south africa

Question 1

what was the mineral revolution?

Answer 1

the rapid industrialisation and economic changes which occurred in South Africa from the 1870s onwards.

Question 2

what was aparthied?

Answer 2

After the National Party gained power in 1948, its all-white government began racially segregating blacks, whites, and coloured under a system of legislation that it called apartheid.

• nonwhite South Africans would be forced to live in separate areas from whites - forced to use separate public facilities
• contact between the two groups would be limited.

Question 3

what was the south african war?

Answer 3

• also called the Boer War
• British and Boer forces fought for control of the land
• The war lasted from 1899 to 1902. It ended in victory for the British.

Question 4

what was the union of south africa?

Answer 4

british and afrikaners unite creating the union of south africa
- british leg government and took a lot of las away from the africans and asians

Question 5

what was the ANC?

Answer 5

several hundred conservative African men formed the African National Congress (ANC) to organize Africans and oppose discrimination through petitions and appeals to Great Britain.

Question 6

what was the National party?

Answer 6

…

Question 7

what was the Congress youth league?

Answer 7

The African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL) was established on 2 April 1944

• Nelson Mandela joined this group
• The aim of the Youth League was to encourage the youth to step up the fight against segregation within the country.

Question 8

what was the SAIC?

Answer 8

South African Indian Congress was an organisation founded in 1924. The congress is famous for its strong participation by Mahatma Gandhi and other prominent South African Indian figures during the time.

Question 9

what was the PAC?

Answer 9

The Pan Africanist Congress is a South African Black Nationalist movement, and is now a political party. It was founded by an Africanist group, led by Robert Sobukwe, that broke away from the ANC

Question 10

what was the ANC?

Answer 10

The African National Congress is the Republic of South Africa’s governing social democratic political party. It has been the ruling party of post-apartheid beginning with the election of Nelson Mandela in the 1994 election

Question 11

who was Nelson Mandela?

Answer 11

A South African activist and former president

• helped bring an end to apartheid and is a global advocate for human rights
• he was a member of African National Congress party beginning in the 1940s,
• he liked both peaceful protests and armed resistance against the discrimination

Question 12

what was the Rivonia Trial?

Answer 12

The Rivonia Trial was a trial that took place in South Africa between 1963 and 1964, in which ten leaders of the African National Congress were tried for 221 acts of sabotage designed to overthrow the apartheid system.

Question 13

who was F.W. de Klerk?

Answer 13

F.W. de Klerk was president of South Africa from 1989 to 1994, during which time he worked with Nelson Mandela to successfully end the country’s apartheid system of racial segregation.

Question 14

what was the TRC?

Answer 14

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission was a court-like body assembled in South Africa after the end of Apartheid. Anybody who felt they had been a victim of violence could come forward and be heard. Perpetrators of violence could also give testimony and request amnesty from prosecution.

Question 15

why did europeans go to africa?

Answer 15

• Industrial Revolution gained momentum
  in Europe
• people there realized that
  if they wanted to surpass neighboring countries
  economically, they would need access to
  more raw materials to fuel their factories
• In the 1870s, some Europeans
  even thought that war was likely and to prevent
  such a war, leaders of Europe met in 1885 and
  divided up the continent of Africa. Nearly
  every European country wanted a piece.

Question 16

who were the early groups that settled in central Africa?

Answer 16

1. The earliest people to live in Central
   Africa were forest-dwellers who were also known as “hunter-gatherers.” These specialized
   hunters were Pygmies, or BaMbuti, and
   they began living in the area in about 40,000
   BCE.
2. Bantu: Unlike the hunter-gatherers who
   had lived in the Congo region before, these
   Bantu groups knew how to smelt iron, and
   began working with sophisticated tools.
3. Nilotes moved into Central Africa from what is
   now known as Sudan, and brought with them
   knowledge of farming, fishing, and herding.

Question 17

How were the Pygmies, the Bantu, and the Nilotes different from each other?

Answer 17

• the religious beliefs and practices of ethnic groups
  defined their identity. In general, people worshipped multiple spirits that were associated
  with a supreme being
• the varieties ofCentral African geography helped to define different ethnic groups. Regional environmental
  differences between the tropical rainforest
  and savanna regions led to variations in plant
  and animal life. As a result, the groups of
  people who lived in those areas developed
  different practices and cultures.

Question 18

what was theAtlantic and Indian slave trade?

Answer 18

ATLANTIC:
- took place across the Atlantic Ocean from the 15th through 19th centuries.
- The vast majority of those who were enslaved and transported to the Americas, mainly on the triangular trade route and its Middle Passage
INDIAN:
- Around the same time slave traders on the east coast of Africa worked their way inland to the eastern Congo
and began to export large numbers of slaves to
ports on the Indian Ocean.
- Many of these slave traders came from the Swahili ethnic group, coastal merchants who moved inland to trade slaves and take control of large territories.

Question 19

what was The Scramble for Africa?

Answer 19

• The movement among Europeans for
  control of the African continent
• it happened so quickly, and was so marked by competition among the Europeans.

Question 20

who was King Leopold?

Answer 20

he led the first European efforts to develop the Congo Free State

• Although he played a significant role in the development of the modern Belgian state, he was also responsible for widespread atrocities committed under his rule against his colonial subjects.
• Presented himself as eager to bring the benefits of Christianity, Western civilization, and commerce to African natives

Question 21

what was the Berlin Conference?

Answer 21

The Berlin Conference of 1884–85 was a meeting between European nations to create rules on how to peacefully divide Africa among them for colonization. The conference was convened by Portugal but led by Otto von Bismarck, chancellor of the newly united Germany.

Question 22

what was the Force Publique?

Answer 22

The Force Publique was a military force in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1885 (when the territory was known as the Congo Free State), through the period of direct Belgian colonial rule

Question 23

what were concession companies?

Answer 23

In October of 1892, Leopold granted “concessions”
to two companies. Each company
was given a huge amount of land in the Congo
Free State on which to collect rubber and ivory
for sale in Europe. These companies were allowed to detain Africans who did not work hard enough

Question 24

what was the Role of Missionaries?

Answer 24

The outsiders in the best position to know
the truth about the Congo were the Christian
missionaries who streamed into the colony following
its initial exploration. True to his word,
Leopold allowed missionaries from all countries
to operate within the region. Protestants
and Catholics from Europe and North America
quickly established their presence in many of
the districts of the Free State.

Question 25

who was George Washington Williams?

Answer 25

Intrigued by the idea of sending
educated American blacks to work in this
great humanitarian experiment, he traveled to
the Congo in 1890. In a matter of days he went
from being one of the biggest boosters of the
Congo Free State to its fiercest critic.
Williams was the first witness to the
abuses in the Congo with the courage to speak
out. He wrote a letter directly to King Leopold
and another to the president of the United
States describing what he had witnessed.

Question 26

who was Charles Dilke?

Answer 26

a member of the British House of Commons he also denounced Leopold’s government. Dilke had heard of the poor treatment of British West African subjects. Dilke and the APS gained little headway initially, as neither the Foreign Office nor the Parliament wanted to discuss the issue at that time.

Question 27

who was E.D. Morel?

Answer 27

Appalled at the discovery that his own employer seemed to be promoting an abusive system and benefitting from unfree trade, Morel set about the task of launching an effective movement for change. Morel argued that the true problem was not the cruel actions of individuals. Instead, he proclaimed, the issue was an entire system that encouraged such atrocities. believed that the fundamental problem in the structure of the Free State was the fact that the native people had their land seized from them and were forbidden to sell the fruits of their labor to the highest bidder, and that the State had taken control of land and labor and therefore determined all prices and wages.

Question 28

what did the British Parliament do?

Answer 28

At their meeting, the Association of Chambers of
Commerce adopted a resolution calling on the British government to do something. This meeting, again widely reported in the press, created public pressure on the British Parliament to act.

Question 29

what was U.S.’s Involvement in the Congo?

Answer 29

In the United States, too, people began to organize. A group of missionaries made a report to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the United States Senate.

The position of the United States, which had not signed the Berlin Act, was to avoid involvement in European affairs. It was not until much later that the United States would change that position.

Question 30

who were the Olmecs?

Answer 30

Olmec society, often described as the “mother” civilization of this area, flourished as early as 1200 B.C.E. The Olmecs were known for their fine art, great stone monuments, and for the creation of pictographs which were used as a written language. This was the first known written language in the Western Hemisphere. The Olmecs also developed sophisticated cultivation and irrigation techniques for farming.

Question 31

who were the mayas?

Answer 31

Maya

time period: second century C.E. to present

location: Central America, extended into Yucatán peninsula
achievements: stone pyramids, palaces, temples developed calendar system

Question 32

who were the Teotihuacanos?

Answer 32

Teotihuacanos

time period: second to seventh century

location: Teotihuacán Valley of Mexico
achievements: carefully planned city, constructed third largest pyramid in the world, city was religious and trading center

Question 33

who were the Aztecs?

Answer 33

Aztec

time period: thirteenth to present

location: Tenochtitlan Valley of Mexico
achievements: largest empire ever in region, complex city administration for political, military, and religious matters

Question 34

who was Hernán Cortés?

Answer 34

Hernán Cortés was a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of Europe

Question 35

what was Tenochtitlan?

Answer 35

Tenochtitlan was a city-state located on an island in Lake Texcoco in the Valley of Mexico. Founded in 1325, it became the seat of the growing Aztec Empire in the 15th century, until it was captured by the Spanish in 1521.

Question 36

who was Montezuma?

Answer 36

Montezuma was the last fully independent ruler of the Aztec empire before the civilization’s collapse at the hands of the Spanish in the early 16th century CE. During his reign he expanded the empire and was considered a god by his people

Question 37

who was Miguel Hidalgo?

Answer 37

Miguel Hidalgo, was a Mexican Roman Catholic priest and a leader of the Mexican War of Independence.

Question 38

what was the Mexican-American war?

Answer 38

The Mexican–American War was an armed conflict between the United States of America and the United Mexican States from 1846 to 1848. It followed with the 1845 US annexation of Texas, which Mexico considered part of its territory, despite the 1836 Texas Revolution.

Question 39

what was La Reforma?

Answer 39

La Reforma, was the liberal political and social revolution in Mexico between 1854 and 1876 under the principal leadership of Benito Juárez.

Question 40

who was Benito Juarez?

Answer 40

During his political career he helped to institute a series of liberal reforms that were embodied into the new constitution of 1857. During the French occupation of Mexico, Juarez refused to accept the rule of the Monarchy or any other foreign nation, and helped to establish Mexico as a constitutional democracy. He also promoted equal rights for the Indian population, better access to health care and education, lessening the political and financial power of the Roman Catholic church, and championed the raising of the living standards for the rural poor.

Question 41

who was Porfirio Diaz?

Answer 41

Díaz is best known for establishing a strong centralized state during his term. Considered a dictator by some, Díaz is a controversial figure in Mexican history. Historians claim that he suppressed the media and controlled the court system, managing to keep his people in a constant state of uncertainty while controlling all aspects of the government from his seat.

Question 42

what was the Porfiratio?

Answer 42

The Porfiratio was Díaz’s administration in which all major and most minor decisions rested in the hands of the president evolved during the first two decades of the Díaz regime, or Porfiriato.

Question 43

who was Emilio Zapata?

Answer 43

Emiliano Zapata was a Mexican revolutionary and advocate of agrarianism who fought in guerrilla actions during the Mexican Revolution. He formed and commanded the Liberation Army of the South, an important revolutionary brigade, and his followers were known as Zapatistas.

Question 44

who were the Constitutionalist?

Answer 44

Constitutionalists were the third party in the Mexican Revolution consisting of mainly middle-class urbanites, liberals, and intellectuals who desired a constitution under the guidelines “Mexico for Mexicans”.

Question 45

what was NAFTA?

Answer 45

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is a treaty entered into by the United States, Canada, and Mexico