled all over SA, other liberated African countries, trained as guerrilla fighter in Ethiopia and sought advice.

Answer 13

MK used Lilliesleaf Farm as a meeting base. in 1963 police raided the headquarters and found papers. They were charged to life imprisonment in Robben Island, except for the white person involved - Goldberg Defence lawyer arrested for supporting communism ANC and PAC were banned Trial started 30 October 1963, trial ended 12 June 1964

Answer 14

leaders were imprisoned might have scared off some people intending to join ANC MK documents lost in the Lilliesleaf Raid

Answer 15

Trade Union activity crushed in 1960s, with an average of 2k blacks on strike per year 1973: WorldWide Economic crisis wage reductions, longer hours, poorer conditions 160 different strikes involving 61k workers in just first three months, 200k workers involved throughout the year

Answer 16

effective because united and used short, mass walkout trade union movement gained confidence and white employers were more concerned

Answer 17

Introduced Black Consciousness Movement in 1973. Soweto uprising was caused by youth empowerment, inspired by him Set up SA students Organisation (SASO) Had black community projects e.g Zanenphilo Hospital banned in 1973 and died In 1977, worldwide publicity of death in police custody

Answer 18

way of challenging apartheid's sense of black inferiority doing this by working together as a group, appreciating their qualities promoting “black pride” blacks should take their liberty not wait for it

Answer 19

President of South Africa, after P.W. Botha since 1989. He changed course, legalising the ANC, PAC, SACP and liberated many people, wanting to give every SA equal opportunities and rights

Answer 20

nationalists might hold power through a power-sharing scheme Thought ANC would weaken and was not strong enough to attack apartheid SA was suffering economically

Answer 21

was making deals with de Klerk, became Deputy President of the ANC Feb 1990 President of SA 1994

Answer 22

saw the reforms as a threat to white minority rule, gaining sufficient support to become the official opposition to the Nationalists the 1987 election saw the Conservative Party getting 37% of Afrikaner vote, in response to concerns amongst the white population over the impact of Botha's reforms had In 1990 election they increase their share of seats in Parliament from 22 to 39

Answer 23

Used Botha reforms as a rallying point, speaking out against the lifting of restrictions, committing acts of violence against non-whites, and growing in support to 5-7% of the white population. Was very radical, as they were ready to kill important figures like Botha or de Klerk Led by Terre'Blanche

Answer 24

police fired on a crowd of 50k ANC, killing 11 and injuring 400. This because they were stopping ANC members from marching from black Sebokeng to white Johannesburg

Answer 25

would not agree to a 1 man 1 vote minority parties must have a share in power in the new government remained committed to trying to keep regional power in hands of black collaborators e.g chiefs like Buthelezi in the Kwa Zulu natal homeland

Answer 26

1 man 1 vote probably giving ANC power Total integration They have majority of power if (when) they win the election

Answer 27

black Zulu organisation claiming to represent the interests of all Zulus, led by Chief Buthelezi.

Answer 28

was rich under apartheid Buthelezi had power and was rich, so feared losing this influence were fighting with the ANC

Answer 29

Boipatong Massacre - 17 June 1992, Inkatha attacked in Boipatong, and Mandela accused De Klerk for stirring up violence between the ANC and Inkatha - the third force Bisho Massacre - 7 September 1992, 70k ANC supporters marched to Bisho and opened fire, killing 28 people and injuring over 200 Again Mandela accused De Klerk for the massacre due to the Third force white SA police attacked ANC supporters to stir up violence between Inkatha and the ANC

Answer 30

Mandela walked out, because he claimed that the government was involved in the Boipatong and Bisho massacres. 48 hour strike with 100k people led by Mandela De Klerk made a deal to reopen the talks in September 1992.

Answer 31

government to release more political prisoners erect fences around migrant workers' hostels ban carrying of traditional weapons

Answer 32

Buthelezi and Inkatha party claimed to be the national leaders of the black SA, but did not gain support except in Kwa Zulu PAC attracted support from young people but was heavily criticised AWB carried out attacks on black civilians and was not very popular

Answer 33

10th April 1993, popular leader of SA Communist Paty and MK, was gunned down at his home

Answer 34

November 1993, creating a temporary consitution: 1 man 1 vote in April 1994 to elect 400 MPs any party with more than 80 seats would have a Deputy President all parties with more than 5% of the vote would receive representation in the cabinet no party has the right of veto any new constitution would have to be supported by 66% of the parliaments members. Nine new provinces to replace the old provinces and homelands

Answer 35

91% of registered voters voted Africans overwhelmingly voted for ANC, except for Kwa Zulu where Inkatha won ANC did not reach 66% so could not change the constitution Nationalist Party got 20.4% of the vote

Answer 36

9 May 1994, National Assembly unanimously elected Nelson Mandela as President of South Africa

Answer 37

kept blaming De Klerk for poor advancements and Boipatong massacre was elected unanimously as President in 1994 won Nobel Peace Prize left in 1992

Answer 38

Held a whites-only referendum won Nobel Peace Prize was elected Deputy President Encouraged fights between Inkatha and the ANC enabled the talks to happen by unbanning the ANC and releasing Mandela and Sisulu and repealing original apartheid laws

Answer 39

proposed the Government of national Unity ensured that both the ANC and National Party were happy

Answer 40

Group areas act (1989) repealed Land acts of 1913 and 1936 (1989) repealed Separate amenities act (1989) repealed

Answer 41

Land Acts 1936 and 1913 - assigned certain areas that non-whites were allowed to live in 13% of land for over 60% of population Separate amenities act

Answer 42

The leader of the Nationalist Party from 1978 to 1989. 'total onslaught, total strategy.'

Answer 43

PROPAGANDA WAR MILITARY STRENGTH FRONTLINE STATES RELATIONS WITH WESTERN LEADERS POLITICAL REFORM

Answer 44

Total onslaught - SA was facing ruthless and relentless attacks from Communist forces supported by USSR and China, operating inside and outside the country. Total strategy - the government would fight the onslaught totally - inside and outside SA in every way possible, military, economic, psychological and political

Answer 45

1. State Security Council 1982 became a parallel military government, including army generals and police chiefs. country divided into security unites to combat resistance 2. Armed forces bt 1981 SA Defence Force (SADF) were 250k. Every white SA male had compulsory 2 year military service 3. Arms Industry set up SA's own arms industry (ARMSCOR) making gun, tanks, rocket launchers 4. Military spending Rose from 700mil rand (228mil $) in 1974, to 3bln rand (roughly 1bln$) in 1981

Answer 46

3. The dirty war against ANC leaders in exile. many assassinations, including parcel bomb murder of Ruth First (1982, Mozambique)

Answer 47

SA becomes a military world power Reduces spending in other areas causing instability in economy

Answer 48

played on western fears of communism threat great success with Margaret thatcher and Ronald Reagan, resisting pressure for sanctions from UN, Commonwealth, worldwide public opinion

Answer 49

trade unions for black workers legalised

Answer 50

single education system for blacks and whites, more money for blacks, spending 3x (but still not integrated)

Answer 51

colour bar relaxed Mixed Marriages Act repealed Some desegregation of public areas Pass Law relaxed, then abolished in 1986

Answer 52

lifting some restrictions to create black middle class so they buy from whites increasing profits. Tried to gain support from coloured/Indians so to break up apartheid resistance e.g how they could now vote for a separate band of gov

Answer 53

General Secretary of South Africa Council of Churches (SACC) from 1978, Patron of UDF from 1983, liked with ANC through efforts to spread awareness globally of Mandela. Travelled extensively outside of South Africa to raise awareness of and money for anti-apartheid issues and causes, especially bringing the likes of Mandela and Tambo to US audiences, so was one of best known anti-apartheid protesters globally. Jailed in 1980 for taking part in a protest against imprisonment of fellow member of the clergy.

Answer 54

Leader of World Alliance of Churches and patron of the United Democratic Front. Chairman of ABRESCA On 13 September 1989, Boesak, Desmond Tutu and Gordon Oliver led 30k marchers in protest after 23 people had been killed by the police called for a United Front, leading to UDF formation, the biggest LEGAL (ANC was banned) form of opposition to the government

Answer 55

president and national Chairperson of the ANC Started reaching out to other organisations such as the Black Consciousness Movement (BCM). Between 1983 and 1985, Tambo would visit MK camps in Angola. Organised many ANC conferences, e.g 1985. On 8th January 1985, Tambo delivered a speech calling for people to "Render South Africa Ungovernable". In 1986 he called for the unbanning of the Congress of South African Students (COSAS) Died in 1993 due to a heart attack

Answer 56

An anti-apartheid body that incorporated many anti-apartheid organisations. Fight the tricameral parliament. Was formed on 20th August 1983. Held a conference with approximately 10k people. Delegated of 565 organisations attended the launch. The immediate reason for the formation of the UDF was to fight the introduction of the Tricameral Parliament.

Answer 57

Congress for various unions to come together and plan strategies. Most powerful member union was the National Union of Miners, led by Cyril Ramaphosa. Heavily linked with the ANC, especially from 1989 onwards. With the UDF called for (and enacted) a National Defiance Campaign in July 1989. Had more than half a million members in the late 1980s.

Answer 58

365k days lost in strikes in 1982 (at 14k in 1974) 30 trade unions with 500k members joined to form COSATU Major strikes between 1985-87 Encouraged by Botha’s reforms legalising trade unions

Answer 59

election to vote for new Parliament. was very successful - only 29% of 'coloureds' and 19% of Indians voted.

Answer 60

Aimed at the total geographical separation of the races

Answer 61

Day to day challenges faced by black people due to apartheid

Answer 62

1983 constitutional reforms gave more power to local councillors, and few black SAs were ready to be councillors. therefore in Sep 1984 mass protests began in the Vaal triangle 1985, Sharpeville riot police killed 20 and injured 27 people at a funeral

Answer 63

July 1985 Botha declared STATE OF EMERGENCY: police could arrest people without warrants and detaining them indefinitely all media was strictly controlled troops deployed all over the country unrest was brought in 1986 with 34k people being detained

Answer 64

they wanted to keep South Africa as an ally because of its economic and geographical importance

Answer 65

equal pay for equal work no segregation better trainings and education for black SA worker more black SA workers promoted to management positions

Answer 66

massive amounts of money removed from South africa from 1985 there was capital flight, with 40% of all money being removed by 1988 August 1985 value of Rand decreased by 35% No new investments into South Africa more taxes to pay for the huge military expenditures E.g. Barclays Bank pulling all banks and accounts out of SA in 1986 Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986 anti-apartheid legislation from US Congress banned investments and loans to South Africa prohibits and/or limits the import of all goods Reagan vetoed the law, but was overridden by Congress

Answer 67

largest strike in SA history, with 70% of all workers in manufacturing participating government banned COSATU, UDF and 14 other anti-apartheid organisations

Answer 68

Known as the Boycott Movement: boycott on fruit, cigarettes and other goods imported from South Africa. ANC leader went to Britain to support the boycott

Answer 69

worked with SANROC (SA Non-Racial Olympic Committee) to exclude SA from 1964 Olympics. Then expelled in 1970. Forced SA to cancel the Springbok (SA) cricket tour in the UK

Answer 70

SA in the world economy South African Economy Cold War

Answer 71

both the US and USSR wanted to strengthen their position in south Africa USA needed white SA businesses SA commanded a vital sea route

Answer 72

overthrowing of apartheid would liberate Namibia, therefore people more prone to want to fight apartheid Inspiration among SA since it happened in other countries

Answer 73

Mozambique became independent in 1975/76 Angola became independent in 1975/76 Rhodesia became independent in 1980

Answer 74

they were economically strong - 5-7% growth each year major resource holders and rare mineral producer provided work for blacks in need controlled most of the important rail and road routes had lots of money -> a good army and Air force -> could spend a lot on apartheid